English learning

1 Do You Know? The most glamorous word Glamour is Closely associated by Origin with that very Unglamorous Word GRAMMAR Scottish gramarye occult Learnig Single Source for Both : grammar and grammarye or glamour Lingua : Language (tongue) Language sPhonemes Syllable Words (The Smallest sound Units) ♦ Grammar ♦Gramarye ♦Glamour grammatica terkne (greek) -the art of letters Gramarye (Scottish)Gramaire (Old French)grammatica (Latin) Grammar -a letter of the alphabet 26 Vowels 5 44 22 SoundsConsonants 21 202 1. Good morning ! 2. Good afternoon! 3. Good evening! 4. Good night! 5. Good day ! 6. Wish you a good day 7. Wish you a good afternoon! 8. Wish you a good evening! 9. Wish you a good night! 10. Wish you a good day! 11. Wish you a good morning! 12. Wish you a good afternoon! 13. Wish you a good night! 14. Wish you a good day! 15. Have a good morning 16. Have a good afternoon. 17. Have a good evening. 18. Enjoy a good night. 19. Enjoy a good day. 20. Sweet dream! 21 I wish you sweet dreams. 22. Have/Enjoy sweet dreams. 23. Good bye/Bye! 24 I say a good bye to you. 25 Let me leave you. 26 Ta-ta! to you. 27 I say a ta -ta to you. 28 Let me leave you. 29 Cheerio! 30 I say a cheerio to you. 31 Let me leave you. GREETINGS3 32 Many happy returns of the day/your birthday! 33 I wish you many happy returns of the day /your birthday. 34 Enjoy many happy returns of the day/your birthday. 35 Wish you a comfortable and safe journey! 36 I wish you a comfortble and safe journey! 37 Enjoy a comfortable and safe journey. 38 Happy married life! 39 Wish you a grand succes in your examinations! 40 Wish you a grand victory! 41 Wish you a good eating! 42 Wish you a great prosprity in your newly built house! 43 Wish you happy times abroad! 44 Wish you a record yield! 45 Wish you grand promotions in future! 46 Wish you a joyous picinic! 47 Wish you a nice outcome in the business conference! 48. Wish you get over your troubles! 49. Wish you a speedy recovery from illness! 50. May you prosper in life! 51. I pray to God that you may prosper in life. 52. Let God bless you that you may prosper in life 53. God give you courage and strength to over come the sudden shock in your father's death! 54. I pray to God that He may give you courage and strength to over come the sudden shock in your father's death. 55. Let God give you courage and strength to overcome the sudden shock in your father's death. 56. May his soul rest in peace! 57. I pray to God that He may bless your child with a good education4 58. Let God help his soul rest in peace. 59. God bless your child with a good education! 60. I Pray to God that He may bless your child with a good education. 61. Let God bless your child with a good education. 62. May you get along cheerfully! 63. I wish that you may get along cheerfully. 64. Get along cheerfully. The Set A words are just words. The Set B words are one word sentences set A Set B 1. Come 1. Come. 2. Go 2. Go. 3. Eat 3. Eat. 4. Drink 4. Drink. 5. Sit 5. Sit. 6. Stand 6. Stand 7. Sleep 7. Sleep. 8. Play 8. Play. 9. Dance 9. Dance. 10. Sing 10. Sing. 11. Write 11. Write. 12. Read 12. Read.5 Two word Sentences : 'Please' is used in spoken English to express ' politeness'. Set A Set B 1. Please come. 1. Come Please. 2. Please go. 2. Go Please. 3. Please eat. 3. Eat Please. 4. Please drink 4. Drink Please. 5. Please sit 5. Sit please. 6. Please stand 6. Stand please. 7. Please sleep. 7. Sleep please. 8. Please play. 8. Play please. 9. Please dance. 9. Dance please. 10. Please sing. 10. Sing please. 11. Please write. 11. Write please. 12. Please read. 12. Read please. Three Word Sentences set A Set B 1.Please come here. 1. Come here please. 2.Please go at once. 2. Go at once please. 3.Please eat your food. 3. Eat your food please. 4.Please drink a cup of tea. 4. Drink a cup of tea please. 5.Please sit down. 5. sit down please. 6.Please Stand up. 6.Stand up pleas. 7.Please sleeep on your bed 7.Sleep on your bed please. 8.Please play in the field. 8.Play in the field please. 9.Please dance well. 9.Dance well please. 10.Please sing a song. 10.Sing a song please. 11.Please write a letter. 11.Write a letter please. 12.Please read the story for me.12.Read the story for me please.6 Eg. [Examples] 1. John! come here. 2. Indu, eat your food. 3. Children! read well. 4. Students, be quiet. 5. Balu! sing a song. 6. Roja, dance now. MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES : 1. Sir, please explain the lesson. 2. Do or die. 3. Get into the hell after your death. 4. Go to your grandfather. 5. Make money with nothing. 6. Krishna, recite this poem for me. 7. Venu! help me tomorrow. 8. Lalitha! solve this problem. 9. Friends, listen to me. 10. Rank well in the examinations. Imperative Sentences Classified : 1. Commands i. Get out. ii. Shut up iii. Quit my room. iv. Sit Down. v. Go straight.7 2. Orders : i. Go and get me water. ii. Shoot the enemy. iii. Bring my bycle at once. iv. Stand in a line. v. Keep quiet. 3. Requests i. Please sing a song. ii. Kindly allow her in. iii. Please get seated. iv. Please listen to me. v. Kindly shut the door. 4. Pleadings i Advise me Mr. Lawyer. ii. Help me get acquitted. iii. Allow me to plead please. iv. Render Service to the poor. v. Help the needy. 5. Suggestions i Read well. ii. Work hard. iii. Marry only once. iv. Be regular. v. Do not postpone your work.8 Am /is /are 01. I am I’m S"£∞ 02 we are we’re qÜ«∞~ü 03. you are you’re Ü≥∂~ü 04. they are they’re ^Õ~ü 05. he is he’s Ç‘Ï*ò 06. she is she’s +‘*ò 07 it is it’s W\òû Have : 01. I have I’ve S"£ 02. we have we’ve g"£ 03 you have you’ve Ü«¸"£ 04. they have they’ve ^Õ"£ 05. he has he’s Ç‘Ï*ò 06. she has she’s +‘*ò 07. it has it’s W\òû 01. I had /would I'd S_£ 02. We had /would we'd g_£ 03. You had /would you'd Ü«¸_£ 04. They had /would They'd ^Õ_£ 05. He had /would He'd Ç‘Ï_£ 06. She had /would She'd +‘_£ 07. it had /would It'd S\˜_£ Contractions9 Will : 01. I will I’ll SÖò 02. we will we’ll gÖò 03. you will you’ll Ü«¸Öò 04. they will they’ll ^ÕÖò 05. he will he’ll Ç‘ÏÖò 06. she will she’ll +‘Öò 07. It will It’ll W\˜Öò Negative : 01. I am not I,m not S"£∞ <å\ò 02. we are not we aren’t =ÙÜü∞ P~°<£ì 03. he is not heisn’t Ç≤Ï D[O\ò 04. I was not I wasn’t S "å[O\ò 05. they were not they weren’t ^Õ =~°<£ì 06. I have not I haven’t S ¿ÇÏ"≥O\ò 07. he has not he hasn’t Ç≤Ï ¿ÇÏ[O\ò 08. I had not I hadn’t S ¿ÇÏ_»<£ì 09. I do not I don’t S _À<£ì 10. he does not he doesn’t Ç‘Ï _»[<£ì 11. I did not I didn’t S _ç_çO\ò 12. I will not I won’t S "ÀO\ò 13. I shall not I shan’t S ëê<£ì 14. I would not I wouldn’t S L_»O\ò 15. I should not I shouldn’t S +¨µ_»O\ò 16. I must not I mustn’t S =∞ã¨O\ò 17. I could not I couldn’t S ‰õΩ_»O\ò 18. I cannot I can’t S HÍ<£ì Note : can not Jx q_»nÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^OE∞ cannot Jx HõÅÑ≤ "å_®e.10 <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞ <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? J`«_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. J`«_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ? Active Voice Simple Present tense 1. I take. 2. Do I take ? 3. I don’t take. 4. Don’t I take ? 5. We take. 6. Do we take ? 7. We don’t take. 8. Don’t we take ? 9. You take. 10. Do you take ? 11. You don’t take. 12. Don’t you take ? 13. They take. 14. Do they take ? 15. They don’t take. 16. Don’t they take ? 17. He takes. 18. Does he take ? 19. He doesn’t take. 20. Doesn’t he take ? 21. She takes. 22. Does she take ? 23. She doesn’t take. 24. Doesn’t she take ?TENSES11 Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞HÀ^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞ ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? 25. It takes. 26. Does it take ? 27. It doesn’t take. 28. Doesn’t it take ? 29. Rama takes. 30. Does Rama take ? 31. Rama doesn’t take. 32. Doesn’t Rama take ? 1. I am taking. 2. Am I taking ? 3. I am not taking. 4. Am I not taking ? 5. We are taking. 6. Are we taking ? 7. We are not taking. 8. Are we not taking ? 9. You are taking. 10. Are you taking ? 11. You are not taking. 12. Are you not taking ? 13. They are taking. 14. Are they taking ? 15. They are not taking. 16. Are they not taking ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ? Active voice present continuous tense12 17. He is taking. 18. Is he taking ? 19. He is not taking. 20. Is he not taking ? 21. She is taking. 22. Is she taking ? 23. She is not taking. 24. Is she not taking ? 25. It is taking. 26. Is it taking ? 27. It is not taking. 28. Is it not taking ? 29. Rama is taking. 30. Is Rama taking ? 31. Rama is not taking. 32. Is Rama not taking ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk. Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ? 1. I have taken. 2. Have I taken ? 3. I have not taken. 4. Have I not taken ? 5. We have taken. 6. Have we taken ? 7. We have not taken. 8. Have we not taken ? <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl<å ? <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. "Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘ÖË^• ? Active voice Present perfect tense13 9. You have taken. 10. Have you taken ? 11. You have not taken. 12. Have you not taken ? 13. They have taken. 14. Have they taken ? 15. They have not taken ? 16. Have they not taken. 17. He has taken. 18. Has he taken ? 19. He has not taken. 20. Has he not taken ? 21. She has taken. 22. Has she taken ? 23. She has not taken. 24. Has she not taken ? 25. It has taken. 26. Has it taken ? 27. It has not taken. 28. Has it not taken ? 29. Rama has taken. 30. Has Rama taken ? 31. Rama has not taken. 32. Has Rama not taken ? g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ? g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? "å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ? "å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. "å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ? J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ? P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ? Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. Jk (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?14 1. I have been taking. 2. Have I been taking ? 3. I have not been taking. 4. Have I not been taking ? 5. We have been taking. 6. Have we been taking ? 7. We have not been taking. 8. Have we not been taking ? 9. You have been taking. 10. Have you been taking ? 11. You have not been taking. 12. Have you not been taking ? 13. They have been taking. 14. Have they been taking ? 15. They have not been taking. 16. Have they not been taking 17. He has been taking. 18. Has he been taking ? 19. He has not been taking. 20. Has he not been taking ? 21. She has been taking. 22. Has she been taking ? 23. She has not been taking. 24. Has she not been taking ? <Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl<å? <Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•? "Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=∂? "Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. "Õ∞=Ú ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•? g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å? g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. g∞~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•? "å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl~å? "å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. "å~°∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•? J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_»∞. J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl_®? J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. J`«#∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•? P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#flk. P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#fl^•? P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ ZѨÊ\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^• ? Active voice Present perfect continuous tense15 J`«_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. J`«_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? Jk fã¨∞H˘ÖË^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? 17. He took 18. Did he take 19. He didn’t take 20. Didn’t he take 21. She took 22. Did she take 23. She didn’t take 24. Didn’t she take 25. It took 26. Did it take 27. It didn’t take 28. Didn’t it take 29. Rama took 30. Did Rama take 31. Rama didn’t take 32. Didn’t Rama take ? 1. I was taking 2. Was I taking 3. I wasn’t taking 4. Wasn’t I taking 5. We were taking 6. Were we taking 7. We weren’t taking 8. Weren’t we taking <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\q∞. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? Past continuous tense Active voice16 9. You were taking 10. Were you taking 11. You weren’t taking 12. Weren’t you taking 13. They were taking 14. Were they taking 15. They weren’t taking 16. Weren’t they taking 17. He was taking 18. Was he taking 19. He wasn’t taking 20. Wasn’t he taking 21. She was taking 22. Was she taking 23. She wasn’t taking 24. Wasn’t she taking 25. It was taking 26. Was it taking 27. I wasn’t taking 28. Wasn’t it taking 29. Rama was taking 30. Was Rama taking 31. Rama wasn’t taking 32. Wasn’t Rama taking g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?17 <Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜x. <Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩO\˜<å ? <Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q∞. "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜=∂ "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q. h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜"å ? h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. h=Ù (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^OE∞. Jk (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? 1. I had taken 2. Had I taken 3. I hadn’t taken 4. Hadn’t I taken ? 5. We had taken 6. Had we taken ? 7. We hadn’t taken 8. Hadn’t we taken 9. You had taken 10. Had you taken 11. You hadn’t taken 12. Hadn’t you taken 13. He had taken 14. Had he taken 15. He hadn’t taken 16. Hadn’t he taken 17. She had taken 18. Had she taken 19. She hadn’t taken 20. Hadn’t she taken 21. It had taken 22. Had It taken 23. It hadn’t taken 24. Hadn’t it takenPast perfect tense Active voice18 25. They had taken 26. Had they taken 27. They hadn’t taken 28. Hadn’t they taken 29. Rama had taken 30. Had Rama taken 31. Rama hadn’t taken 32. Hadn’t Rama taken "å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘xi. "å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘x~å ? "å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. "å~°∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^OE∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? 1. I had been taking for two years 2. Had I been taking for two years 3. I hadn’t been taking for two years 4. Had’nt I been taking for two years 5.We had been taking for two years 6.Had we been taking for two years 7.We hadn’t been taking for two years 8.Hadn’t we been taking for two years Past perfect continuous tense Active voice <Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x. <Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ? <Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. <Õ#∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞. "Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. "Õ∞=Ú Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?19 9. You had been taking for two years 10. Had you been taking for two years 11. You hadn’t been taking for two years 12. Hadn’t you been taking for two years 13. They had been taking for two years 14. Had they been taking for two years 15. They hadn’t been taking for two years 16. Hadn’t they been taking for two years 21. She had been taking for two years 22. Had she been taking for two years 023. She hadn’t been taking for two years 24. Hadn’t she been taking for two years g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i. g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ? g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi. "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ? "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?20 25.It had been taking for two years 26.Had it been taking for two years 27.It hadn’t been taking for two years 28.Hadn’t it been taking for two years 29.Rama had been taking for two years 30.Had Rama been taking for two years 31.Rama hadn’t been taking for two years 32.Hadn’t Rama been taking for two years Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. Jk Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^OE∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? Active voice Simple future tense 1 I will take 2. Will I take ? 3. I won’t take 4. Won’t I take? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å ?21 5. We will take 6. Will we take? 7. We won’t take 8. Won’t we take? 9. They will take 10. Will they take 11. They won’t take 12. Won’t they take 13. You will take 14. Will you take 15. You won’t take 16. Won’t you take 17 He will take 18. Will he take? 19. He won’t take 20. Won’t he take ? 21. She will take 22. Will she take ? 23. She won’t take 24. Won’t she take 25. It will take 26. Will it take 27. It won’t take 28. Won’t it take "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ? Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞HÀ^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ? Active voice Simple future tense22 29. Rama will take 30. Will Rama take 31. Rama won't take 32. Won't Rama take ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞ ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? 1. I will be taking 2. Will I be taking 3. I won’t be taking 4. Won’t I be taking 5. We will be taking 6. Will we be taking 7. We won’t be taking 8. Won’t we be taking 9. You will be taking 10. Will you be taking 11. You won’t be taking 12. Won’t you be taking 13. They will be taking 14. Will they be taking 15. They won’t be taking 16. Won’t they be taking 17. He will be taking 18. Will he be taking 19. He won’t be taking 20. Won’t he be taking <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»<å ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=Ú "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞ "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ? Active voice Future continuous tense23 21. She will be taking 22. Will she be taking 23. She won’t be taking 24. Won’t she be taking 25. It will be taking 26. Will it be taking 27. It won’t be taking 28. Won’t it be taking 29. Rama will be taking 30. Will Rama be taking 31. Rama won’t be taking 32. Won’t Rama be taking P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ? 1. I will have taken 2. Will I have taken 3. I won’t have taken 4. Won’t I have taken 5. We will have taken 6. Will we have taken 7. We won’t have taken 8. Won’t we have taken 9. You will have taken 10. Will you have taken 11. You won’t have taken <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞ <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞. Active voice Future perfect tense24 12. Won’t you have taken 13. They will have taken 14. Will they have taken 15. They won’t have taken 16. Won’t they have taken 17. He will have taken 18. Will he have taken 19. He won’t have taken 20. Won’t he have taken 21. She will have taken 22. Will she have taken 23. She won’t have taken 24. Won’t she have taken 25. It will have taken 26. Will it have taken 27. It won’t have taken 28. Won’t it have taken 29. Rama will have taken 30. Will Rama have taken 31. Rama won't have taken 32. Won't Rama have taken g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^OE∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?25 1. I will have taken 2. Will I have taken 3. I won’t have taken 4. Won’t I have taken 5. We will have taken 6. Will we have taken 7. We won’t have taken 8. Won’t we have taken 9. You will have taken 10. Will you have taken 11. You won’t have taken 12. Won’t you have taken 13. They will have taken 14. Will they have taken 15. They won’t have taken 16. Won’t they have taken 17. He will have taken 18. Will he have taken 19. He won’t have taken 20. Won’t he have taken 21. She will have taken 22. Will she have taken 23. She won’t have taken <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞ <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^OE∞. Active voice Future perfect tense26 24. Won’t she have taken 25. It will have taken 26. Will it have taken 27. It won’t have taken 28. Won’t it have taken 29. Rama will have taken 30. Will Rama have taken 31. Rama won't have taken 32. Won't Rama have taken P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^OE∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?27 1. I am told. 2. We are told. 3. You are told. 4. He is told. 5. They are told. 6. She is told. 7. It is told. 8. Rama is told. 9. I am being told. 10. We are being told. 11. You are being told. 12. They are being told. 13. He is being told. 14. She is being told. 15. It is being told. 16. Rama is being told. 17. I have been told. 18. We have been told. 19. You have been told. 20. They have been told. 21. He has been told. 22. She has been told. 23. It has been told. 24. Rama has been told. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çux. "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞. g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui. J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞. "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_®¤~°∞. P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çOk. Wk K≥ѨÊ|_çOk. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl#∞ "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl=Ú g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞ "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl~°∞ J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞ P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flk Wk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù#flk ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ =Ù<åfl_»∞. <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux. "Õ∞=Ú (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞. g∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çui. "å~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çi. J`«#∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞. P"≥∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çOk. Wk (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çOk. ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_ç<å_»∞. PASSIVE VOICE Simple Present tense Present Continuous tense Present Perfect tense28 Passive Voice PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE : 1. I was told. 1. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çux. 2. We were told. 2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞. 3. You were told. 3. g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui. 4. They were told. 4. "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çui. 5. He was told. 5. J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 6. She was told. 6. P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 7. It was told. 7. Jk K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 8. Rama was told. 8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 9. I was being told. 9. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜x. 10. We were being told. 10."Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞. 11. You were being told. 11.g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i. 12. They were being told. 12."å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO\˜i. 13. He was being told. 13.J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. 14. She was being told. 14.P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. 15. It was being told. 15.Jk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. 16. Rama was being told. 16.~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. PAST PERFECT TENSE 17.I had been told. 17.<Õ#∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux. 18. We had been told. 18 "Õ∞=Ú (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞. 19. You had been told. 19.g∞~°∞ JѨC_Õ K≥ѨÊ|_çui.29 20. They had been told. 20. "å~°∞ JѨC_Õ K≥ѨÊ|_çi.. 21. He had been told. 21. J`«#∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 22. She had been told. 22. P"≥∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 23. It had been told. 23. Jk (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. 24. Rama had been told. 24. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE : 1. I will be told. 2. We will be told. 3. You will be told. 4. They will be told. 5. He will be told. 6. She will be told. 7. It will be told. 8. Rama will be told. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 9. I will have been told. 10. We will have been told. 11. You will have been told. 12. They will have been told. 13. He will have been told. 14. She will have been told. 15. It will have been told. 16. Rama will have been told. Passive Voice FUTURE TENSE 1. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å#∞. 2. "Õ∞=Ú K≥ѨÊ|_»`å=Ú. 3. g∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å~°∞. 4. "å~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å~°∞. 5. J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å_»∞. 6. P"≥∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞`«∞Ok. 7. Jk K≥ѨÊ|_»∞`«∞Ok. 8. ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»`å_»∞. <Õ#∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï#∞. "Õ∞=Ú(JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï=Ú. g∞~°∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞. J`«#∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞. P"≥∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok. Jk (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JѨC_»∞) K≥ѨÊ|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞.30 Active Voice Present Tense don't come. I We You They Boys He she It Rama doesn't come. I am not coming. we You They Boys are not coming. He she It Rama is not coming. has not come. I We You They Boys I We You They Boys have not come. He she It Rama have not been coming. He she It Rama has not been coming. come. I We You They Boys He she It Rama comes. I am coming. We You They Boys are coming. He she It Rama is cominng has come. I We You They Boys I We You They Boys have come. He she It Rama have been coming. He she It Rama has been coming. (+) (-)31 Active Voice Present Tense Has he she it Rama been coming? Am I coming? Does he she it Rama Do I we they boys Is he she it Rama Are we you they boys Have I we you they boys Has he she it Rama come? I we you they boys been coming? Have come? come? coming? coming? come? Hasn't he she it Rama been coming? Am not I coming? Doesn't he she it Rama Don't I we they boys Isn't he she it Rama Are not we you they boys Haven't I we you they boys Hasn't he she it Rama come? I we you they boys been coming? Haven't come? come? coming? coming? come? Interrogative sentence Negative Interrogative sentence32 PAST TENSE came. I We You They Boys (+) Sub Verb came. He She It Rama was coming. I were coming. We You They Boys was coming. He She It Rama didn’t come. (-) Sub verb didn’t come. I We You They Boys He She It Rama was not coming. I were not coming. was not coming. We You They Boys He She It Rama33 had come. I We You They Boys had come. He She It Rama had been coming. I We You They Boys had been coming. He She It Rama had not come. had not come. had not been coming. I We You They Boys He She It Rama I We You They Boys had not been coming. He She It Rama34 PAST TENSE Interrogative sentences come ? I We they boys Didn’t come ? I we they boys Didn’t Negative Interrogative sentences coming ? I Wasn’t coming ? we you they boys Weren’t coming ? Wasn’t he she it Rama come ? I we They Boys Did come ? he she it Rama Did coming ? I Was coming ? we you they boys Were coming ? he she it Rama Was35 come ? I we you they boys Had come ? he she it Rama Had been coming ? I we you they boys Had been coming ? Had he she it Rama coming ? I we you they boys Hadn’t come ? he she it Rama Had not been coming ? Had not I we you they boys been coming ? Had not he she it Rama36 FUTURE TENSE will come. I We You They Boys (+) Sub verb will come. He She It Rama will be coming. will not be coming. We You They Boys will not be coming. He She It Rama will not have come. I We You They Boys will not be coming. will be coming. I We You They Boys will be coming. He She It Rama will have come. I We You They Boys won’t come. (-) Sub verb I We You They Boys won’t come. He She It Rama I37 FUTURE TENSE come ? I we you they boys Interrogative sentences Will come ? he she It Rama Will come ? I Will will have been coming. I We You They Boys will have been coming. He She It Rama will not have beeen coming. I We You They Boys will not have been coming. He She It Rama come ? I we you they boys Won’t Negative Interrogative sentences come ? he she It Rama Won’t come ? I Won’t38 be coming ? we you they boys Will be coming ? he she It Rama Will be coming ? I we you they boys Will have come ? he she It Rama Will have been coming ? I we you they boys Will have been coming ? he she It Rama Will be coming ? we you they boys Won’t be coming ? he she It Rama Won’t have been coming? Won’t he she It Rama be coming ? I we you they boys Won’t have come ? Won’t he she It Rama have been coming? Won’t I we you they boys39 is told. He She It Rama Positive sentences (+) Passive Voice Present tense is not told. He She It Rama Negative sentences (-) are not told. We You They Boys am not told. I is not being told. He She It Rama are not being told. We You They Boys am not being told. I are told. We You They Boys am told. I is being told. He She It Rama are being told. We You They Boys am being told. I40 has been told. He She It Rama have been told. I have been told. We You They Boys has not been told. have not been told. I have not been told. He She It Rama We You They Boys41 Am I told? Is he she it Rama told? Are we you they boys told? Am I being told? Is he she it Rama being told? Are we you they boys being told? Have I been told? Has he she it Rama been told? Have we you they boys been told? Am not I told? he she it Rama told? Aren't we you they boys told? I being told? he she it Rama being told? we you they boys being told? Haven't I been told? Hasn't he she it Rama been told? Haven't we you they boys been told? Isn't Am not Is not Aren't42 PAST TENSE (+) (-) were not being told. We You They Boys were being told. We You They Boys was not being told. He She It Rama was being told. He She It Rama was not being told. I was being told. I We You They Boys were not told. were told. We You They Boys was told. I wasn’t told. I wasn’t told. He She It Rama was told. He She It Rama43 had been told. I had been told. He She It Rama had been told. We You They Boys had not been told. I had not been told. He She It Rama had not been told. We You They Boys44 Interrogative Sentence Negative Interrogative Sentence Was I told? Was he she it Rama told? Were we you they boys told? Was I being told? Was he she it Rama being told? Were we you they boys being told? Had I been told? Had he she it Rama been told? Had we you they boys been told? Wasn't I told? he she it Rama told? Weren't we you they boys told? I being told? he she it Rama being told? we you they boys being told? Hadn't I been told? Hadn't he she it Rama been told? Hadn't we you they boys been told? Wasn't Wasn't Wasn't Weren't PAST TENSE45 FUTURE TENSE (+) will not be told. I will not be told. He She It Rama will not be told. We You They Boys will not have been told. I (-) will not have been told. He She It Ramawill not have been told. We You They Boys will be told. I will be told. He She It Rama will be told. We You They Boys will have been told. I will have been told. We You They Boys will have been told. He She It Rama46 Active voice Past, Present & Future tenses (Shortcuts) came /was coming /had come/had been coming (past) comes/is coming /has come/has been coming (present) will come /will be coming /will have come/will have been coming (future) 1. He She It Rama 2. Did /didn’t (past) Does /Doesn’t come ? Has /hasn’t Will /won’t (Future) He She It Rama 3. Had /hadn’t (past) Has /hasn’t (present) been coming ? He She It Rama (Present) 4. Will /won’t have been coming ? He She It Rama came /were coming /had come /had been coming (past come /are coming /have come /have been coming (present) will come /will be coming /will have come /will have been coming (future) We You They Boys 56. Did /didn’t /had /hadn’t (past) Do /don’t /have /haven’t (present) come ? Will /won’t (future) We You They Boys 7. Will /won’t have come ? We You They Boys47 8. Were /weren’t (present) coming Are /Aren’t We You They Boys 9. Had /hadn’t been coming ? Have /haven’t 10. came /was coming /had /come /had been coming (past) came /are coming /have come /have been coming (present) will come /will be coming /will have come /will have been coming (future) We You They Boys I 11. Had /hadn’t /did /didn’t (past) come ? Have /haven’t /do /don’t (present) come ? Will /won’t (future) have come ? Will /won’t have come ? 12. Was /wasn’t (past) coming ? Am /Amn’t (present) coming ? Will /won’t (futre) be coming ? 13. Had /Had n’t (past) been coming ? Have /Haven’t (present) have been coming ? Will /won’t (future) I I I48 PASSIVE VOICE Present Past & Future Tenses (Short cuts) am told. (present) was told. (past) will be told. (future) I am being told. (pre) was being told. (past) I have been told. (pre) had been told. (past) will have been told.(f) I is told. (present) was told. (past) will be told.(future) He She It Rama{{{{ <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çux. K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\˜x. K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl#∞. K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂LO\˜x. <Õ#∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çLO@x. (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çux. (JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï#∞. J`«_»∞ P"≥∞ Jk ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çL<åfl_»∞/L#flk. K≥ѨÊ|_çLO_≥#∞/LO_ç#k. K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï_»∞/LO@∞Ok. {{ {{49 is being told. (pre) was being told. (past) has been told. (pre) had been told. (past) will have been told.(f) He She It Rama { { are told. (present) were told. (past) will be told. (future) We You They Boys are being told. (pre) were being told.(past) have been told. (pre) had been told. (past) will have been told.(f) { { We You They Boys We You They Boys { "Õ∞=Ú g∞~°∞ "å~°∞ ÉÏÅ∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«Ú<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞. K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/K≥ѨÊ|_çi. K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï=Ú/LO\Ï~°∞. "Õ∞=Ú g∞~°∞ "å~°∞ ÉÏÅ∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl=Ú/L<åfl~°∞. K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂LO\˜q∞/LO_çi. "Õ∞=Ú g∞~°∞ "å~°∞ ÉÏÅ∞~°∞ (WѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/|_çi. (JѨC_Õ) K≥ѨÊ|_çuq∞/|_çui. (JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çLO\Ï=Ú/LO\Ï~°∞. {{{ J`«_»∞ P"≥∞ Jk ~å=Ú_»∞ K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂L<åfl_»∞/L#flk. K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∂LO_≥#∞/LO_ç#k. { J`«_»∞ P"≥∞ Jk ~å=Ú_»∞ (WѨC_Õ)K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞/K≥ѨÊ|_ç#k. (JѨC_Õ)K≥ѨÊ|_≥#∞/K≥ѨÊ|_ç#k. (JѨC_»∞)K≥ѨÊ|_çÜ«ÚO\Ï_»∞/LO@∞Ok. {50 SENTENCES Can you cope with the work? Late that night. He had enough. Over there. Ofcourse, not. Far beyond you. I wish you would be quite. Wouldn't you stay a little longer? If you helped me we could finish the job quickly. Would you mind opening the window? She would be about fifty now, I suppose He would not answer any questions. The engine would not start. The wound would not heal. I would prefer stay to at home. I would rather you stayed at home. If he were to hear of your marrige he would be surprised. If you were to start early tomorrow morning, you would be at your destination by evening. When would you like me to come? She squints in the left Eye. He means well. We had better stay here. Am I to blame? I said that I should come. We said that we should go. I said that he would climb. She said that she would cook. He said that they would fall. I said that he would play well. They said that he could not pass. He said that she could not sing. I said that they could eat well. He said that the train might come late. They said that she might not prepare a curry. What What do you say? What language do you speak? What is your bed room? What is your dinner time? What are you playing? What are you doing? What is the type of concert generally? What do you buy? What is the rent? What games do you play? What is the price of the pickle? What will you eat? What is your weekly entertainment? What instrumental music? What is its price? What is your rate for the whole day? What do you want? What did you say? What was it all about? What is sweeter than honey? What are those marks on your coat? What are you? -I am a doctor. What is he? -He is an engineer. What is this? What other gamed do you play? What's it that he? What books have you read? What is that? What is he doing? What is the time now? Whate will all the neighbours say? What is that book? What did he say? What is that on your coat? What are you? What is he? What book did you give me? Which Which is your favourite game? Which book are you reading? Which way shall we go?51 Which is he? ( nominative) Which do you prefer? ( Accusative) Which is the house? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? Which is the book you gave me? Which do you prefer? Which of the questions do you answer? Which of the boys did this? I read Ramayana, Which I like much? I read Sanskrit dramas, Which are good? Veda is the earliest book, Which contains all knowledge. Who This is my sister who is sick. Who cleaned the house? I meet Rama Who just returned from Kurnool. This is my friend , who comes first in the class. Who is he? ( = What is his name and family?) He is Mr. K.P. Roy. Who conducts the concert? Who are you? Who am I? Who is he? Who is she? Who are they? Who are there? Who gave you that knife? Whose is this book? Who is there? Who is speaking? Whom Whom did you see? Whom do you want? To Whom were you speaking? Of whom do you speak? Whom do you believe? Sita is my elder sister, whom I respect. Srikrishna is a rich man whose charities amount to a lakh. Whose is this umbrella? Whom did you see? This is the person of whom I told you. Whom did you call? Where Where do you live? Where are they going? Where are you going? Where are they playing? Where is the post office? Where do you play foot ball? Where is the key for this door? where did you buy this table ? Where are you staying? Where is the laundry? Where is the market? Where is the vegetable market? Where is the light? Where is the mosquito net? When When are you leaving for Bombay? When I shall return is uncertain. When did you buy this book? When do you take your lunch? When did she return? When will you ring? When did you buy it? When do you take your break fast? When do you repair the tap? Whose Whose is that car? Whose car is that? The Mahabharata is an epic, whose52 poetry is great, Whose is this book? Why Why are you not playing? Why did you get angry? Why did this happen? Why did I get pain? Why don't you consult an eye specialist? Why do you throw it away? Why did you do it? I know the reason why he did it? Why, it is surely Ram! This is not the time to go into the why and the wherefore of it. Why he left is a mystery. Why don't you sell it? How How many times do you eat daily? How much does he take for consultation? How far is your office from the station? How he could assist his friend was his chief concern. How do you go to the office? How big is it? How did he perform ? How do you sell these oranges? Whether we can start All Adjective : All men are mortal. It was all profit and no loss. Adverb : He was all one when I saw him. Pronoun : All spoke in his favour. Noun : He lost his all in speculation. Any : Adjective : Are there any witnesses present? Pronoun : Does any of you know anything about it? Adverb : Is that any better? As Adverb : We walked as fast as we could. Conjunction : As he was poor I helped him. Relat.Pron. : She likes the same colour as I do. Before Adverb : I have seen you before. Preposition : He came before the appointed time. Conjunction : He went away before I came. Better Adjective : I think yours is a better plan.53 Adverb : I know better. Noun : Give place to your betters. Verb : The boxes with which he provided me bettered the sample-Froude. Both Adjective : You cannot have it both ways. Pronoun : Both of them are dead. Conjunction : Both the cashier and the accountant are Hindus. But Adverb : It is but ( = only) right to admit out faults. Preposition : None but (= except) the brave deserves the fair. Conjunction : We tried hard, but did not succeed. Relat.Pron : There is no one but likes him (= who does not like him) Down Adverb : Down went the " Royal George." Prepostion : The fire engine came rushing down the hill. Adjective : The porter was killed by the down train. About Adverb : They wandered about in sheepskins and goat skins. Prepostion : There is something pleasing about him. Above Adverb : The heavens are above. Preposition : The moral law is above the civil. Adjective : Analyse the above sentence. Noun : Our blessings come from above. After Adverb : They arrived soon after. Prpositon : He takes after his father. Adjective : After ages shall sing his glory. Conjunction : We went away after they had left. One Adjective : One day I met him in the street. Pronoun : The little ones cried for joy.54 Noun : One would think he was mad. Only Adjective : It was his only chance. Adverb : He was only foolish. Conjunction : Take what I have, only ( = but) let me go. Over Adverb : Read it over carefully. Noun : In one over he took three wickets. Prepositon : At thirty a change came over him. Right Verb : That is a fault that will right itself. Adjective : He is the right man for the position. Noun : I ask it as a right. Adverb : Serves him right! He stood right in my way. Round Adjective : A square peg in a round hole. Non : The evening was a round of pleasures. Adverb : He came round to their belief. Preposition : The earth revolves round the sun. Verb : We shall round the cape in safety. Since Prepositon : Since that day I have not seen him. Conjunction : Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part. Adverb : I have not seen him since. So Adverb : I am so sorry. Conjunction : He was poor, so they helped him. Some Adjective : We must find some way out of it. Pronoun : Some say one thing and others another. Adverb : Some thirty chiefs were present. Still Verb : With his name the mothers still their babes.55 Adjective : Still waters run deep. Noun : Her sobs could be heard in the still of night. Adverb : He is still in business. Little Adjective : There is little danger in going there. Noun : Man wants but little here below. Adverb : He eats very little. More Adjective : We want more men like him. Pronoun : More of us die in bed than out of it. Adverb : You should talk less and work more. Much Adjective : There is much sense in what he says. Pronoun : Much of it is true. Adverb : He boasts too much. Near Adverb : Draw near and listen. Propositon : His house is near the temple. Adjective : He is a near relation. Verb : The time nears. Needs Noun : My needs are few. Verb : It needs to be done with care. Adverb : He needs must come. Neither Conjunction : Give me neither proverty nor riches. Adjective : Neither accusation is true. Pronoun : It is difficult to negotiate where neither will trust. Next. Adjective : I shall see you next Monday. Adverb : What next ? No Adjective : It is no joke. Adverb : He is no more. Noun : I will not take no. Once Adverb : I was young once. Conjunction : Once he hesitates we have him. Noun : Please help me for once. Either Adjective : Either bat is good enough Pronoun : Ask either of them.56 Conjunction : He must either work or starve. Else Adjective : I have something else for you. Adverb : Shall we look anywhere else? Conjunction : Make haste, else you will miss the train. Enough : Adjective : There is time enough and to spare. Adverb : You know well enough what I mean. Noun : I have had enough of this. Even Adjective : The chances are even. Verb : Let us even the ground Adverb : Does he even suspect the danger? Except Verb : If we except Hari all are to be blamed. Prepositon : All the brethren were in Egypt except Benjamin. Conjunction : I will not let thee go except (= unless) thou bless me . For Preposition : I can shift for myself Conjuction : Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good. Less Adjective : You are paying less attention to your studies than you used to do. Adverb : The soil of Kathiawad is less fertile than that of Gujerat. Noun : He wants fifty rupees for that watch. He won't be satisfied with less. Like Adjective : They are men of like build and stature. Prepositon: Do not talk like that. Adverb : Like as a father pitieth his own children. Noun : We shall not see his like again Verb : Children like sweets. Such Adjective : Don't be in such a hurry. Pronoun : Such was not my intention. That Demonst. Adjective : What is that noise? Demonst. Pronoun. : That is what I want. Adverb : I have done that much only. Relative Pronoun : The evil that men do lives after them. Conjunction : He lives that he may eat.57 The Def.Article : The cat loves comfort. Adverb : The wiser he is, the better. Till Prepostion : Never put off till-to-morrow what you can do to-day Conjunction : Do not start till I give the word. Up Adverb : Prices are up. Prepositon : Let us go up the hill Adjective : The next up train will leave here at 12-30 Noun : They had their ups and downs of fortune. Well Noun : Let well alone. Adjective : I hope you are now well. Adverb : Well begun is half done. Interjection : Well, who would have thought it? What Inter. Adjective : What evidence have you? Interjection: What! you don't mean to say so? Adverb : What does he want? RelativeP-Noun : Give me what you can. What happened then, I do not know. Adverb : What by fie and what by sword, the whole country was laid waste. While Noun : Sit down and rest a while Verb : They while away their evenings with books and games. Conjunction : While a great poet, he is a greater novelist.58 GRAMMAR "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ "åx J~°ú=Ú – (x~å‡}=Ú J#QÍ structure ) q^è•#=Ú#∞ |\˜ì <åÅ∞æ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ 1. Assertive sentences = q+¨Ü«∞ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ 2. Interrogative sentences = „Ѩâ◊fl~°∂ѨHõ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : What is your name ? 3. Imperative sentences = q^OEº~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞. Wq P[˝, „áê~°ú# ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Sit here ( order ) Please give me your pen ( Request) Don't go there ( Advice or suggestion ) 4. Exclamatory sentences = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞ e.g: What a nice boy you are ! How interesting this novel is ! (Wonder) Alas! he is ruined 5. Optative sentences „áê~°÷#, HÀiHõ e.g. : May God bless you. Wish you all the best PARTS OF SPEECH ÉèÏëê qÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1. Noun : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú ( ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k)59 e.g : Krishna Devaraya was a Very great king 2. Pronoun : ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( <å=∞"åK«HÍxH˜ |^OE∞Å∞QÍ "å_Õk) e.g : He etc., 3. Verb : „H˜Ü«∞, ( Hõ~°ÎÜ≥∞Hõ¯ Ѩxx `≥Å∞Ê#k e.g : Rama wrote a letter 4. Adverb : „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú e.g : He wrote it quickly 5. Adjective : qâı+¨}=Ú ( QÆ∞}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k) e.g: ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÖ’x great J<Õ Ñ¨^OE=Ú 6. Conjunction : ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú (XHõ Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ Ѩ^OE=Ú`ÀQÍx, XHõ "åHõº=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ "åHõº=Ú`ÀQÍx KÕ~°∞Û Ñ¨^OE=Ú e.g: Rama and Lakshmana followed Viswamitra 7. Interjection : Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ=Ú e.g : Alas ( JÜ≥∂º – ã¨O`åѨ=Ú) Oh ( FǨϟ – Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú ) 8. Preposition : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ W`«~° =ã¨∞Î=Ù`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠qÉèíH˜Î „Ѩ`«ºÜ«∞=Ú =O\˜ Ѩ^OE=Ú e.g: The pen is in the box60 I. KINDS OF NOUN ( <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÖÖ’x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ) 1. Proper Noun : XHõ =∞x+≤Ü≥∞Hõ¯ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖËHõ XHõ „Ѩ^Õâ◊=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ¿Ñ~°∞ =∞iÜ«Ú XHõ =ã¨∞Î=Ù ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#k. Ex : Rama, Krishna, Hyderabad , Chair 2. Common Noun : XˆH ~°Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ÖËHõ =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ QÆÅ ™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞. e.g : boy, girl, village , river etc., 3. Collective Nouns : H˘O`« ã¨OYºÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞QÍx, =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ QÍx ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚQÍ K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Crowd team, block herd , army, family, nation etc., 4. Material Nouns : Ѩ^•~°ú <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Iron, Clay, Rice etc., 5. Abstract Nouns : QÆ∞} qâı+¨º=ÚÅ∞ PHÍ~°=Ú, ÖËHõ WO„kÜ«∞=ÚÅ KÕ`« `≥eã≤H˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞HÍx ÉèÏ"åÅ¿Ñ~°∞¡ e.g: 1. QÆ∞} ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞ – Goodness, Darkness, 2. K«~°º ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞ – Laughter, theft 3. J=™ê÷ ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞ – Boyhood, Youth 4. Hõà◊Å∞, âß„ã¨Î=ÚÅ∞ "≥Ú^OEÖˇ·# "å\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ #∞O_ç – Grammar, music, Abstract Nouns ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ =¸_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÍ ~°∂á⁄O^OE∞K«∞#flq. Jq ó61 1. qâı+¨}=ÚÅ #∞O_ç Kindness, honesty 2. „H˜Ü«∞Å #∞O_ç = Obedience ( obey) growth ( grow) 3. ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç House of senators = áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨Éèí Library of books „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú etc., NOUN-GENDER <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – eOQÆ=Ú 1. Masculine Gender = =∞QÆ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú B. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Ju|Å=O`«=ÚÅ∞, Ç≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú`«=ÚÅ∞ JQÆ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x Masculine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜O`«∞~°∞. e.g: Sun, winter, summer, time 2. Feminine Gender = P_»∞ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú C. H˘xfl =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Juã¨∞O^OE~°=ÚÅ∞, ™ê^èOE∞=ÙÅ∞ J~Ú#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Feminine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜O`«∞~°∞. e.g: The Moon, The earth, Hope, Spring justice , ship 3. Common Gender = =∞QÆ, P_» Ô~O_çO\˜x QÆ∂iÛ K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú e.g: Parent, Servant, thief, Relative, student 4. Neuter Gender = =∞QÆ HÍHõ P_»∞ HÍHõ ^ÕxH© K≥O^OEx <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú (an animate objects)62 e.g: Book, Room, Pen , Tree A. Collective Nouns r= HÀ\˜x QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨÙÊK«∞#fl#∞ Neuter gender – QÍ K≥ѨÙÊ@PKå~°=Ú. e.g: A flock of sheep A body of ministers NOUN -NUMBER – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =K«#=Ú 1. Singular Number : Boy, Bench, baby 2. Plural Number : Boys, benches, babies A. H˘xfl Singular Ѩ^OE=ÚʼnõΩ Plural ~°∂Ѩ=Ú‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞ =K«∞Û#∞. e.g. : Sheep, Deer, Cool B. ã¨OMϺ "åK«Hõ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ UHõ Ѩ^OE=ÚQÍ#∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x |Ǩï=K«# ~°∂Ѩ=Ú ‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞. J~Ú`Õ Wq ã¨OYºÅ `«~°∞"å`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g. : pair [`« – [`«Å∞ Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand C. H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ x`«º|Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞. (i) H˘xfl ѨiHõ~°=∞ÅÚ ó e.g. : Bellows, Scissors, Tongs, Pincers, Spectacles (ii) H˘xfl ^OE∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞ e.g. : Trousers, Drawers, Breeches (iii) H˘xfl ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞63 e.g. : Measles, Mumps (iv) H˘xfl P@Å∞ e.g..: Billiards (v) =∞iH˘xfl ~Ú`«~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=∞ÅÚ ó e.g. : Animals, Thanks, Proceeds, Tidings, Chattles, Environs, Nuptials, Obsequies, Assets. (vi) H˘xfl |Ǩï=K«# ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’x Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ UHõ=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«|_»∞K«∞#flq. e.g. : Alms, Piches, Eaves (vii) q^•ºq+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ |Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÙO_ç UHõ =K«#=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#flq. e.g. : Mathematics, Physics, Machanics, Politics, (viii) Means J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú UHõ=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞, |Ǩï=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞, Ô~O_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ Wealth (Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú) J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# |Ǩï=K«#"Õ∞. (ix) H˘xfl Collective Nouns singular =Öˇ HõxÊOz##∞ |Ǩï=K«#=ÚÅ∞ e.g.: Poultry, Cattle, County, People, Peoples. (x) Abstract Nouns H˜ plural ÖË^OE∞. "åxx plural QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»q ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅQÆ∞K«∞64 H˘O`« J~°úÉèË^OE=Ú#∞ á⁄O^OE∞#∞. No Physical existence; only feeling e.g.: Kindness = ^OEÜ«∞ Kindnesses = ^OEÜ«∞ QÆŠѨ#∞Å∞ (xi) Material Nouns, plural Ö’ "Õ~°∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ á⁄O^OE∞#∞. e.g. : Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# <å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞ Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# ã¨OÔHà◊√¡ Tins = `«QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# _»ÉσÅ∞ Woods = J_»=ÙÅ∞ ( H˘Ü«∞º ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞ ã¨÷Å=ÚÅ∞) Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# q„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞ NOUN -CASE – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – qÉèíH˜Î POQÆ¡=Ú# qÉèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ (CASES)<åÅ∞æ HõÅ=Ù 1. Nominative Case = „Ѩ^äOE=∂ qÉèíH˜Î e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa 2. Objective Case = kfifÜ«∂ qÉèíH˜Î e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa 3. Nominative of address = ã¨OÉ’^èOE<å „Ñ¨^äOE=∂ qÉèíH˜Î e.g: Rama, Come here 4. possessive Case = +¨+‘ª qÉèíH˜Î e.g: Rama's house Possessive Case U~°Ê_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ a) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú UHõ=K«#"≥∞ÿÜ«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ z=~° 's'65 HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å# e.g : Boy's Pencil b) Wk=~°ˆH 's' LKåÛ~°} Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ 's' =∞iÜ«Ú <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú |Ǩï=K«#"≥∞ÿ##∞ =∞~°Å 's' HõÅѨ~°∞. z=~° ( ' ) QÆ∞~°Î =∂„`«=Ú KÕ~°∞Û^OE∞~°∞. e.g : Darkness' Symbol For Justice' sake Boys' High School c) <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ |Ǩï=K«#"≥∞ÿ ^•x z=~° 's' ÖË#ѨÙÊ_»∞ 's' HõÅ∞ѨÙ^OE∞~°∞. e.g: Children's Hospital; Men's Hostel d) <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú |ǨïѨ^OEÜ«ÚHõÎ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î PYi Ѩ^OE=Ú#‰õΩ *Ë~°Û=Öˇ#∞. e.g: The Nizam of Hyderabad's Palace e) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ XHõ ^•x`À WOH˘Hõ\˜ L#flѨC_»∞ Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ D QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~°∞Û^OE∞~°∞. Dhoni (the capain of Indian cricket team.) f) Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú ^•fi~å ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«=Ú *ËÜ«∞|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~°∞Û^OE∞~°∞. e.g : Sastry & Shah's office g) nxx r=HÀ\˜ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =Öˇ<Õ HÍx66 [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# ‰õÄ_»^OE∞. e.g : Horse's tail Tables leg Jx HÍ^OE∞, Leg of the table Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞. h) J~Ú`Õ [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ =¸sÎÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : Death's call Fortune's smile i) HÍÅ=Ú, ^OE∂~°=Ú, ÉèÏ~°=Ú `≥Å∞Ѩ٠<å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@HõÅ^OE∞. e.g : Day's wages Week's holiday A foot's length A pound's weight Mile's race j) ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ H˘xfl #∞_ç HÍ~°=ÚÅO^OE∞ U~°Ê_ç#q. e.g: Finger's ends, Mercy's sake, Heart's content, write's end Boat's crew k) Possessive case `«~°∞"å`« ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ house, school, shop, cathedral "≥Ú^OEÅQÆ∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞#∞.67 When something is mentioned earlier it need not be repeated and an apostrophe is enough. e.g : He is at the Vivekananda's (College ) In which college is he working I purchased the book at Aruna's ( Shop) Today I am dining at my aunt's ( house) THE PRONOUN -ITS KINDS – ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú – ^•x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ Pronouns ( ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ) `˘q∞‡k q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ 1. Personal Pronouns = =∂#=ÙÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz LѨÜ≥∂yO|_»∞ ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ e.g: I, We, thou, you, he, she, it , they 2. Possessive Pronouns = e.g : mine, ours, thine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs68 3. Reflexive pronouns = Hõ~°Î KÕã≤# HÍ~°º=Ú =∞~°Å Hõ~°ÎˆH uiy =K«∞Û#q. ( Compound personal pronouns) e.g: You will hurt yourself. myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves 4. Emphatic ( Emphasizing ) Pronouns ó XHõѨÙÊ_»∞ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ myself, yourself Jx K≥ѨÊ|_»∞#∞. e.g : I my self did it. 5. Demonstrative Pronouns = "åHõº=ÚÖ’ J~°÷x~°∂Ѩ}‰õΩ Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#q. e.g: This, these, that, those, such 6. Indefinite pronouns = =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ, =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥ѨʉõΩO_» ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#q. e.g: Any, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, some, someone, somebody, None-noone -nobody All -one, many, few, others, they, Every one, Every body 7. Distriputive pronouns = J<ÕHõ =∞Ok ( =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ )Ö’ XHÀ¯Hõ¯xQÍ (XH˘¯Hõ¯\˜ QÍ fã≤H˘x#@∞¡ K≥ѨÙÊ#q)69 e.g: Each, Either, Neither 8. Relative Pronouns = XˆH "åHõº=ÚÖ’ =ÚO^OE∞ L#fl <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú`À ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#q. e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom, that, as, 9. Interrogative pronouns ó „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom PERSONAL PRONOUNS : =∂#=ÙʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ó (=ºH˜ÎQÆ`«) D PRONOUNS =¸_»∞ PERSONS QÍ Ü«Ú#flq. 1. First person = (L`«Î=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú) =∂\Ï¡_»∞ "åxH˜ K≥O^OE∞#∞. e.g : I, we 2. Second person = ( =∞^èOEº=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú ) Z^OE∞@"åiH˜ K≥O^OE∞#k. e.g: Thou, you 3. Third person = ( „Ѩ^äOE=∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨=Ú) Z=ix QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»∞ K«∞O\˜"≥∂ "åix `≥Å∞Ѩ٠ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú. e.g : He, She, Thy a) D Pronoun H˜ number, gender, case LO_»∞#∞. b) Noun -singular number J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® singular QÍ LO_®e. ÖËHõ Noun plural number J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® plural QÍ LO_®e.70 c) Nouns U genders Ö’ =¿ãÎ pronoun ‰õÄ_® J^Õ genders Ö’ =™êÎ~Ú. d) "They" ã¨O^OE~åƒù#∞ ™ê~°=ÚQÍ Jxfl genders Ö’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞. e) Pronouns ‰õΩ Nominative case, possessive case, objective case ÅÖ’ =¸_»∞ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ=Ù. f) Personal pronouns Ü≥∞Hõ¯ possessive case ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖˇ·# my, our, they, your, her their J#∞ "å\˜x possessive Adjectives Jx K≥ѨÙÊ^OE∞~°∞. g) "It" pronoun D „H˜Ok ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ 1. [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ e.g : This is your pencil. Take it way. 2. [O`«∞=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆÉË^èOE=Ú K≥ѨÊ^OEÅz#ѨÙ_»∞ e.g : Rama has a dog. He likes it. 3. z#fl a_»¤Å q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆ ÉèË^OE=Ú ÖË^OEx K≥ѨÊ^OEÅz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ e.g: See that child. It's crying 4. =ÚO^OE∞QÍ K≥ѨÊ|_ç# q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ =∞~°Å K≥ѨC#ѨÙ_»∞ e.g: He is speaking lies; and he knows it. 5. "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ# subject `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û K«∞O_»QÍ =ÚO^OE∞QÍ „H˜Ü«∞ =^OEÌ `å`å¯eHõ subject QÍ LO_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Introductory71 subject (it, there) e.g: It's easy to climb that tree ( to climb that tree's easy) 6. `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û Noun QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÊ=Åã≤#ѨÙÊ_»∞ e.g: It Ravana was who started the war. 7. Impersonal Verb = „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞ =K«∞Û Indefinite pronoun Wk Nominative case Ö’ =ÙO_»∞#∞. e.g : It rains. 8. HÍÅ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ =K«∞Û#∞ . e.g: It's six 0' clock.; It's Summer. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS : 1. Nominative case pronoun 'Who' 2. Possessive case pronoun ' Whose' 3. Objective case pronoun 'whom' 4. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú whom ‰õΩ |^OE∞Å∞QÍ who ‰<Õ "å_»K«∞<åfl~°∞. 5. 'who' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#O^Õ LѨÜ≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞. e.g : Who is speaking? 6. 'Which' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#, [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# Ô~O\˜Ü«∞O^OE∞#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. 7. 'What' J#∞#k eg : What do you want? /What is wanted by you ?72 RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1. Relative pronouns = Noun `À ã¨O|O^èOE x~°∂Ѩ}‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ã¨O|O^è•~°ÌHõ ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅQÆ∞ K«∞#flq. Jq Who, whom, whose, which, that 2. Ô~O_»∞ z#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ D Relative pronoun ^•fi~å HõÅѨ =K«∞Û#∞. 3. 'whose' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ q+¨Ü«∞=∞O^Õ HÍHõ, [_» Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : She is a railway passenger, whose box is stolen. 4. 'What' [_»=ã¨∞Î=ÙňH K≥O^OE∞#∞. 5. 'That' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞, [_» Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞. 6. H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~åƒùÅÖ’ 'that' Relative pronoun 'who' 'what' J#∞ Interrogative pronouns `«~åfi`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. e.g : What's it that he told you? 7. 'that' J#∞ Relative pronoun superlative degree Ö’ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ã¨=Úz`«=Ú e.g : The wisest man that even lived made mistakes WHõ¯_» 'who' Hõ<åfl 'that' LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@"Õ∞Å∞ 8. Some, any, none, nothing, the only J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ `«~åfi`« ' 'that' Ѩ^OE=Ú LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞.73 9. My, our, your, his, her, its, their J#∞ D possessive case pronouns noun `«~åfi`« noun =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : This is my book 10. mine, ours, yours, his, hers, their J#∞ D possessive case pronouns `«~°∞"å`« noun ~å^OE∞. e.g : This book is mine 11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_® LáÈÜ«∞yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq VERBS( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞) Blow = gK« ∞ Blew = gK≥#∞ Blown Bear = "≥∂Ü«Ú Bore = "≥∂Ãã#∞ Born/borne Buy = H˘#∞ Bought= H˘<≥#∞ Bought Bring = `≥K«∞Û Brought= `≥K≥Û#∞ Brought Begin = „áê~°OaèOK«∞ Began = „áê~°OaèOK≥#∞ Begun Burn = HÍÅ∞Ê Burnt = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Burnt Build = Hõ@∞ì Built = Hõ>ˇì#∞ Built Dig = „`«=Ùfi Dug = „`«"≥fi#∞ Dug Do = KÕÜ«Ú Did = KÕÃã#∞ Done Drink = „`åQÆ∞ Drank = „`åÔQ#∞ Drunk Draw = ÖÏQÆ∞ Drew = ÖÏÔQ#∞ Drawn Drive = `ÀÅ∞ Drove = `ÀÖˇ#∞ Driven Fight = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ Fought = áÈ\Ï¡_≥#∞ Fought Find = Hõ#∞Q˘#∞ Found = Hõ#∞Q˘<≥#∞ Found Feel = `å‰õΩ Felt = `åÔH#∞ Felt Feed = áÈ+≤OK«∞ Fed = áÈ+≤OK≥#∞ Fed74 Fly = ZQÆ∞~°∞ Flew = ZyÔ~#∞ Flown Fall = Ѩ_»∞ Fell = Ѩ_≥#∞ Fallen Lose = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘#∞ Lost = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Lost Leave = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Left = q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Left Run = Ѩ~°∞ÔQ@∞ì Ran = Ѩ~°∞ÔQ>ˇì#∞ Run Ride = ™êfisKÕÜ«Ú Rode = ™êfisKÕÃã#∞ Ridden Ring = "≥∂yOK«∞ Rang = "≥∂yOK≥#∞ Rung Read = K«^OE∞=Ù Read = K«k"≥#∞ Read Keep = LOK«∞ Kept = LOK≥#∞ Kept Know = `≥eã≤H˘#∞ Knew = `≥eã≤H˘<≥#∞ Known Eat = u#∞ Ate = u<≥#∞ Eaten Creep = „áê‰õΩ Crept = „áêÔH#∞ Crept Bind = x~°ƒOkèOK«∞ Bound = x~°ƒOkèOK≥#∞ Bound Bleed = <≥`«∞Î~°∞HÍ~°∞ Bled = <≥`«∞Î~°∞HÍÔ~#∞ Bled Bid = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK«∞ Bade = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Bidden Beat = H˘@∞ì Beat = H˘>ˇì#∞ Beaten Bite = H˘~°∞‰õΩ Bit = H˘iÔH#∞ Bitten Bread = Hõ#∞ Bred = Hõ<≥#∞ Bred Dream = HõÅHõ#∞ Dreamt = HõÅHõ<≥#∞ Dreamt Dwell = x=ã≤OK«∞ Dwelt = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Dwelt See = K«∂K«∞ Saw = K«∂K≥#∞ Seen Speak = =∂\Ï¡_»∞ Spoke = =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Spoken Spend = Y~°∞ÛKÕÜ«Ú Spent = Y~°∞ÛKÕÃã#∞ Spent Sell = J=Ú‡ Sold = J"≥∞‡#∞ Sold Sit = ‰õÄ~˘Û#∞ Sat = ‰õÄ~˘Û<≥#∞ Sat Sink = =Ú#∞QÆ∞ Sank = =ÚxÔQ#∞ Sunk75 Sing = áê_»∞ Sang = áê_≥#∞ Sung Shake = Hõ^OEÅ∞Û Shook = Hõ^OEÖˇÛ#∞ Shaken Spring = ^OE∂‰õΩ Sprang = ^OE∂ÔH#∞ Sprung Steal = ^˘OyeOK«∞ Stole = ^˘OyeOK≥#∞ Stolen Sting = ‰õΩ@∞ì Stung = ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ Stung Strike = H˘@∞ì Struck = H˘>ˇì#∞ Struck Send = ѨOѨ٠Sent = ѨOÃÑ#∞ Sent Sleep = x„kOK«∞ Slept = x„kOK≥#∞ Slept Smel = "åã¨#K«∂K«∞ Smelt = "åã¨# K«∂K≥#∞ Smelt Spell = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=ÚK≥ѨÙÊ Spelt = =~°‚„Hõ=∞=Ú K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Spelt Sweep = `«∞_»∞K«∞ Swept = `«∞_çK≥#∞ Swept Take = fã≤H˘#∞ Took = fã≤H˘<≥#∞ Taken Tear = zOK«∞ Tore = zOK≥#∞ Torn Throw = qã¨~°∞ Threw = qã≤Ô~#∞ Thrown Teach = É’kèOK«∞ Taught = É’kèOK≥#∞ Taught Think = PÖ’zOK«∞ Thought= PÖ’zOK≥#∞ Thought Win = ÔQÅ∞K«∞ Won = ÔQeK≥#∞ Won Weave = <ÕÜ«Ú Wove = <ÕÃã#∞ Woven Wear = ^èOEiOK«∞ Wore = ^èOEiOK≥#∞ Worn Write = „"åÜ«Ú Wrote = „"åÃã#∞ Written Tell = K≥ѨÙÊ Told = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Told Say = K≥ѨÙÊ Said = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Said Seek = "≥^OE‰õΩ Sought = "≥^OEÔH#∞ Sought Shrink = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩxáÈ=Ù Shrank = =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Shrunk Slay = K«OѨ٠Slew = K«OÃÑ#∞ Slain Spin = ^•~°=ÚfÜ«Ú Spun = ^•~°=ÚfÃã#∞ Spun76 Sling = qã¨~°∞ Slung = qÃãÔ~#∞ Slung Smite = H˘@∞ì Smote = H˘>ˇì#∞ Smitten Stick = JuH˜OK«∞ Stuck = JuH˜OK≥#∞ Stuck Swear = „Ѩ=∂}=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Swore = „Ѩ=∂}=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Sworn Stride = ^OE∂~°=ÚQÆ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Strode = ^OE∂~°=ÚQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "ÕÜ«ÚK«∂ #_»K«∞ "Õã≤ #_»K≥#∞ Stridden Swim = D^OE∞ Swam = D^≥#∞ Swum Strive = QÆ\˜ìQÆ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞ Strove /Strived =QÆ\˜ìQÆ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK≥#∞ Striven/Strived Swing = TQÆ∞ Swung = TÔQ#∞ Swung Sew = ‰õΩ@∞ì Sewed = ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ Sewn Become = JQÆ∞ Became = JÜ≥∞º#∞ Become Beseech = „|u=∂Å∞H˘#∞ Besought= „|u=∂Å∞H˘<≥#∞ Besought Beget = Hõ#∞ Begot = Hõ<≥#∞ Begotten Behold = K«∂K«∞ Beheld = K«∂K≥#∞ Beheld Deal = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Dealt = =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Dealt Fling = qã¨~°∞ Flung = qã¨Ô~#∞ Flung Forbid = =^OEÌ#∞ Forbode= =^OEÌ<≥#∞ Forbidden Forbear = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Forbore= ã¨Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Forborne Forsake = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì Forsoke = q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Forsaken Forget = =∞~°záÈ=Ù Forgot = =∞~°záÈÜ≥∞#∞ Forgotten Hang = „"ÕÖÏ_»∞ Hung/hanged = "ÕÖÏ_≥#∞ Hung/hanged (When death is casused by hanging) Hold = Ѩ@∞ìH˘#∞ Held = Ѩ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ held Hide = ^•QÆ∞H˘#∞ Hid = ^•QÆ∞H˘<≥#∞ Hidden Kneel = "≥∂HÍà◊§ÃÑ· =OQÆ∞ Knelt = "≥∂HÍà◊¡ÃÑ· =OÔQ#∞ Knelt77 Overcome = JkèQÆq∞OK«∞ Overcame= JkèQÆq∞OK≥#∞ Overcome Rend = pÅ∞Û Rent = pÖˇÛ#∞ Rent Understand= J~°ú=ÚKÕã≤H˘#∞ Understood=J~°ú=Ú KÕã≤H˘<≥#∞ Understood Mean = J~°ú=∞QÆ∞ Meant = J~°ú=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Meant Lead = ^•iK«∂Ѩ٠Led = ^•iK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Led Stand = xÅ∞K«∞ Stood = xÅK≥#∞ Stood Love = „¿Ñq∞OK«∞ Loved = „¿Ñq∞OK≥#∞ Loved Like = W+¨ìѨ_»∞ Liked = W+¨ìѨ_≥#∞ Liked Laugh = #=Ùfi Laughed= #"≥fi#∞ Laughed Live = x=ã≤OK«∞ Lived = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Lived Link = =Ú_çÃÑ@∞ì Linked = =Ú_çÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Linked Load = |~°∞=Ù"ÕÜ«Ú Loaded= |~°∞=Ù"ÕÃã#∞ Loaded Fill = xOѨ٠Filled = xOÃÑ#∞ Filled Fail = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ Failed = `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Failed Fear = |Ü«∞Ѩ_»∞ Feared = |Ü«∞Ѩ_≥#∞ Feared Fire = HÍÅ∞Û Fired = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Fired Free = q_çÑ≤OK«∞ Fred = q_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Freed Found = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞ Founded = ™ê÷Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Founded Guess = TÇ≤ÏOK«∞ Guessed = TÇ≤ÏOK≥#∞ Guessed Gift = |Ǩ˙HõiOK«∞ Gifted = |Ǩ˙HõiOK≥#∞ Gifted Gain = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄O^OE∞ Gained = ÖÏÉèí=Ú á⁄O^≥#∞ Gained Jump = ^OE∂‰õΩ Jumped= ^OE∂ÔH#∞ Jumped Judege = f~°∞ÊK≥ѨÙÊ Judged = f~°∞ÊK≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Judged Move = Hõ^OEÅ∞ Moved = Hõ^OEÖˇ#∞ Moved Merge = HõÅã≤áÈ=Ù Merged= Hõeã≤áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Merged78 Miss = `«Ñ≤ÊáÈ=Ù Missed = `«Ñ≤ÊáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Missed Melt = Hõ~°∞QÆ∞ Melted = HõiÔQ#∞ Melted Mow = HÀÜ«Ú Mowed = HÀÃã#∞ Mowed Manage = #_çÑ≤OK«∞ Managed = #_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Managed Mend = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÜ«Ú Mended = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÃã#∞ Mended Mind = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#∞ Minded = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Minded Mint = <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞ Minted = <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞ =Ú„^OE"ÕÜ«Ú =Ú„^OE"ÕÃã#∞ Minted Call = Ñ≤ÅK«∞ Called = Ñ≤ÅK≥#∞ Called Care = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Cared = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Cared Curse = â◊Ñ≤OK«∞ Cursed = â◊Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Cursed Consult = ã¨ÅǨfã¨∞H˘#∞ Consulted= ã¨ÅǨfã≤H˘<≥#∞ Consulted Cane = ɡ`«Î=Ú`À H˘@∞ì Caned = ɡ`≥Î=Ú`À H˘>ˇì#∞ Caned Crush = #Å∞QÆ H˘@∞ì Crushed = #Å∞QÆH˘@ì|_≥#∞ Crushed Chide = u@∞ì Chided = u>ˇì#∞ Chided Clothe = |@ìÅ∞"Õã≤H˘#∞ Clothed = |@ìÅ∞ "Õã≤H˘<≥#∞ Clothed Cease = xÅ∞Ѩ٠Ceased= xÅ∞Ѩ٠KÕÃã#∞ Ceased Content = `«$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^OE∞ Contented= `«$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^≥#∞ Contented Contribute = K«O^•WK«∞Û Contributed=K«O^• WK≥Û#∞ Contributed Convince= XÑ≤ÊOK«∞ Convinced= XÑ≤ÊOK≥#∞ Convinced Crown = Ѩ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=Ú Crowned = Ѩ\Ïìaè¿+Hõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú KÕÃã#∞ Crowned Credit = [=∞Hõ@∞ì Credited = [=∞Hõ>ˇì#∞ Credited Converse = =∂@ÖÏ_»∞ Conversed= =∂\Ï¡_≥#∞ Conversed Converge = XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_»∞ Converged= XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_≥#∞ Converged Consecrate= Ѩq„`«=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Consecrated=Ѩq„`«=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Consecrated79 Consist = ‰õÄ_çLO_»∞ Consisted= ‰õÄ_çLO_≥#∞ Consisted Congratulate=Jaè#OkOK«∞ Congratulated=Jaè#OkOK≥#∞ Congratulated Connive = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_»∞ Connived = K«∂ã≤K«∂_»#@∞¡O_≥#∞ Connived Comprise= HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Comprised= HõeyÜ«ÚO_≥#∞ Comprised Compromise= ~årѨ_»∞ Compromised=~årѨ_≥#∞ Compromised Deliver = JO^OEKÕÜ«Ú Delivered=JO^OEKÕÃã#∞ Delivered Delay = PÅ㨺=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Delayed= PÅ㨺O KÕÃã#∞ Delayed Decide = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞ Decided = x~°‚~ÚOK≥#∞ Decided Discuss = K«iÛOK«∞ Discussed=K«iÛOK≥#∞ Discussed Dress = ^èOEiOK«∞ Dressed= ^èOEiOK≥#∞ Dressed Doubt = J#∞=∂xOK«∞ Doubted= J#∞=∂xOK≥#∞ Doubted Design = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Designed=HõÅÊ# KÕÃã#∞ Designed Desert = q_»z"ÕÜ«Ú Deserted=q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Deserted Deprive = ÖˉõΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú Deprived=ÖˉõΩO_®KÕÃã#∞ Deprived Devote = qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Devoted=qxÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Devoted Derive = á⁄O^OE∞@Derived= á⁄O^≥#∞ Derived Determine= xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Determined=xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Determined Describe = =i‚OK«∞ Described= =i‚OK≥#∞ Described Disappoint = x~åâ◊K≥O^OE∞ Dissappointed=x~åâ◊K≥O^≥#∞ Disappointed Differ = ÉË^èOE=ÚK«∂Ѩ٠Differed= ÉË^èOE=ÚK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Differed Drench = `«_çÜ«Ú Drenched=`«_çÃã#∞ Drenched Deviate = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç Deviated = =∂~°æ=Ú#∞O_ç `«Ñ¨ÙÊ `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Deviated Disgrace = J==∂xOK«∞ Disgraced= J==∂xOK≥#∞ Disgraced Foil = ÉèíOQÆ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Foiled = ÉèíOQÆ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Foiled Inform = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú Informed = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÃã#∞ Informed80 Invite = PǨfixOK«∞ Invited = PǨfixOK≥#∞ Invited Invent = HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú Invented = HõÅÊ#KÕÃã#∞ Invented Interfere = *’eH˜ áÈ=Ù Interfered = *’eH˜áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Interfered Injure = QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°K«∞ Injured = QÍÜ«∞Ѩ~°K≥#∞ Injured Inhabit = x=ã≤OK«∞ Inhabited= x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Inhabited Ignore = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Ignored = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_≥#∞Ignored Inherit = "å~°ã¨`«fi=Ú=Å# Inherited = "å~°ã¨`«fi=Ú=Å# á⁄O^OE∞ á⁄O^≥#∞ Inherited Irritate = HÀѨ=Ú Ñ¨Ù\˜ìOK«∞ Irritated = HÀѨ=Ú Ñ¨Ù\˜ìOK≥#∞ Irritated imitate = J#∞HõiOK«∞ imitated= J#∞HõiOK≥#∞ imitated Intimate = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú intimated = `≥eÜ«∞*ËÃã#∞ Intimated Inquire = qKåiOK«∞ Inquired= qKåiOK≥#∞ Inquired Induce = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Induced= „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Induced Inspire = „¿Ñ~°}HõÅ∞QÆ*ËÜ«Ú Inspired = „¿Ñ~°} HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Inspired Implicate = z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ì Implicated= z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Implicated Impose = qkèOK«∞ Imposed = qkèOK≥#∞ Imposed Incline = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ѨÙ, "åÅ∞ Inclined = "≥∂QÆ∞æK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Inclined Indulge = ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K«∞ Indulged = ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ΠѨ~°K≥#∞ Indulged Intrude = K˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞áÈ=Ù Intruded = K˘K«∞ÛH˘x"≥à‹§#∞ Intruded Involve = HõeÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Involved = HõeÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Involved Invade = ^OEO_≥`«∞Î Invaded= ^OEO_≥`≥Î#∞ Invaded Intend = L^ÕÌtOK«∞ Intended = L^ÕÌtOK≥#∞ Intended Instruct = LѨ^ÕtOK«∞ Instructed= LѨ^ÕtOK≥#∞ Instructed Insure = cè=∂ KÕÜ«Ú Insured= cè=∂ KÕÃã#∞ Insured Interrupt = J_»¤yOK«∞ Interrupted= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Interrupted Issue = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û Issued = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Issued81 Promise = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Promised= "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Promised Pay = K≥e¡OK«∞ Paid = K≥e¡OK≥#∞ Paid Prove = x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞ Proved = x~°∂Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Proved Pain = ÉÏ^èOEHõeyOK«∞ Pained = ÉÏ^èOEHõeyOK≥#∞ Pained Perish = <åâ◊#=∞QÆ∞ Perished = <åâ◊#=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Perished Prepare = `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«Ú Prepared = `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÃã#∞ Prepared Pretend = #\˜OK«∞ Pretended= #\˜OK≥#∞ Pretended Prevent = PѨÙKÕÜ«Ú Prevented = PѨÙKÕÃã#∞ Prevented Promote = =$kúKÕÜ«Ú Promoted = =$kúKÕÃã#∞ Promoted Pawn = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pawned= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Pawned Pledge = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pledged= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Pledged Produce = L`«ÊuÎKÕÜ«Ú Produced= L`«ÊuÎKÕÃã#∞ Produced Push = ÔQO@∞ Pushed= QÆO>ˇ#∞ Pushed Prohibit = x¿+kèOK«∞ Prohibited= x¿+kèOK≥#∞ Prohibted Preserve= *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÃÑ@∞ì Preserved = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Preserved Reduce = `«yæOK«∞ Reduced= `«yæOK≥#∞ Reduced Regret = qKåiOK«∞ Regretted = qKåiOK≥#∞ Regretted Respect = Q“~°qOK«∞ Respected = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Respected Reverse = `«Å„H˜O^OE∞KÕÜ«Ú Reversed = `«Å„H˜O^OE∞KÕÃã#∞ Reversed Revert = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uѨÙÊ Reverted = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uѨÊ|_≥#∞Reverted Review = uiy ѨsH˜∆OK«∞ Reviewed = uiy ѨiH˜∆OK≥#∞ Reviewed Resolve = xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Resolved = xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Resolved Repose = LOK«∞ Reposed = LOK≥#∞ Reposed Restrict = x|O^èOE#Ö’ LOK«∞ Restricted= x|O^èOE#Ö’ LOK≥#∞Restricted Restrain = J_»¤yOK«∞ Restrained= J_»¤yOK≥#∞ Restrained Refer = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞ Referred = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ =Ú#‰õΩ ѨOѨ٠Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ ѨOÃÑ#∞ Reffered82 Regard = Q“~°qOK«∞ Regarded = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Regarded Relate = ã¨O|OkèOK«∞ Related= ã¨O|OkèOK≥#∞ Related Believe = #=Ú‡ Believed = #"≥∞‡#∞ Believed Kill = K«OѨ٠Killed = K«OÃÑ#∞ Killed Kick = `«#∞fl Kicked = `«<≥fl#∞ Kicked Need = J=ã¨~°=Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞ Needed = J=ã¨~°=Ú HõeÔQ#∞ Needed Note = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú Noted = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú „"åã≤H˘#∞ „"åã≤H˘<≥#∞ Noted Erode = fã≤"ÕÜ«Ú Eroded = ux"ÕÃã#∞ Eroded Boycot = "≥e"ÕÜ«Ú Boycotted = "≥e"ÕÃã#∞ Boycotted Add = HõÅ∞Ѩ٠Added = HõeÃÑ#∞ Added Advise = ã¨ÅǨxK«∞Û Advised= ã¨ÅǨxK≥Û#∞ Advised Accuse = xO^•~ÀѨ}KÕÜ«Ú Accused = xO^•~ÀѨ} KÕÃã#∞ Accused Agree = XѨÙÊH˘#∞ Agreed = XѨÙÊH˘<≥#∞ Agreed Accept = ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ Accepted= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Accepted Absent = Ǩ[~°∞HÍHõáÈ=Ù Absented= Ǩ[~°∞HÍHõáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Absented Adopt = ^OE`«Î`« KÕã≤H˘#∞ Adopted = ^OE`«Î`« KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Adopted Adjust = ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Adjusted = ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Adjuste Apply = ^OE~°MÏã¨∞ÎÃÑ@∞ì Applied = ^OE~°MÏã¨∞ÎÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Applied Appoint = xÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Appointed= xÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Appointed Attain = KÕ~°∞ Attained= KÕÔ~#∞ Attained Attend = Ǩ[~°QÆ∞ Attended = Ǩ[~°Ü≥∞º#∞ Attended Attach = KÕ~°∞Û Attached = KÕÔ~Û#∞ Attached Allow = ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ Allowed= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Allowed Amuse = q<À^OE=Ú Amused = q<À^OE=Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÕÜ«Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÕÃã#∞ Amused Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞83 Accomplish= ™êkèOK«∞ Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞ Accomplished Bury = áêuÃÑ@∞ì Buried = áêuÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Buried Base = P^è•~°=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Based = P^è•~°=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Based Encourage = „áÈ`«ûǨÏq∞K«∞Û Encouraged=„áÈ`åûǨÏq∞K≥Û#∞encouraged Envelop = HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÜ«Ú Enveloped= HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÃã#∞Enveloped Escape = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Escaped = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Escaped Exclude = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠Excluded = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙKÕÃã#∞ Excluded Exempt = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙKÕÜ«Ú Exempted = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠KÕÃã#∞ Exempted Experience= J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O^OE∞ Experienced=J#∞Éèí∂uK≥O^≥#∞ Experienced Enlarge= ÃÑOK«∞ Enlarged = ÃÑOK≥#∞ Enlarged Engage = ѨxÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ Engaged = ѨxÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Engaged Embrace = H“QÆeOK«∞H˘#∞ Embraced= H“QÆeOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Embraced Encroach = Ju„Hõq∞OK«∞áÈ=Ù Encroached=Ju„Hõq∞OzáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Encroached Employ = L^ÀºQÆq∞K«∞Û Employed = L^ÀºQÆq∞K≥Û#∞ Employed Enjoy = ã¨∞dOK«∞ Enjoyed= ã¨∞dOK≥#∞ Enjoyed Express = =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Expressed= =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Expressed Expose = |Ü«∞@ÃÑ@∞ì Exposed= |Ü«∞@ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Exposed Emerge = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ=K«∞Û Emerged=|Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Emerged Exhaust= `«~°QÆH˘@∞ì Exhausted = `«~°QÆ H˘>ˇì#∞ Exhausted Heap = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ@∞ì Heaped = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Heaped Hint = ã¨∂zOK«∞ Hinted = ã¨∂zOK≥#∞ Hinted Hurry = `˘O^OE~°Ñ¨_»∞ Hurried = `˘O^OE~°Ñ¨_≥#∞ Hurried Heal = =∂#∞ Healed = =∂<≥#∞ Healed Lick = <å‰õΩ Likced = <åÔH#∞ Licked Lash = H˘~°_»`ÀH˘@∞ì Lashed = H˘~°_®`ÀH˘>ˇì#∞ Lashed84 Marry = ÃÑo¡KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Married= ÃÑo§KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Married Occupy = P„Hõq∞OK«∞ Occupied = P„Hõq∞OK≥#∞ Occupied Occur = ã¨OÉèíqOK«∞ Occured= ã¨OÉèíqOK≥#∞ Occured Obey = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Obeyed = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Obeyed Ostruct = J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ì Obstructed= J_»∞¤ÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Obstructed Offend = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Offended = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK≥#∞ Offended Object = ‰õÄ_»^OE#∞ Objected = ‰õÄ_»^OE<≥#∞ Objected Oblige = x~°ƒùOkOK«∞ Obliged= x~°ƒùkOK≥#∞ Obliged Prolong = á⁄_çyOK«∞ Porlonged = á⁄_çyOK≥#∞ Prolonged Prompt = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Prompted = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Prompted Queue = =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_»∞ Queued = =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_≥#∞ Queued Quicken = K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^OE#=Ú#∞ѨÙ\˜ìOK«∞ Quickened=K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^OE#=Ú#∞ ѨÙ\˜ìOK≥#∞ Quickened Renounce = Ѩi`«ºlOK«∞ Renounced= Ѩi`«ºlOK≥#∞ Renounced Rent = J^≥̉õΩ WK«∞Û Rented = J^≥̉õΩ WK≥Û#∞ Rented Study = K«^OE∞=Ù Studied= K«k"≥#∞ Studied Show = K«∂Ѩ٠Showed= K«∂K≥#∞ Showed Swell = L|∞ƒ Swelled= Lɡƒ#∞ Swelled Satisfy = `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K«∞ Satisfied = `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K≥#∞ Satisfied Seal = =Ú„^OE"ÕÜ«Ú Sealed = =Ú„^OE"ÕÃã#∞ Sealed Seize = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ Seized = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ ÖÏH˘¯#∞ ÖÏH˘¯<≥#∞ Seized Secure = ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’« Secured = ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’ Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞º_»QÆ∞ Hõ$`«Hõ$`«∞º_»Ü≥∞º#∞ Secured Supply = ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~åKÕÜ«Ú Supplied = ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~åKÕÃã#∞ Supplied Start = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°∞ Started= |Ü«∞Å∞^ÕÔ~#∞ Started Starve = PHõe`ÀLO_»∞ Starved= PHõe`ÀLO_≥#∞ Starved Slow = <≥=∞‡kKÕÜ«Ú Slowed = <≥=∞‡kKÕÃã#∞ Slowed85 Sum = ã¨OˆH∆Ѩ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Summed = ã¨OˆH∆Ѩ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Summed Sip = ÃÑ^OE=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘Å∞Û Sipped = ÃÑ^OE=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘ÖˇÛ#∞ Sipped Surrender = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Surrendered=ÖÁOyáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Surrendered Supervise = ÃÑ·#qKå~°}KÕÜ«Ú Supervised= ÃÑ·#qKå~°} KÕÃã#∞ Supervised Specify = Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å JxK≥ѨÙÊ Specified=Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Specified Supplement= ѨiѨÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞Û Supplemented=ѨiѨÓiÎH˘~°‰õΩ KÕÔ~Û#∞ Supplemented Train = tHõ∆} WK«∞Û Trained = tHõ∆} WK≥Û#∞ Trained Try = „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞ Tried = „Ѩ~ÚuflOK≥#∞ Traied Testify = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞Û Testified= ™êHõ∆ºq∞K≥Û#∞ Testified Unite = HõeÜ«Ú United = HõeÃã#∞ United Want = HÀ~°∞ Wanted= HÀÔ~#∞ Wanted Warn = ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK«∞ Warned= ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK≥#∞ Warned Worry = HõOQÍ~°∞Ѩ_»∞ Worried= HõOQÍ~°∞Ѩ_≥#∞ Worried Wish = "åOzèOK«∞ Wished= "åOzèOK≥#∞ Wished Greet = Jaè#O^OE#Å∞ `≥Å∞Ê Greeted = Jaè#O^OE#Å∞ `≥ÖˇÊ#∞ Greeted e.g : This book is mine 11. Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_® LáÈÜ«∞yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq THE VERB – „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx L#flq 1. ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^OE=Ú ( object) HõÅq. e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball 2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^OE=Ú ( object) ÖËq.86 Active Voice S.NO. Tense No. Sub Verb Obj 1. Simple Singular Sita sings a song. Present Plural They Sell Radios. 2. Present S Anil is driving a car. Coonti P We are plays. Staging 3. Present S She has Known the fact. Perfect P many have them. students helped 4. Simple S Keats wrote this Poem. past P They built many houses. 5. Past S Kiran Was A new Cont drawing Picture. P Some Were dance. girls Practising87 PASSIVE VOICE Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent A song is Sung by Sita Radios. Are Sold by them A car is being driven by Anil Plays are being Staged by us. The fact has been Known to her. They have been helped by Many students. The Poem Was Written by Keats. Many houses Were built by them. A New picture Was being drawn by Kiran. Dance Was being Practised --88 S.No. Tense No sub Verb Obj 06. Past S Raman had won The title. Perfect P They had the defeated English. 07. Simple S She will note the points. Future P We will (Shall) a seminar arrange 08. Future S She will have her project Perfect Completed report. P They will have the fulfilled conditions. 09. Can/* we can do it. May * They may win the Match. 10. Imperative * Do it immediately. * Please remove the Shoes. 11. Wh, Q's S Who wrote this poem? P Where did you my glasses? keep 12. Yes /No S Do you Know her? Q'S P Have you returned the books?89 Sub Agent Be Form Verb (PP) Prep Obj Agent The title had been won by Ramana. The english had been defeated by them. The Points Will be noted by her. A Seminar will be arranged by us. Her Project Will have Completed by her. report been The will have fulfilled by them. Conditions been It Can be done by us. The may Won by them. match be Let it be done immediately. You are requested to remove the shoes. By whom was this Poem written? Where Were my glasses kept (by you)? Is she Known to you? Have the books been returned (by you)?90 THE VERB – „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx L#flq 1. ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^OE=Ú ( object) HõÅq. e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball 2. JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^OE=Ú ( object) ÖËq. e.g: The Moon shines 3. Rama gave him pencil WHõ¯_» pencil J#∞#k Direct object, him J#∞#k Indirect object 4. Ô~O_»∞ objects fã¨∞H˘x „H˜Ü«∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ = Ask, bring, give, bend, offer, promise, send, show, teach, tell. 5. gxÖ’ ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ "≥Ú^OE@=K«∞Û#k =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ, q∞QÆ`åq =ã¨∞Î=ÙʼnõΩ K≥Ok#qQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. 6. KåÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Transitive QÍ#∞, Intransitive QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞#∞. 7. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞ÖˇÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞#∞ Come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie, =O\˜q -objects #∞ fã≤H˘#=Ù. Wq ZšѨÙÊ_»∞ Intransitive QÍ<Õ LO_»∞#∞.91 8. =∞iH˘xfl Intransitive verbs `«=∞`À prepositions fã≤H˘x Transitive verbs QÍ =∂~°∞#∞. e.g : Look at this picture 9. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅÖ’ XH˘¯Hõ¯™êi Hõ~°ÎÜ«Ú, Hõ~°‡Ü«Ú, XHõ\˜QÍ<Õ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : The man killed himself VERB WITH COMPLEMENTS ѨÓ~°Hõ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ QÆÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ 1. Subjecitve complements = Look, Seem, appear, e.g: Rama seems happy He is a boy ; He is lazy Wq Intransitive verb `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û#∞ 2. Objective Complements = e.g: Boys chose Rama their leader His parents named him Rama The magistrate found him guilty 3. D Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ Complements #∞ fã≤H˘#∞ „H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ Verbs of Incomplete predication Jx¿Ñ~°∞ VERB-TENSE Indefinit Continuous Perfect Perfect -Continuous Present I love am loving I have I have been loving92 loved Past I loved I was loving I had loved I had been loving Future I shall love I shall be I shall have I shall have been loving loved loving PRESENT INDEFINITE 1. JxtÛ`«"≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ"åÅ#∞ D „H˜Ok q^èOE=ÚQÍ „ѨHõ\˜OK«=K«∞Û#∞ 2. ã¨~°fiHÍb# ã¨`«º=ÚÅ∞. J#QÍ Jxfl HÍÅ=ÚÅO^OE∞#∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩ#∞Å∞. e.g : The snow falls in winter 3. â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°÷º=ÚÅ∞, JÅ"å@∞¡, PKå~°=ÚÅ∞ e.g : The cat kills rats , He goes to bed early 4. „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ã≤÷u ó every day, regularly, daily, always, e.g: He is a boy He is an engineer 5. JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞ Ѩ#∞Å∞ ó Ex : We play foot ball on every sunday 6. P[˝Å∞– „áê~°ú#Å∞ Ex : Post this letter 7. XHõ „QÆO^äOE=Ú#∞ QÍx, ~°K«~Ú`«#∞QÍx L^OEǨÏiOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ e.g : The Bible says 8. QÆ_»z# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ Hõ#∞ʼnõΩ QÆ\˜ì#@∞¡QÍ =i‚Oz K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞93 =ÚYº=ÚQÍ Hõ^äOEÅÖ’, <å@Hõ=ÚÅÖ’ ( Historical present) e.g : Now, the devils enter 9. Éèíq+¨º^OE~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ e.g : tomorrow my father leaves for Bombay II PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Real present tense) 1. D „H˜Ü«∞KÕ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ@[~°∞QÆ∞#∞. Now, always, at present e.g : I am loving 2. ã¨g∞Ѩ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°∞QÆÉ’=٠Ѩxx QÆ∂_® Wk ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. e.g : This week, I am leaving for Bombay 3. Continuous tense Ö’ D „H˜Ok "å\˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ~å^OE∞. look, see and listen are used weak interjections e.g. : Listen, someone is crying. have, hear, notice, recognize, smell, taste, believe, know, remember, recollect, forget, want, wish, forgive, refuse, love, care, belong possess, matter. III PRESENT PERFECT TENSE already, yet, Just, recently e.g : I have loved 1. ˆH=Å=Ú WѨÙÊ_Õ K«^OEqÜ«ÚO_»#Hõ¯~° ÖË^OE∞ ã¨q∂Ѩ Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ [iy# Ѩx94 e.g = I have read the Bible e.g= I have done my home work 3. I have passed my B.A., Jx# B.A, áêã¨QÆ∞@KÕ HõÅ∞æѶ¨Åq∞OHõ#∞ h=#∞ÉèíqOK«∞ K«∞<åfl=x J~°÷=Ú. 4. ˆH=Å=Ú 1950 Ö’ áêÃã· Ü«Ú<åfl#∞. Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl I passed B.A., in 1950 Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞. 5 H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ „Ѩã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞ XHõ Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÊ#∞. e.g : I have lived in Delhi for 10 years 6. WѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ _èçb¡Ö’ L<åfl#∞. HÍx D Hõ∆}=ÚÖ’ ÖË#∞ Jx K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ –I have lived in Delhi. 7. D Hõ∆}=Ú ~ÚѨÙÊ_Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ‰õÄ_» K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g: I have just written a letter. 8. XHõ KÀѨx ѨÓiÎ H͉õΩ#fl#∞ H˘O`« HÍÅ=Ú #∞O_ç „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx QÆ∂iÛ QÆ∂_® K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g : It has rained all this week 9. XHõ Ѩx xifi~å=∞=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ ‰õΩ#fl#∞ JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [iy##∞ D tense "å_» =K«∞Û#∞ e.g: I have met my friend twice this week.I have95 not taken a holiday this year. 10. He has been to London = J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú =zÛ<å_»∞ Hõ#∞Hõ JK«Û@q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÊQÆÅ_»∞. 11. He has gone to London = J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú<å_»∞. WѨÙÊ_»Hõ¯_» L<åfl_»∞. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. ZѨÙÊ_À Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ „áê~°OaèOѨ|_ç# XHõ Ѩx „Ѩã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ D tense LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=Öˇ#∞. Jk ZѨÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#^À K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl Since yesterday Jx since 1960 Jx, =∞iÜ«Ú WO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl^OEx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ##fl for 10 years' for 10 minutes Jx K≥ѨÊ=Öˇ#∞. e.g. : He has been working here since 1980. 2. XH˘Hõ¯™êi P Ѩx x~°O`«~°=ÚQÍ [~°∞QƉõΩ#fl#∞ D tense #∞ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : I have been reading the book all the day V PAST INDEFINITE 1. QÆuOz# XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@###∞ QÆ∂iÛ – e.g: I saw him yesterday 2. QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ âßâ◊fi`« ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ – e.g : The city was on the banks of the river 3. XHõ ÅHõ∆}=Ú#∞, Ѩ^OEúux – JÅ"å@∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ96 e.g : He became a sanyasin 4. QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ JѨÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩx ó e.g : He took a holiday every week VI. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Wk Ѩx ZѨÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#kQÍx, ZO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk HÍx K≥ѨÊ^OE∞. U^À XHõ L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=∞O^OE∞ =∂„`«q∞k [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl@∞¡QÍ D Tense K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g: When I was buying a pen, my friend came to some shop 2. UHõ HÍÅ=∞O^OE∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g : I was sleeping while my friend was reading 3. QÆ`« HÍÅ=Ú#O^OE∞ `«~°K«∞QÍ ã¨OÉèíqOK«∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩ#∞Å∞ (repeated actions) e.g : She was leaving the house early every day and meeting her boy friend VII. PAST PERFECT TENSE 1. Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞ L^ÕÌtOK«∞#∞. Ô~O_»∞#∞ L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ ѨÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ D tense LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ P L^ÕÌtOK«∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞"Õ∞^À xˆ~ÌtOѨ =Öˇ#∞. e.g : When two past actions are to be mentioned in one sentence, the97 earlier action should be in past perfect tense and the later in simple past tense, provided there is time gap between the two, actions. This is identified by using "when", 'before' or 'after' or 'as'. 2. Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ʼnõΩ áÈÅÛ‰õΩO_®, XˆH XHõ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#‰õΩ D tense Ö’ K≥ѨÊ~å^OE∞ e.g: I had written a letter to my friend J#~å^OE∞ VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Past tense Ö’ L^ÕÌtOz# XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ ѨÓ~°fi=Ú H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ XHõ Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ P [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ѩxx D tense `À ã¨∂zOѨ=Öˇ#∞. e.g : I had been reading for two hours before you came to my house yesterday. IX. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE 1. Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°QÆÉ’=٠Ѩxx `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞ 2. Wk I person Ö’ shall , II, III persons Ö’ will #∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞#∞ e.g : I shall go to Bombay He will go to Bombay 3. J@∞¡QÍHõ 'will' Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ I, we Hõ~°ÎÅ`À LѨÜ≥∂yOz# XHõ "åQÍÌ#=Ú#∞QÍx, xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞. e.g : I will help you at all costs U Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’<≥·##∞ h‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=Ú KÕÃã^OE#∞. 4. J^Õ q^èOE=ÚQÍ You, he she, it, they Hõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ Shall98 LѨÜ≥∂yOz#, XHõ XuÎ_çx QÍx, P[˝#∞ QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞. e.g: You shall stay here till I come back <Õ#∞ uiy =K«∞Û#O`«=~°‰õΩ WK«Û@LO_»=Öˇ#∞. They shall never, never be slaves "å~°∞ Z#fl\˜H˜x ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_»É’~°∞ – XHõ xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú. HÍx D ~ÀAÅÖ’ WOw¡+¨µ"å~°∞ shall HõO>Ë will <Õ Jxfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»∞K«∞<åfl~°∞ 5. Éèíq+¨º`«∂ûK«##∞ 'going to' #∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOz KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞ (Continuous tense Ö’ LáÈÜ«∞yOK« ‰õÄ_»x „H˜Ü«∞Å q+¨Ü«∞=Ú `«Ñ¨Ê) e.g : He will climb the tree ( Future ) J#∞@Hõ<åfl He is going to climb the tree J#∞@"Õ∞Å∞. 6. 'going to' Ö’ H˘O`« xtÛ`«`«Îfi=Ú ‰õÄ_® ^èOEfixOK«∞#∞ e.g : It is going to rain Jx# PHÍâ◊=Ú "Õ∞Ѷ¨∂=$`«"≥∞ÿ Ü«ÚO_»∞@<Õ#∞ K«∂K«∞K«∞<åfl#∞ Jx ^èOEfixOK«∞#∞. X FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. L^ÕÌtOz# ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú# XHõ Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L#fl@∞¡ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. J#QÍ ^OE∂~°"≥∞ÿ# aè=+¨º^OE~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOz#∞. e.g : Next year I shall be doing M.A., Next week we shall be showing a Tamil Picture99 2. „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Wk ˆH=Å=Ú Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î<Õ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. e.g : Will you be visiting him agian ? "åxx uiy K«∂_»É’=Ù K«∞<åfl"å? 3. Are you going to visit him? Jx# Z^OE∞\˜"åx Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ J_ç#@∞¡ ^èOEfix. HÍx 'will you visit him ?' ( please) Jx# J`«xx uiy K«∂_»∞=Ú Jx „áê~°ú##∞ (request) `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞#∞. XI FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1. Éèíq+¨º`å¯Å=ÚÖ’ L^ÕÌtOz# XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ xˆ~ÌtOz# Ѩx ѨÓiÎJQÆ∞#∞ Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g : I shall have read the book by the end of the week. D "å~åO`«=Ú#‰õΩ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=Ú K«kq =ÙO^OE∞#∞. – J#QÍ ^•xÖ’ ã¨OQÆ`«∞Å∞ JѨÊ\˜H˜ <å‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞QÆÅ=Ù. 2. `«ÅO`«∞#∞ (think), TÇ≤ÏO`«∞#∞ ( I suppose ) J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’ ‰õÄ_® nxx „ѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@HõÅ^OE∞. W@∞=O\˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ LѨ<åºã¨=ÚÅÖ’, K«~°ÛÅÖ’ HõxÊOK«∞#∞. e.g : " You will have noticed from the speech how urgent the matter really is" XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Wk H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ѩxx `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«Ú#∞. e.g : By December I shal have been working here100 for 20 years ( _çâ◊O|~°∞ <å\˜H˜ <Õ#∞ WK«Û@20 ã¨OIIÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl@∞¡ JQÆ∞#∞ ). <Õ#∞ WK«Û@<Õ Ñ¨x KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞ J#∞ ÉèÏ==Ú ^èOEfixOK«∞#∞). VERB -AGREEMENT WITH THE SUBJECT (Concord) „H˜Ü«∞ – Hõ~°Î`À UH©ÉèÏ==Ú 1. „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® First, second, third persons HõÅ=Ù. e.g: 1.I walk 2. Thou walketh (In poetry) 3. He walks 2. Verb ã¨~°fi<å=∞=Ú ( pronoun) ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ=Ú ( Number) HõÅ=Ù e.g: 1. He walks 2. They walk 3. Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx UHõ=K«# Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ ( subjects) and J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞KÕ`« HõÅ∞Ѩ|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Verb #∞ plural Ö’<Õ fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g : Rama and Krishna are brothers Rama, krishna and Gopal are young boys 4. Ô~O_»∞ Singular Nouns XˆH =ºH˜Îx QÆ∞iOzQÍx, XˆH =ã¨∞Î=Ù#∞ QÆ∞iOzQÍx K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb =∂„`«=Ú singular Ö’<Õ LO_»∞#∞.101 e.g : By the death of Gandhiji, a great -Prophet and Patriot was lost to India 5. Ô~O_»∞ subjects XˆH ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb Ѩ^OE=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»∞#∞. e.g : The long and the short of it is this 6. Subject Ѩ^OE=Ú `«~°∞"å`« each ÖËHõ every J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú =zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb Ѩ^OE=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g: Every man, Woman and Child was present 7. UHõ =K«#=ÚÖ’ #∞#fl subject Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ or, nor, either...or, neither ...nor J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb Ѩ^OE=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : Neither food nor water was given to the prisoner. 8. J~Ú`Õ or, nor J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞KÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç# subjects qaè#fl numbers ‰õΩ K≥Ok#"≥·`Õ verb Ѩ^OE=Ú plural Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : Rama or his friends have done this. 9. =∞iÜ«Ú or, nor J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOѨ|_ç# subjects, qaè#fl 'persons' ‰õΩ K≥Ok#ѨÙÊ_»∞ verb ^•xH˜ ^OEQÆæ~°Ö’ subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ persons `À UH©ÉèíqOK«∞#∞. e.g : Either he or I am correct.102 VERBS : STRONG AND WEAK ( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ ó |Å"≥∞ÿ#q, |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#q) 1. „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# HÍÅ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ present tense, Past tense, J#∞#q. D =¸_»∞ ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ#∞O_ç W`«~° ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ ™êkèOѨ=K«∞Û#∞. JO^OE∞KÕ`« D =¸_»∞ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q. 2. `ÕeHõQÍ present tense #∞O_ç past tense U~°Ê_Õ „H˜Ü«∞Å#∞ (verbs) weak verbs JO^OE∞~°∞. Wq present tense #‰õΩ ed x, ÖËHõ -'d' x ÖËHõ z=i JHõ∆~°=Ú `˘ÅyOz 't' HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å# past tense U~°Ê_»∞#∞. e.g : Present tense Past tense Talk Talked Believe Believed Spend Spent 3. H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#O^OE∞#fl vowel #∞ =∂~°∞ÊKÕã≤H˘x past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘#flq. e.g : Present tense Past tense Know Knew Come Came Speak Spoke Write Wrote 4. POQÆ¡ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ Weak verbs ã¨OYº Z‰õΩ¯= strong verbs ã¨OYº `«‰õΩ¯=103 5. Weak verbs QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@‰õΩ H˘xfl ã¨∂K«#Å∞ – i) Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# z=~° 'd' QÍx 't' QÍx ÖËHõ past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»k week verb. e.g : Believe Believed Burn Burnt Sell Sold ii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# 'd' LO_»QÍ ^•xx 't' QÍ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú á⁄O^OE∞#∞. e.g: Bend Bent Build Built Lend Lent iii) H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú z=~° 'd' QÍx 't' Hõey Ü«ÚO_ç "å\˜ =ÚO^OE∞#fl n~°…ã¨fi~°=Ú „ǨÏã¨fi=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@KÕ past tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú á⁄O^OE∞#∞. Ex : Bleed ( n~°…ã¨fi~°=Ú) bled ( „ǨÏã¨fiã¨fi~°=Ú) breed bred shoot shot meet met lead led feed fed iv) H˘xfl Verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú z=~° 't' QÍx 'd' QÍx Ü«ÚO_ç# past tense Ö’ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú104 HõeyÜ«ÚO_»#∞. e.g : Cost, Hit, Hurt, Let, Put, Pid, set, shed, shut, split, Thrust, spread 6. H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚʼnõΩ past participle ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ Ô~O_Õã≤ HõÅ=Ù. Ô~O_»=^≥·# bounden, drunken, gotten, hidden, sunken =O\˜ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ adjectives QÍ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq. Ex : bounden duty, drunken man, ill gotten wealth, hidden treasure, sunken man 7. H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ strong ~°∂Ѩ=Ú weak ~°∂Ѩ=Ú Ô~O_»∞#∂ HõÅ=Ù. Ex : Present tense Past tense Past participle Awake Awoke ( Awaked) Awoke ( Awaked) Crow Crew ( crowed) Crowed Thrive Throve (Thrived) Thriven ( Thrived) Light Lit ( Lighted) Lit ( Lighted) Wake Woke (waked) Woke ( Waked) 8. H˘xfl Weak verbs ʼnõΩ present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú# z=~° ǨÏÅ∞¡ kfiQÆ∞}©Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ ed KÕ~°∞ÛH˘x Past tense past participle JQÆ∞#∞. e.g: Present tense Past tense Past participle Bar Barred Barred Bar Barred Barred Blur Blurred Blurred105 Mar Marred Marred Tar Tarred Tarred Bat Batted Batted VERB ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE „H˜Ü«∞ ó Hõ~°Îi, Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1. ã¨Hõ~°‡ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ Hõ~°Î (subject) „Ѩ^è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx ÖËHõ Hõ~°‡ ( object) „Ѩ^è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û#∞. "å@x Hõ~°Îi „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Active voice) Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Passive voice) Jx JO^OE∞~°∞. e.g : Arjuna killed Karna ( Active Voice) Karna was killed by Arjuna ( Passive voice) 2. Active Voice ( Hõ~°Îi „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O^OE∞ Hõ~°Î UkKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl^À ^•xˆH „áê^è•#ºq∞=fi|_ç#k. 3. passive Voice ( Hõ~°‡}˜ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O^OE∞ Hõ~°‡ ( object ) ^Õxx á⁄O^OE∞K«∞#fl^À K≥ѨÊ|_»∞K«∞#flk. D "åHõº=Ú# object Ju =ÚYº=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. 4. Voice J#QÍ subject U"≥∞ÿ<å KÕã≤#^À ÖËHõ ^•xˆH"≥∞ÿ# [iy#^À `≥Å∞ѨÙ#\˜ì „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^OE ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=Ú 5. Active voice Ö’ L#fl XHõ "åHõº=Ú# Ô~O_»∞ objects (Direct object, Indirect Object) passive voiceL#flѨÙÊ_»∞ Ö’xH˜ =∂~°∞ÊѨÙÊ_»∞ U^À XHõ object #∞ „Ѩ^è•#=Ú KÕã≤ Ô~O_»= ^•xx J>Ë¡ LOK«=K«∞Û#∞. J@∞¡ xÅ∞= LO_ç# object ‰õΩ Retained object Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ HõÅ^OE∞. passive verb `«~°∞"å`« LO_»∞#∞.106 e.g : Active Voice Passive Voice 1. Indira refused 1. Admittance was refused to Narayana admittance Narayana by Indira IDO DO 2. Desika teaches us 1. English is taught to us by Dsika English IDO 2. We are taught English by DO Desika 6. H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject Z=fi~À K≥ѨÊ=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°=ÚO_»^OE∞. J\˜ì ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^OE∞ passive voice LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. e.g : Bombay was bombed. Pakistani ship was wrecked. That temple was built long ago 7. H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Verb passive voice =Öˇ LO_ç##∞ Jk passive voice HÍ^OE∞. e.g : The glass is broken Rama is gone ( Rama has gone) 8. H˘xfl Transitive verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Active voice ~°∂Ѩ=Ú #O^OE∞#fl#∞ "å\˜x passive voice Ö’ =Öˇ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Rose smells sweet ( is sweet when it's smelt)107 Mango tastes fine ( is fine when tasted) Ramayana reads well ( affects the reader well when read) VERB -MOOD „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^OE=Ú – su 1. Verb „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@ÖËHõ XHõ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@ÖËHõ P[˝#∞ ~ÚK«∞Û@ÖËHõ XHõ TǨÉèÏ==Ú#∞ "≥e|∞K«∞Û@. W@∞=O\˜ „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^OE=Ú (verb)#‰õΩ <åÅ∞æs`«∞Å∞#flq. Jq 1. Indicative mood 2. Imperative mood 3. Subjunctive mood 4. Infinitive mood 1. Indicative mood = Hõ#|~°K≥_»∞ su a) D q^èOE=Ú, XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Sita goes to college daily b) XHõ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Have you met him? c) XHõ TǨQÆ`« ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : If it rains , I shall not leave home How beautiful the night is ! 2.Imperative mood = q^OEº~°úHõsu108 a) nxx XHõ P[˝#∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ (Command) e.g : Go there. Bring it here. wait here b) XHõ „áÈ`åûǨÏ=Ú ( ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõ) `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Take care of your purse Get ready Try to catch the train c) XHõ =∞#q ÖËHõ „áê~°ú# `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Have kindness for us Give us our daily bread 3. Subjunctive mood : ÉèË^•~°úHõ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú a) XHõ HÀiHõ#∞ ( desire or wish) `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : God be with you ; God save the king WHõ¯_» 'be' , ' save' J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ HÀiHõ#∞ `≥~ÚÜ«∞*ËÜ«ÚK«∞#flq May God be with you, May God save you Jx ‰õÄ_® K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û#∞ b) XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#∞ JiúOz „ѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Take care, that nothing be lost. Judge not, lest you be Judged. c) "åã¨ÎqHõ`«‰õΩ q~°∞^OEú=ÚQÍ L#fl ÉèÏ=#QÍx, +¨~°`«∞QÍx109 K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@HõÅ^OE∞ e.g: 1. If I were the Indian President, I would invite the moon to dinner. 2. If I were the king of Tartary, my throne should be of beaten gold WHõ¯_» 'were' J#∞#k past tense HÍ^OE∞. XHõ Jã¨OÉèí="≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. XHõ TǨÖ’Hõ=Ú ^•xH˜ „ѨÉèí∞=QÆ∞@=∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ qz„`«"≥∞ÿ# TǨ)(Tartary ) THE INFINITIVE ( „H˜Ü«∂ ^è•`«∞~°∂Ѩ=Ú) 1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^OE=Ú#‰õΩ c[=Ú =O\˜k ^è•`«∞~°∂Ѩ=Ú 2. I like mangoes J<Õ KÀ@like J<Õ verb subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Number KÕ`« case KÕ`« |^OEú"≥∞ÿ Ü«Ú#flk. JO^OE∞KÕ`« nxx |^OEú"≥∞ÿ#, Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# verb-'finite verb' 3. Indicative mood Ö’#∞ subjunctive mood Ö’#∞ Imperative mood Ö’#∞ L#fl verbs JxflÜ«Ú "finite verbs". 4. J~Ú`Õ 'I like to eat mangoes' J<Õ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'to eat' J<Õ „H˜Ü«∞ ˆH=ÅO eat J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÜ≥∞Hõ¯ J~°ú ÉèÏ=ã¨∞Êù~°}=Ú KÕÜ«∞K«∞#fl^Õ QÍx ^•xH˜ subject ÖË^OE∞. nxH˜ subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ number, case =O\˜ |O^èOE#=ÚÖË^OE∞. JO^OE∞KÕ`« nxx |O^èOE#=ÚÖËx „H˜Ü«∞ JO^OE∞~°∞. WkÜÕ∞ ^è•`«∞ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú . Infinitive `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’x ÉèÏ"å~°úHõ=Ú =O\˜k.110 XHõ „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Present tense ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞ 'to' (in finite sign) Hõeã≤#ѨÙÊ_»∞ Jk U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Jxfl „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^OE=ÚÅH© q^è•#=Ú =iÎOK«∞#∞. i) "åHõº=Ú# Noun #‰õΩ |^OE∞Å∞ subject QÍ LO_»∞#∞. e.g : To love is divine ii) Noun #‰õΩ |^OE∞Å∞ object QÍ LO_»∞#∞ e.g: I love to write iii) H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject QÍ LO@∂, `å#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g: To respect your teacher is your duty. iv) H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒ=ÚÅÖ’ object QÍ LO@∂ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g: Prasad refused to obey instructions. v) „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ e.g: We eat to live; We go to paly vi) qâı+¨}=Ú#∞ qѨÙbHõiOK«∞@‰õΩ „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ e.g : He was eager to know Quick to grasp Easy to forget Beautiful to look Nice to see111 vii) qâı+¨}=Ú=Öˇ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =i‚OK«∞@‰õΩ e.g: This is a house to let 'To Let' WK«Û@<å=∞"åK«Hõ"≥∞ÿ# house #∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊK«∞#flk. a place to visit, a picture to see, debts to clear. viii) H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^OE∞ 'to' J#∞ preposition ÖˉõΩO_® LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞@HõÅ^OE∞. ( bid, let, make, need, dare, see, near ) J#∞ „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ `«~°∞"å`«) e.g : Bid him go -"åxx á⁄=∞‡x K≥ѨÙÊ=Ú Let him stand -"åxx xÅ∞ÛO_»h ix) =∞iÜ«Ú 'to' ÖˉõΩO_® Plain infinitive #∞ shall, will, do, did, should, would, may and might J#∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å `«~°∞"å`« LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : I will play You shall go x) J>Ë¡ 'to' ÖˉõΩO_® had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than,J#∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ `«~åfi`« LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : You had better tell him xi) Infinitive LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú Noun „ѨÜ≥∂[#=ÚʼnõΩ Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ Ü«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ nxx simple infinitive JO^OE∞~°∞. xii) J@∞¡QÍHõ Wk qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ QÍx, „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ QÍx LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç# nxx Gerundial ÖËHõ Qualifying112 Infinitive JxK≥ѨÙÊ^OE∞~°∞. xiii) =∞iÜ«Ú Infinitive #‰õΩ Tense LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ PÜ«∂ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ ^•x ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ Active Voice Presnet : to love Present continuous : to be loving Perfect :to have been loved (nx<Õ Perfect Infinitive JO^OE∞~°∞) Passive Voice Present : to be loved Perfect : to have been loved xiv) To + verb HõÅã≤ infinitive J#|_»∞#∞ D 'to' ‰õΩ verb ‰õΩ =∞^èOEº =∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ Ѩ^OE=Ú „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú (adverb) =zÛ# ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ split infinitive JO^OE∞~°∞. e.g : To understand J#∞#k infinitive TO PARTICIPLE Jã¨=∂ѨHõ „H˜Ü«∞ 1. Participle J#∞#k „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ#fl |Ǩï ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅO^˘Hõ\˜. 2. Hearing the noice, the boy came out WHõ¯_» 'Hearing the noice' J#∞ ^•xx participle phrase Jã¨=∂ѨHõ „H˜Ü«∂ѨÓ~°fiHõ Ѩ^OEã¨=∂ã¨=Ú Jx JO^OE∞~°∞. 3. Present participle continuous tense Ö’ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : They are playing now. (ing is called present participle)113 4. Verb past participle ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. Go, went, gone Ö’ gone =O\˜q ˆH=ÅO adjective QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x participle adjectives JO^OE∞~°∞. e.g : Glittering Gold ornaments. Running waters Worried look Loosing game 5. Wq adjectives =Öˇ degrees of comparisons ‰õÄ_® HõeæÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞ e.g : Glittering -more glittering -most glittering Worried -more worried -most worried 6. Active Passive Present participle = loving. being loved. Perfect participle = having loved . having been loved. Past participle = had loved had been loved. PAST PARTICIPLE 1. Participle Ѩ^OE=Ú noun #∞ QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx qualify KÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ i) QÆ∞}Ï~ÀѨ}=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( attributively ) e.g : A Rolling stone -Present participle A lost opportunity -past participle114 ii) PMϺ`«=ÚQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( Predicatively) e.g : Rama kept me waiting ( Present ) Krishna looked tired ( Past) iii) XHõ Noun QÍx Pronoun QÍx =ÚO^OE∞QÍ #∞O_ç absolutely ( ˆH=Å=ÚQÍ) LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : Krishna having arrived, Arjuna was freed from anxiety iv) Present, Past Participles Ô~O_»∞#∞ Noun QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊK«∞ Adjective ^èOE~°‡=Ú x~°fiiÎOK«∞K«∞#flq. e.g : I saw him crossing the road Gerund (Verbal Noun) v) Infinitive completed action #∞ =i‚OK«QÍ, participle Ѩx [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ crossing J#QÍ while crossing Jx to cross J#QÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ ^•@∞@Jx J~°ú=Ú. crossing "å_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ J`«_»∞ ^•@∞K«∞#fl ã≤÷uÖ’ XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú# J`«x "ÕѨÙK«∂zu#x J~°ú=Ú. to cross (infinitive )"å_ç#ѨÙÊ_»∞ J`«#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ ^•@∞#O`«=~°‰õΩ K«∂K«∞K«∞O\˜#x J~°ú=Ú. vi) J>Ë¡ participle ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ „ѨÜ≥∂yOz# infinitive #∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ "å_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : I prefer reading books to seeing115 pictures ( always) vii) 'H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ for' #∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ infinitive Ѩx ѨÓiÎHÍHõ ѨÓ~°fi"Õ∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g : I paid him to translate the book into Tamil viii) particple Ѩx ѨÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# `«~°∞"å`« Jx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞ e.g : I paid him for translating the book into Tamil THE GERUND 1. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^OE=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=∞O^˘Hõ\˜ Wk. 2. Participle adjective QÍ „Ѩ=iÎOѨQÍ, Gerund <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=ÚQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«Ú#∞. JO^OE∞KÕ`« nxx Verb-noun JO^OE∞~°∞. 3. HÍ=Ù# Gerund J#QÍ 'ing' `À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ „H˜Ü«∂~°∂Ѩ=ÚÃÑ· Noun Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ â◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Ѩ^OE=Ú e.g : Reading is a good habit. ( D "åHõº=Ú Reading J#∞ Gerund, subject QÍ LO_ç <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk. 4. Teach me swimming D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Swimming J#∞ gerund, object QÍ LO_ç Noun Ѩx KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk 5. Gerund Ѩ^OE=Ú H˘xfl ~Ú`«~° Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘x ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ Compound gerund Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞K«∞#flk.116 e.g : He was charged of having stolen the money TRANSITIVE VERB GERUND (FUNCTIONS LIKE TO NOUN ) #‰õΩ L#fl ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ Active Passive Present loving being loved Perfect having loved having been loved GERUND LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1. XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ subject QÍ e.g : Reading is a good habit 2. XHõ transitive verb ‰õΩ object QÍ e.g: Children like playing in mud 3. XHõ Preposition ‰õΩ object QÍ e.g: I am tired of walking He is fond of running 4. XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ Complement QÍ e.g: Seeing is believing Swimming is exercising 5. ˆH=Å=Ú ( absolutely) e.g: Hunting animals being his aversion We did not hunt any animals. 6. Do you like us coming in ?117 Do you like our coming in? Raman's coming in 7. Gerund KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨#∞ÅÖ’ XHõ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨xÜ≥ÿ∞##∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ =Öˇ nxÜ«∞O^OE∞ article LO_»^OE∞. e.g: Hunting Lions was his hobby. D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ hunting „H˜Ü«∞=Öˇ ‰õÄ_® ѨxKÕã≤ 'Lions' Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ object QÍ fã≤H˘#∞K«∞#flk. 8. ˆH=Å=Ú noun =Öˇ ѨxKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl gerund Å#∞ verbal nouns JO^OE∞~°∞. gx=ÚO^OE∞ definite article J~Ú# 'The' ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. 9. H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ Gerund Infinitive D Ô~O\˜H˜ ~°∂Ѩ™ê=∞º=Ú ÖˉõΩ#fl#∞ J~°ú™ê=∞º=Ú#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OK«∞#∞. J\˜ì KÀ@nxx LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ=Öˇ##fl – Gerund ™ê=∂#º ^èOE~°‡=Ú#∞^ÕÌtOѨQÍ (general case) Infinitive XHÍ<˘Hõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# ( particular case) LѨÜ≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞. e.g: I hate telling lies ( General case) I hate to tell you lies ( particular case) AUXILIARY VERBS ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ 1. I have pen ( I possess a pen)118 D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ have J#∞ verb #‰õΩ J~°ú=Ú ã¨OѨÓ~°‚"≥∞ÿ#k. W\˜ì verb #∞ verb with full meaning ÖËHõ principal verb JO^OE∞~°∞. 2. I have lost my pen D "åHõº=Ú# have J#∞ verb, =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ verb J~Ú# 'lost' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ J~°ú=Ú Ñ¨ÓiÎ JQÆ∞@‰õΩ `À_»Ê_ç#k. HÍ=Ù# nxx auxiliary verb (ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞) JO^OE∞~°∞. 3. ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Primary auxiliary 1. Have, has, had, 2. Do, does, did 3. Be, ( am , is, are, was, were, been, being) Model auxiliary -4. Shall -futurity 5. will -futurity 6. can-ability 7.may-Probability 8. ought to 9. used ot 10. need 11. dare Primry auxiliaries are only used as principle verbs.They are used to identify the Mood, Tense and voice of the Principal verbs. 4. 'to have' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË, has, had, have, 'to do' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË do, does, did; to be Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖË is, are,119 am, was, were Auxiliary verbs QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞@‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}=ÚÅ∞ Have : I have taken my breakfast Be : I am loved : He was loved. I am writing. He was writing Do : Do you say so? I do not say so. Shall : I shall come tonight Will : She will go next saturday Should: He said that I should go. Would : If he were here, I would tell him. 5. D Auxiliary verbs ˆH =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ ¿Ñé∞ helping verbs. Wq =ÚYº=ÚQÍ 1. Negative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 2. Interrogative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 3. Tenses #∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ continuous, perfect, perfect continuous tenses #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 4. „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ „ǨÏã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’ ["å|∞Å∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞#∞ 1. Negative sentences : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : The weather is not fine I do not like playing foot-ball120 Negative forms U~°Ê_»∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ – "å\˜ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ ™ê^è•~°} ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=Ú „ǨÏã¨fi~°∂Ѩ=Ú Affirmative Negative Short form 1. Be : I am I am not I'm not We are We are not we aren't You are you are not you aren't They are They are not They aren't He is He is not He isn't She is She is not She isn't It is It is not It isn't 2. Have : nxx Ô~O_»~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ „QÆÇ≤ÏO`«∞=Ú 1. Permanent Possession ( âßâ◊fi`«=ÚQÍ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’) e.g : I have two brothers 2. Temporary possession ( `å`å¯eHõ=ÚQÍ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’) e.g : Just a minute ago, I had my tea Temporary e.g : I do not have my break fast before Nine' O' clock. habitual : He does not have-He doesn't have, We do not have -We don't have I can I can not I can't121 I may I may not I mayn't I must I must not I mustn't I shall I shall not I shan't I will I will not I won't Shan't shouldn't Won't wouldn't must /should ( had to) II „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Is the weather fine? 1. „Ѩâ◊fl ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’ =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞O_»=K«∞Û#∞. e.g: Is not the weather fine? Affirmative Interrogative Negative Question 1. Be : I am ..... Am I......? Amn't I ......? We are...... Are we ....? Aren't We.....? ÖËHõ Aren't He's...... Is he........? Is not he......? ÖËHõ Isn't 2. Have a) âßâ◊fi`å~°ú=Ú I have ...... Have I.......? Haven't I......? He has...... Has he ......? Hasn't he......?122 b) `å`å¯eHõ JÅ"å@∞¡ =ÔQ·~å. We have..... Do we have.....? Don't we have .....? He has..... Does he have ....? Doesn't he have ....? 3. q∞ye# Auxiliary Verbs I can..... Can I.....? Can't I........? I may..... May I.....? Mayn't I.....? I must...... must I.....? mustn't I.....? I shall.... shall I.....? shan't I .....? I will..... will I.....? won't I.....? 4. H˘xfl „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞, Short form responses Question Response Affirmative Negative 1. Are you fond of fish ? Yes, I am , I am not 2 .Do you like sweets ? Yes, I do No. I don't 3. Will you come tomorrow? Yes, I will No. I won't 4. Can you speak English? Yes , I can No . I can't 5. Can I go? ( permission) Yes, I am You must not 6 .May I come in ? Yes, You may No. You may not 7. Must I meet him today itself Yes, You must No. You must not No. You need not (¿ãfiK«Ûù) 8. Need she come tomorrow? ( I am afraid) No, she need not (W\˜ìKÀ@noJ#∞ ["å|∞ L^ÕÌ She must.123 tOѨ|_»∞#∞ 9. Have I got to meet her today? Yes you have got to 1. No, You haven't got to ( ¿ãfiK«Ûù) 2. No, you are not to ( qkè) 10. Do I have to get up at 6.30 Yes, You have to, every day ( Habitual) No, you don't need to 5.Statement Agree Disagree 1.The weather is fine today Yes, it is No, it is not 2.They played well Yes, they did No, they didn't 3.They are playing well Yes, they are No, they are not 4.He gets up very early Yes, he does No he doesn't 5.I know Tamil Yes, you do No, you don't 6.They must go now Yes, they must. No, they need not 7.He does not like dogs Yes, he does not But he does. 8.You can't eat it all Yes you can No I can't 9. Apples are dear Yes, they are No, They aren't 6. ADDITIONS TO REMARKS ( „Ѩ`«∞ºÑ¨áê^OE#Å∞) Statement Addition 1. Apples are dear. Apples are dear Oranges are also dear. So are oranges 2. James watt was an inventor James watt was an inventor Edison was also an inventor So was Edison 3. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil Her husband also knows So does her husband 4. She knows Tamil She knows Tamil124 Her children also know So do her children 5. She wrote poetry She wrote poetry He also wrote poetry so did he 6. I can do it I can do it You can also do it so can you 7. He hasn't any time He hasn't any time I have no time too Nor have I 8. You did not pay him You did not pay him I too did not pay him Nor did I 7. QUESTION TAGS 1. Question tags Ô~O_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ 1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag 2. Negative statement #‰õΩ positive tag. 1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag. e.g: 1. He has come back, hasn't he? 2. He came yesterday, didn't he? 3. I didn't hurt you, Did I ? 4. Stop that noise, will you? ( WHõ¯_» imperative sentence Ö’x f„=`«#∞ `«yæOz H˘OK≥=Ú '=∞~åº^OE— #∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@Hõ#∞Hõ " Negative tag " ~å^OE∞. HÍx had, better, rather =zÛ#ѨÙ_»∞ negative tag =K«∞Û#∞.)125 TAG QUESTIONS To provide an extra force to a statement, tag questions are often attached. We come across them in conversation and in informal letters The tag is an incomplete question. Generally, the tag pattern is…………. Auxiliary /Model + n’t + Pronoun (sub) followed by a question mark. Auxiliary /Model + Pronoun (sub) followed by a quark. A Positive statement takes Negative Tag A negative statement takes Positive Tag. Made for each – Other : 01. Positive statements hug negative tags : E.g. She signs well, doesn’t she? *(in the absence of an auxiliary verb,. ‘ do’ does the action) 02. Negative statements join hands with positive tags; E.g. Sheela does not work hard, does she? 03. When half-negatives or depreciative words – little, few, hardly scarcely used in a statement, it is considered negative and goes with a positive tag. E.g. He seldom does his work, does he? 04. “ A few” and a little are used in positive sense and get with negative tags. E.g. A few students attended the class, didn’t they? 05. Only as adverb, tags with both the statements-Positive and Negative E.g. There are only ten students , aren’t there? 06. If a personal pronoun is used as the subject, it is to be retained in the tag; if a noun is used as subject, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ or ‘they’ is used in the tags. E.g. The boy is blind , isn’t he? Shilpa has a car, hasn’t She? 07. if the indefinite pronoun ‘ one’ is used as the subject , it should be retained in the tag : E.g. One should be sincere in one’s work, shouldn’t one?126 08. When have is used with a sense of possession ‘do’, does, or ‘did’ is used in the tag (a negative tag) Eg. He has lunch at noon. Doesn’t he? 09. For Proposals -positive tag is used. Eg. Let’s have a little break, shall we? 10. Imperative verbs tug with positive tags. E.g. Come early will you ? 11. if the verb is a compound tense, auxiliary alone is used. 12. if the auxiliary is a compound form. The first word of it is used. 13. Therefore for this purpose can, may, ought and ‘ need’ are treated as auxiliary verbs. E.g. He has finished the work. Hasn’t he? His car is being repaired , isn’t it? 14. if ‘ it/There is used as the introductory subject, it is to be retained in the tag. E.g. Three is a cozy house isn’t there? 15. Statements expressing impatience take the tag -can’t you? E.g. Use your intelligent, can’t you? 16. Anyone, everyone and someone are singular, but take tags in plural. E.g. Every body can’t become rich, can they? 17. None of followed by plural noun takes plural tag. E.g. None of the students passed. did they? 18. When the speaker is not included in the list of the late comers, you can use ‘they’ instead of ‘we’ E.g. Some of us were detained , weren’t they? 19. In imaginary conditions ………….. E.g. I shouldn’t be surprised if he married her, would you? 20. When something , anything, everything or nothing is used as the subject ‘it’ is used in the tag. E.g. Nothing is new here, is it?127 DEFECTIVE VERBS ֒Ѩ=Ú#fl „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Definition : H˘xfl „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Jxfl tenses Ö’#∞ moods Ö’#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞ÖË^OE∞. J\˜ì verbs #∞ defective verbs JO^OE∞~°∞. Wq shall, will, may, can, must, ought, dare, need, quoth J#∞#q. g\˜H˜ present participle, past participle ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. I. Uses of 'Shall' a) I shall be much obliged b) Thou shall not steal II. Uses of 'will' 1. It will be a long time before I come here again 2. Any one will tell you the address if you ask III. Uses of 'may' 1. Probability `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞ It may be true He may be right You may miss the train 2. Permission `≥eÜ«∞ *ËÜ«Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ( J#∞=∞u) May I come in ? You may go 3. HÀiHõ#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞ May you live long!128 May you be blessed ! 4. XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#ѨÙ_»∞ We eat that we may live He runs that he may catch the bus. IV. Uses of 'might' 1. I might not come again 2. Might I live to see my great grand child V. Uses of 'can' : a. â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°Ìº=ÚÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ 'can'LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. I can write ( I am able to write ) I can lift that box b. J#∞=∞ux `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® 'can' LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. You can go ( yo are permitted to go) VI. Uses of 'could' Even as a boy he could sing well. Rama tried to catch the bus but he could not VII. Uses of ' must' 1. P=â◊ºHõ`« ÖËHõ ÉÏ^èOEº`« `≥Å∞ѨÙ@We must obey the laws. Meena must sing129 2. ^èOE$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ I must have my way at this meeting. 3. q^OE∞HõÎ ^èOE~°‡=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ A magistrate must be upright 4. XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«Ü«∞O^OE∞ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# qâßfiã¨=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ Somebody must have removed the fish plates 5. Jx "å~°º"≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ All living beings must die VIII. Uses of 'ought' -obligation He ought to love his brothers. You ought to read properly IX. Uses of 'dare' He dare not come this way He dare not enter this building X. Uses of 'need' She need not go Need he sing now? XI. Uses of the word ' quoth' Quoth I I see quoth he ( ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ WѨÙÊ_ô Ѩ^OE=Ú Ñ¨^OEº=ÚÅO^OE∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flk).130 THE ADJECTIVE 1) Attributively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú e.g: The brave boy was praised. 2) Predicatively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú e.g : Rama is afraid of his teacher He is quite well KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ( qâı+¨} Ѩ^OE=ÚÅÖ’ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞) Adjectives U_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ ó 1. Adjectives of Quality : QÆ∞}qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Guntur is a large town D „H˜Ok "å\˜x Proper adjectives Jx H˘O`« =∞Ok JO^OE∞~°∞. HÍx Wq ‰õÄ_® Adjectives of Quality `≥QƉõΩ K≥Ok#"Õ. e.g: Indian tea, Frech wines, Turkish tobacco, Chinese dish 2. Adjectives of Quantity : Ѩi=∂}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : He has enough money 3. Adjectives of numbers : ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ ( Numerical adjectives) ordinals, There are five boys e.g : Saturday is the seventh (cardinals) day of the week 4. Demonstrative adjectives : x~°∂Ѩ} KÕÜ«Ú qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : This book is the best on the subject131 That boy, those boys, these roses, such a hurry 5. Interrogative adjectives = „Ѩâßfl~°úHõ=ÚÖˇ·# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Whose pen is this? Which way do you take? 6. Emphasizing adjectives = <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Mind your own business This is the very word you said before 7. Exclamatory adjectives = Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : What a pity !, What a piece of art ! What a curse ! NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES – ã¨OMϺ"åK«Hõ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ D ~°Hõ=ÚÖˇ·# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ =¸_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞ ó 1. Definite numerical Adjectives = ã¨iQÍ ã¨OYº#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠ã¨OMϺ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ Ex : i) Cardinals = One, two, three ii) Ordinals = First, Second, third 2. Indefinite Numerical adjectives = Wq ã¨iQÍ ã¨OYº#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ=Ù Ex : All, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several , sundry 3. Distributive numerical Adjectives = D qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ XHõ132 ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ѩu^•xx QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨÙÊ#∞ e.g : Every, either, neither, each COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES – qâı+¨}=ÚÅ `«~°`«=∞=ÚÅ∞ 1. Positive degree = ™ê^è•~°} ã≤÷u e.g : Rama's shirt is white ~å=Úx K˘Hͯ `≥Å¡QÍ#∞#flk 2. Comparative degree = JkèHõ `«~°^OEâ◊ e.g : Krishna's shirt is whiter than Rama's Hõ$+¨µ‚x K˘Hͯ ~å=Úx K˘Hͯ HõO>Ë `≥Å¡QÍ #∞#flk. 3. Superlative degree = JkèHõ`«=∞"≥∞ÿ# ^OEâ◊ e.g: Gopal's shirt is the whitest of all QÀáêÅ∞x K˘Hͯ JO^OEiK˘HͯÅÖ’ q∞H˜¯e `≥Å¡xk a) Ô~O_»∞ QÍx JO`«Hõ#fl Z‰õΩ¯= QÍx ã≤Å|∞Å∞ QÆÅ H˘xfl Adjectives positive degree #∞O_ç Comparitive degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^OE∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ 'more'J#∞ Adverb Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞. Superlative degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^OE∞#ѨÙÊ_»∞ most J#∞ adverb Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞ Positive Comparative Superlative e.g : Splendid More splendid Most splendid b) Latin ÉèÏ+¨#∞O_ç POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’xH˜ =zÛ# H˘xfl Adjectives, Comparitive degree ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÖ’133 #∞O_»∞#∞. Jq e.g : Interior, Exterior, Ulterior, ( D 5 #∞ "å_»∞HõÖ’ Positive degree Ö’x Adjectives =Öˇ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»∞K«∞#flq. g\˜x 'than' `À LѨÜ≥∂yOK«~å^OE∞."å\˜`À 'to' LѨÜ≥∂yOK«=Öˇ#∞. e.g: Ulterior motive. Exterior wall minor Amendments. c) Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior, Posterior, Senior, Junior, ( D 7 #∞ Comparitive degree Ö’ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞K«∞#flq Ex : I am senior to him)134 adjectives ( qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞) Fruitful = Ѷ¨Å=O`«"≥∞ÿ# Purposeful = „ѨÜ≥∂[#"≥∞ÿ# Luckless = J^OE$+¨ì=Ú ÖËx Senseless = *Ï˝#=ÚÖËx Womanly = „ã‘Î=O\˜ Manly = ѨÙ~°∞+¨µx=O\˜ Golden = É O Q Í ~ ° = Ú ÖÏO\˜ Silken = Ѩ@∞ì=O\˜ Good = =∞Oz Bad = K≥_»∞ Long = á⁄_»"≥·# Short = á⁄\˜ì Wide = "≥_»Å∞Ê Thick = ^OEà◊ã¨i Thin = ѨÅ∞K«x That = Jk This = Wk Much = Z‰õΩ¯= Little = `«‰õΩ¯= Many = KåÅ Which = Uk What = Uq∞\˜ Whose = Z=iÜ≥ÚHõ¯ Lucky = J^OE$+¨ª=Ú HõÅ Cheap = K«=ÙÔH·# Costly = Ys^≥·# Strong = |Å"≥∞ÿ# Weak = |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# Tall = á⁄_»"≥·# New = „H˘`«Î Old = áê`« Clever = `≥e"≥·# Foolish = `≥eq`«‰õΩ¯= Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Small = z#fl Brave = ^è≥·~°º"≥∞ÿ# Timid = Ñ≤iH˜ Beautiful = JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# Ugly = qHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ# Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#fl Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Light = `ÕeÔH·# Difficult = Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ# Easy = `ÕeÔH·# Hot = "Õ_ç Cold = K«Å¡x135 Happy = ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Round = QÆ∞O„_»x Curved = =OHõ~° Straight = u#flx Upper = ÃÑ·# Lower = „H˜O^OE Inner = ֒Ѩe Outer = "≥Å∞Ѩe Superior = „âı+¨ª"≥∞ÿ# Inferior = `«‰õΩ¯"≥·# Senior = ÃÑ^OEÌ J~Ú# Junior = Ñ≤#fl J~Ú# Boyish = Ñ≤Å¡ `«#=Ú QÆÅ Careful = *Ï„QÆ`«Î QÆÅ Cheerful = LÖÏ¡ã¨=Ú QÆÅ Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ Colonial = =Å㨉õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# Dangerous = JáêÜ«∞=Ú QÆÅ Dirty = =ÚiH˜Ü≥ÿ∞# Earthly = Éèí∂ ( WǨÏ) ã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ# Envious = â◊`«$`«fi=ÚQÆÅ Faithful = qâßfiã¨=Ú QÆÅ Famous = H©iÎQÆÅ Foolish = `≥eqÖËx Flowery = ѨÙ+¨Ê=ÚÅ∞QÆÅ, ã¨∞O^OE~°"≥∞ÿ# Glorious = „ѨMϺuQÆÅ Virtuous = huQÆÅ Vicious = K≥_»∞|∞kúQÆÅ Vainglorious = Ju QÆifiÜ≥ÿ∞# Valuable = qÅ∞=QÆÅ Worthy = Ü≥∂Qƺ`«QÆÅ Zealous = Ѩ@∞ì^OEÅ QÆÅ Ceaseless = =ÚyÜ«∞#\˜ì Decisive = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# Eatable = u#^OEy# Indicative = K«∂ÃÑ_»∞ Lovable = „¿Ñq∞OѨ`«y# Movable = Hõ^OEeOK«^OEy# Relative = ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú QÆÅ Talkative = =∂\Ï_»∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ Wakeful = "Õ∞ÖÁ¯xÜ«ÚO_»∞ Wavy = ÔH~°@=Ú=O\˜ Lengthy = á⁄_»"≥·# Changeable = =∂~°∞ÊK≥O^OEQÆÅ Manageable = #_»∞ѨQÆÅ136 Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ Loaded = |~°∞=Ù "ÕÜ«∞|_ç# Gifted = „Ѩ[˝HõÅ Vilainous = ^OE∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ# Laughable = Ǩ™êºã¨Ê^OE"≥∞ÿ# Movable = Hõ^OEÖˇ_ç Cheerless = P#O^OE=Ú ÖËx Tireless = JÅã¨@ÖËx Biggish = ÃÑ^OEÌ^≥·# Smallish = z#fl^≥·# Twofold = Ô~O_»∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡# Fivefold = S^OE∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡# Adjective Phrases A crown made of gold A cloak of purple colour An elephant with a white skin. A track through the jungle. A boywith blue eyes A villge without any inhabitants. A page with no writing on it. The day of greatest length. The flag of Spain A load of great weight. Tragic-Tragical Whole-Wholesome Three-Threefold Black-Blackish White-Whitish Sick -Sickly A golden crown A purple cloak A white elephant A jungle track A blue-eyed boy A deserted village A blank page The longest day. The Spanish flag. A heavy load. ADJECTIVES Positive Degree Comparitive Degree Superlative Degree Short = á⁄\˜ì Shorter Shortest Long = á⁄_»=Ù Longer Longest Strong = |Å=ÚQÆÅ Stronger Strongest Quick = `˘O^OE~° Quicker Quickest Hot = "Õ_ç Hotter Hottest Tall = á⁄_»=Ù Taller Tallest Young = z#fl Younger Youngest Old = ÃÑ^OE˚ Older Oldest Thick = ^OE@ì=Ú Thicker Thickest137 New = H˘`«Î Newer Newest Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Greater Greatest Noble = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Nobler Noblest Brave = ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ Braver Bravest Able = ã¨=∞~°ú`«QÆÅ Abler Ablest Wise = `≥eqQÆÅ Wiser Wisest Large = ÃÑ^OEÌ Larger Largest Fine = ÉÏQÆ∞#fl Finer Finest Pale = áêeáÈ~Ú# Paler Palest Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest Merry = Ǩïëê~°∞QÍ Merrier Merriest Bulky = ÃÑ^OEÌkQÍ Bulkier Bulkiest Easy = ã¨∞à◊√=ÙQÍ Easier Easiest Happy = ã¨O`À+¨=ÚQÍ Happier Happiest Witty = #=ÙfiѨÙ\˜ìOK«∞ Wittier Wittiest Big = ÃÑ^OEÌ Bigger Biggest Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest Red = Z~°∞Ѩ٠Redder Reddest Good = =∞Oz Better Best Bad = K≥_»∞ Worse Worst Well = =∞Oz Better Best Many = KåÖÏ More Most Much = Z‰õΩ¯= More Most Old = =Úã¨e Elder Eldest Out = |Ü«∞@Utter utmost Out = |Ü«∞@Outer utmost138 Late = PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ Later Latest Late = `«~°∞"å`« Latter Lost Little = `«‰õΩ¯= Less Least ill = K≥_»¤ Worst Worst Far = ^OE∂~°=ÚQÆ Farther Farthest Fore = =ÚO^OE∞ Former First or Fore most Beautiful = JO^OE"≥∞#ÿ More beautiful Most beautiful Learned = áêO_ç`«º=Ú More learned Most learned QÆÅ Gifted = „Ѩ[˝QÆÅ More gifted Most gifted Benefited = ÖÏÉèí=Úá⁄Ok More benefited Most benefited Courageous= ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ More courageous Most courageeou Difficult = zÔH·¯# More difficult Most difficult Proper = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# More proper Most proper Near = ^OEQÆæ~°QÆ Nearer Nearest Clear = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ Clearer Clearest Hard = Hõ+¨ì=ÚQÆ Harder Hardest Loud = aQÆæ~°QÆ Louder Loudest Fast = `˘O^OE~°QÆ Faster Fastest Little = H˘OK≥=Ú Less Least Well = ÉÏQÆ∞QÆ Better Best Lovely = JO^OE=ÚQÆ More Lovely/Most lovely/Lovelier Loveliest Clearly = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ More clearly Most clearly Carefully = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÆ More carefully Most carefully139 ADVERB ( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú) Definition : XHõ verb#∞ QÍx, adjective QÍx ÖËHõ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb q=iOz ÖËHõ =i‚OK«∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú#‰õΩ adverb Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. Wk `˘q∞flk q^èOE=ÚÅ∞. i) Adverbs of Time = D adverbs HÍÅ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞ e.g: Now = Present tense today Already before = Past tense lately Yesterday Tomorrow, not yet here after, hence forth hence forward, immediately = Future tense by and by, instantly presently, straightly Oft, Often, often times weekly, yearly, when even, again, soon = Adverbs of time140 something, seldom ( indefinite) daily, monthly, always Then never 2. Adverbs of number : ã¨OMϺѨÓ~°fiHõ „H˜Ü«∂qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ Ex : Once, Twice, three times 3. Adverbs of place : ™ê÷#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Here, There, Where, Here in, whither, Hither, Elsewhere, Anywhere, Somewhere, Nowhere, Whence, Thence, Thither, Upward, Downward, Forward, Backward. 4. Adverbs of manner : q^è•#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ#q e.g: Wisely, Justly, Quickly, Foolishly, Unjustly, Slowly. 5. Adverbs of degree or quantity : Ѩiq∞u `≥Å∞Ѩ٠„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Much, Enough, Little , Sufficiently, Abundantly, Almost, ( Adverbs of quantity) 6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation ã≤÷~°Ñ¨~°K≥_»∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ÖË^OE#∞ÉèÏ==Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Adverbs of affirmation : Verily, Truly, undoubtedly, yes, surely, indeed, doubtlesly, certainly, really141 Adverbs of negation : Nay, No, Not, Not at all, By no means 7. Adverbs of reason : ¿ÇÏ`«∞x~°∂Ѩ} „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú e.g : 1. Sita therefore left the house 2. Rama is hence unable to agree with Bharata 8. Interrogative adverbs : „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú e.g : How, wherefore, ( U HÍ~°}=Ú KÕ`« ) why, whether 9. Relative adverbs : ã¨O|O^èOE „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : This is the reason why he left the house. Tell me the time when the Golkonda Express arrives. 1. ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ Adverbs U Ѩ^OE=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ<À P Ѩ^OE=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨g∞Ѩ=Ú# LO_»=Öˇ#∞. Jk Adjectives #∞ QÍx, =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb #∞ QÍx modify KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl ѨHõ∆=Ú# ^•xH˜ =ÚO^Õ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : He leads a very simple life (adverbs) (Adjective) The house is indeed beautifully designed (adverbs) (adverb) HÍx enough J#∞ adverb =∂„`«=Ú "≥#∞Hõ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : It is not big enough142 2. „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ѨÙÊ#ѨÙ_»∞, Jk Intransitive verb J~Ú#, ^•x "≥O@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g: He likes quietly 3. „H˜Ü«∂ Ѩ^OE=Ú ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å`À ( auxiliary verbs) ‰õÄ_çÜ«Ú#flѨÙÊ_»∞ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩJã¨Å∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =∞^èOEº =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : He has roughly failed 4. H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ adverb "åHõº=Ú# =ÚO^Õ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Once there lived a king Here is the boy I told you of ( ~åÉ’=Ù Hõ~°Î‰õΩ =∂~°æxˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú KÕã≤#k. Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ WÖÏO\˜ "å\˜x preparatory adverbs JO^OE∞~°∞) 5. Exclamatory "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® "åHõº „áê~°OÉèí=Ú# =K«∞Û#∞ e.g. How nice you are ! 6. Nominative absolute ÖËHõ adverbial subject #O^OE∞ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : While I was walking in the garden, a bee stung me. 7. D „H˜Ok Intransitive verbs `«~°∞"å`« =zÛ# nouns JxflÜ«Ú PÜ«∂ „H˜Ü«∞Å objects QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«∞K«∞#flq. x[=Ú#‰õΩ Jq objects HÍ=Ù. Adverbs QÍ "å_»|_ç# nouns e.g : I go my way A bid in hand is worth two in the bush143 He waited an hour He walked a mile 8. ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÍ Noun =ÚO^OE∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ Adjective J^Õ verb =ÚO^OE∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ Adverb e.g: It was a long journey ( Adjective) Long live the king ! ( Adverb) 9. Rather, just as soon, just as well. i) just as well LѨÜ≥∂yOz# – ^•x=Å# <åˆHq∞ JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖË^OE∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I might just as well said it today. ii) Just as soon – LѨÜ≥∂yOz# – hˆHq∞ JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖËHõ áÈ~Ú# Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I would just as soon send it today iii) rather "å_ç#, <å Jaè„áêÜ«∞=∞_çy# J@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú@<åH˜+¨ì=Ú Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I would rather send it today 9. Fairly = ѨiѨÓ~°‚`« "ÕѨىõΩ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂ѨÙ#∞. =∞iÜ«Ú positive meaning #∞ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞.144 Ex : I am fairly good in Mathematics 10. rather = =ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÍ K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. J#QÍ negative meaning ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. e.g: I am rather weak in English 11. enough enough #∞ positive sentence Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞ e.g : I am tired enough to go to bed at once. 12. Too nxx negative sentense Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : The water is too hot . (not heat) COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1. XHõ ã≤Å|ÚÖò (Syllable) L#fl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ#∞ 'er' HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å# comparitive degree =K«∞Û#∞. 'est' HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å# superlative degree =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : Positive Comparative Superlative Fast Faster Fastest The horse runs fast The train runs faster The motor car runs fastest145 2. z=~° 'ly' JHõ∆~°=Ú`À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ Adverb Ѩ^OE=ÚʼnõΩ more HõeÑ≤ comparative degree ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ most HõeÑ≤ superlative degree ~°∂Ѩ=Ú#∞ ™êkèOѨ=Öˇ#∞. e.g : Swiflty more swiftly most swiftly 3. H˘xfl adverbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ comparative degree ~°∂Ѩ=Ú superlative degree Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú =„HõѨ^OEúuQÍ U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Positive Comparative SuperlativeBadly Worse Worst Well Better Best (now, then, where, there once J#∞"å\˜H˜ `«~°`«=∞ ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞O_»=Ù. )146 adverbs ( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞) now = WѨÙÊ_»∞ to day = D~ÀA already = Wk=~°ˆH before = =ÚO^OE∞QÍ lately = PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ yesterday = x#fl Adverbs of Future tomorrow = ˆ~Ѩ٠not yet = WOHõ#∞~åÖË^OE∞ here after = WHõ#∞O_ç hence forth = WHõg∞^OE hence forward= W@∞ÃÑ·# immediately = "≥O@<Õ by and by = "≥O@"≥O@<Õ instantly = `«Hõ∆}"Õ∞ presently = WѨÙÊ_»∞ straightly = <Õ~°∞QÍ Adverbs of time ( Indefinite) Often = ѨÅ∞=∂~°∞¡ Often times = J<ÕHõ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞=Ú weekly = „Ѩu"å~°=Ú yearly = ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú#‰õΩ when = ZѨÙÊ_»∞ ever = ZÅ¡"Õà◊Ö again = =∞~°Ö Twice = Ô~O_»∞=∂~°∞¡ Here = WHõ¯_» There = JHõ¯_» Where = ZHõ¯_» Elsewhere = "Õ~°∞ã¨÷Å=∞O^OE∞ Anywhere = ZHõ¯_≥·##∞ Some where = ZHõ¯_À XHõ KÀ@Thence = JѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç Thrice = =Ú=∂‡~°∞ Here in = WO^OE∞Ö’#∞ Whither = ZHõ¯_»‰õΩ Hither = WHõ¯_»‰õΩ Thither = JHõ¯_»‰õΩ Upward = ÃÑ·H˜ Downward = „H˜O^OE‰õΩ Forward = =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ Backward = "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ Quickly = `˘O^OE~°QÆ Slowly = <≥=∞‡kQÍ Late = PÅ㨺=ÚQÍ Very = Z‰õΩ¯= So = JO`«, P„ѨHÍ~°O Hõ#∞Hõ147 Quite = ÉÁuÎQÆ, ѨÓiÎQÆ Too = ‰õÄ_», Ju Also = =∞iÜ«Ú#∞ Very = q∞H˜¯e, KåÖ, JkèHõ=ÚQÆ Just = ã¨iQÆ, ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ Scarcely = KåeKåʼnõΩO_» Barely = ã¨iQÆ Hardly = KåbKåÅHõ Always = ZšѨÙÊ_»∞#∞ verily = x[=ÚQÆ truly = ã¨`«º=ÚQÍ undoubtedly = ã¨O^ÕÇ¨Ï ~°Ç≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ doubtlessly = xã¨ûOâ◊Ü«∞=ÚQÆ certainly = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ Nay = ÖË^OE∞ No = HÍ^OE∞ Not = ÖË^OE∞ Yes = J=Ù#∞ surely = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ indeed = ~°∂_èçQÆ really = x[=ÚQÍ Not at all = Uq^èOE=ÚQÆ#∞ HÍ^OE∞ By no means = UHÍ~°}=Ú =Å¡#∞ HÍ^OE∞ Now = WѨÙÊ_»∞ Then = JѨÙÊ_»∞ Fully, completely = ѨÓiÎQÆ Enough = Kåe#O`« Certainly = `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_» Therefore = ÖË^OE∞, HÍ^OE∞ Hence = HÍ|\˜ì Herewith = WO^OE∞`À Hereby = WO^OE∞ =¸Å=ÚQÆ Hereafter = WHõg∞^OE@Therein = JO^OE∞Ö’ Thence = JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç Thenceforth = JѨÊ\˜#∞O_ç Whereabouts = Uã¨÷Å=Ú# Whence = ZHõ¯_» #∞O_ç Evenly = ã¨=∞=ÚQÍ Therefore = P Ñ≤=∞‡@/Hõ#∞Hõ Thereby = JO^OE∞=Å# Thereof = ^•xÜ≥ÚHõ¯ Thereto = JHõ¯_»‰õΩ Whereabouts = ZKÀÛ@Whereabouts = U ã¨÷Å=Ú# Where in = UKÀ@∞Ö’ Thenceforth = JѨÊ\˜#∞O_ç148 Hereabout = D „áêO`«OÖ’ Herein = WO^OE∞Ö’ Hereof = WO^OE∞#∞Oz Therein = JO^OE∞Ö’ Therefore = Hõ#∞Hõ Thereon = JO^OE∞ÃÑ·# Thereupon = JO^OE∞g∞^OE Where at = ZK«Û@Whereby = ^•x=Å# Thenceforward= JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç Hereafter = WHõg∞^OE@Hereon = WO^OE∞g∞^OE Hereto = WO^OE∞‰õΩ Simple = x~å_»O|~°=ÚQÆ Double = Ô~O_»∞ Ample = `«y#O`«/q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ Amicable = [QÆ_»=ÚÖËx Amenable = Ö’|_ç Meek = ™ê^èOE∞=ÙQÆ Weak = h~°ã¨=ÚQÆ Clear = ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ Wise = `≥eqQÆ Much = q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ Little = H˘OK≥=ÚQÆ Sufficiently = Kåe#O`« Enough = Kåe#O`« Abundantly = qâı+¨=ÚQÆ Almost = ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ Wisely = q"ÕHõ=ÚQÍ Justly = <åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ Quickly = j„Ѷ¨∞=ÚQÍ Foolishly = =¸_è»`«fi=ÚQÍ Unjustly = J<åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ Slowly = x^•#=ÚQÍ accurately = How = Where fore = why = whether = carefully = conveniently = plainly = properly = simply = truthfully = badly = clearly = dangerously = pleasantly = quietly = strangely = urgently = beautifully = closely = easily = politely = richly = swiftly = widely = brightly = clumsily = perfectly = poorly = roughly =149 thickly = wonderfully = Adverbs describing the feelings of person angrily = calmly = gratefully = happily = anxiously = cheerfully = happily = proudly = bitterly = eagerly = hopefully = sadly = boldly = gladly = miserably = sincerely = Adverbs indicating the circumstances alone = duly = naturally = personally = artificially = indirectly = officially = publicly = bodily = jointly = openly = secretly = directly = legally = part-time = specially = Adverbs of degree almost = together = fairly = just = amazingly = dearly = fully = largely = awfully = deeply = greatly = nearly = badly = entirely = half = rather = Happily = Steadily = Angrily = Wavily = comparison of adverbs Positive Comparitive Superlative Fast Faster Fastest Long Longer Longest Hard Harder Hardest Soon Sooner Soonest Near Nearer Nearest Loud Louder Loudest Swiftly More swiftly Most swiftly Skilfully More skillfully Most skilfully Faithfully More faithfully Most faithfully150 Carefully More carefully Most carefully Wisely More wisely Most wisely Quickly More quickly Most quickly Bravely More bravely Most bravely Splendid = âߡѶ¨∞hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# More splendid Most splendid Difficult = Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# More difficult Most difficult Beautiful = JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# More beautiful Most beautiful Courageous = ^è≥·~°º=O`«∞_≥·# Morecourageous Most courageous Industrious = Hõ$+≤=O`«∞_≥·# More industrious Most industrious Proper = `«y# More proper Most proper Learned = qA˝_≥·# More learned Most learned Comfortable = ã¨∞Y=O`«∞_≥·# More comfortable Most comfortable Expensive = Ys^≥·# More expensive Most expensive Experienced = J#∞Éèí==ÚHõÅ More experienced Most experienced Useful = LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°"≥∞ÿ More useful Most useful Balanced = ã¨g∞Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ# More balanced Most balanced Fore = =ÚO^OE∞K≥ѨÊ|_ç# Former Foremost, First Nigh = ^OEQÆæ~°QÍ#∞#fl Nigher Nighest, Next Much, Many = Z‰õΩ¯"≥·# More Most Little Less, = ã¨fiÅÊ"≥∞ÿ# Lesser Least Old = =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûHõÅ Older, elder Oldest, eldest Good, well = =∞Oz Better Best Bad, evil, ill = K≥_»¤Worse Worst Late = PÅ㨺"≥∞ÿ# Later,Latter Latest, Last Far= ^OE∂~°=ÚQÆ L#fl Farther, further Farthest further most Bold = ^è≥·~°º=ÚHõÅ Bolder Boldest Clever = `≥eqQÆÅ Cleverer Cleverest Great = Q˘Ñ¨Ê Greater Greatest151 Cheap = KÒHõÜ≥ÿ∞# Cheaper Cheapest Dull = =∞O^OEH˘_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Duller Dullest Fair = JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# Fairer Fairest Hard = Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# Harder Hardest Kind = ^OEÜ«∞QÆÅ Kinder Kindest Long = á⁄_»"≥·# Longer Longest Mean = hK«"≥∞ÿ# Meaner Meanest Old = =Úã¨eÜ≥ÿ∞# Older Oldest Poor = c^OEÜ≥ÿ∞# Poorer Poorest Quick = "ÕQÆ"≥∞ÿ# Quicker Quickest Small = z#fl^≥·# Smaller Smallest Tall = á⁄_»"≥·# Taller Tallest Young = =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÖ’#∞#fl Younger Youngest Happy = P#O^OEHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Happier Happiest Easy = ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# Easier Easiest Heavy = |~°∞"≥·# Heavier Heaviest Merry = ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Merrier Merriest Wealthy = ^èOE#=O`«"≥∞ÿ# Wealthier Wealthiest Dry = ZO_ç# Drier Driest Pretty = JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# Prettier Prettiest Lazy = ™È=∞iÜ≥ÿ∞# Lazier Laziest Healthy = P~ÀQƺHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Healthier Healthiest Sorry = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sorrier Sorriest Mighty = |Å=O`«∞_≥·# Mightier Mightiest Ugly = JO^OEqÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# Uglier Ugliest Red = Z„~°x Redder Reddest Big = ÃÑ^OEÌ^≥·# Bigger Biggest152 Thin = ã¨#flx Thinner Thinnest Sad = qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sadder Saddest Mad = Ñ≤zÛÜ≥ÿ∞# Madder Maddest Hot = "Õ_çÜ≥ÿ∞# Hotter Hottest Fat = |Åã≤# Fatter Fattest Wet = `«_çã≤# Wetter Wettest Health = P~ÀQƺ=Ú Healthy = P~ÀQƺ=O`«"≥∞ÿ# Hope = Pâ◊ Hopeful = PâßѨÓ~°fiHõ"≥∞ÿ# Industry = áê@∞ Industrious = áê@∞Ѩ_≥_»∞ Injury = Ǩx Injurious = ǨxHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Illusion = „Éèí=∞ Illusory „Éèí=∞ѨÙ\˜ìOK≥_»∞ Joy = ã¨O`À+¨=Ú Joyful, ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# oyous ã¨O`À+¨=Ú`À xO_ç# Juice = ~°ã¨=Ú Juicy ~°ã¨=Ú=Öˇ Laugh = #=Ùfi Laughable #=ÙfiѨÙ\˜ìOK≥_»∞ Man = ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_»∞ Manly áoe~°∞+¨=ÚQÆÅ Monkey = HÀu Monkeyish HÀu=Öˇ KåѨź=ÚQÆÅ Noise = ã¨O^OE_ç Noisy ã¨^OE∞ÌKÕÃã_»∞ Outrage = ^Ò~°˚#º=Ú Outrageous ^èÒ~°˚#º"≥∞ÿ# Order = =~°∞㨄Hõ=∞=Ú Orderly „Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ# Office = HõKÕi Official JkèHÍiHõ"≥∞ÿ# Pardon = Hõ∆=∂Ѩ} Pardonable Hõ∆q∞OѨ^OEy# Peace = âßOu Peaceful âßOuÜ«Ú`«"≥∞ÿ# Pity = ^OEÜ«∞, HõxHõ~°=Ú Pitiable HõxHõiOѨ^OEy# Play = P@, „H©_» Playful P@ÖÏ_≥_»∞ Rebel = u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞^•~°∞ Rebellious u~°QÆ|_»∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ153 Rigour = Hõiî#`«fi=Ú Rigorous Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ#/f„="≥∞ÿ# Regret = qKå~°=Ú Regrettable qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sense = `≥eq Sensible `≥eqQÆÅ Sensual = WO„kÜ«∞ "åOKè«QÆÅ Sensitive ã¨∞xfl`«"≥∞ÿ# Shame = ã≤QÆ∞æ, J==∂#=Ú Shameful J==∂#Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Sin = áêѨ=Ú Sinful áêѨHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Storm = `«∞á¶ê#∞ Stormy `«∞á¶ê#∞ =K«∞Û#@∞ìO_»∞ Season = |∞∞`«∞=Ù Seasonal |∞Ú`«∞ã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ# Thrift = á⁄^OE∞Ѩ٠Thrifty á⁄^OE∞ѨÙQÍ Trouble = ÉÏ^èOE Troubleous `˘O^OE~°ÃÑ@∞ì Troublesome ÉÏ^è•Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Trick = l`«∞Î Trickish l`«∞ÎÅ=∂iÜ≥ÿ∞# Theology = "Õ^•O`«âß„ã¨Î=Ú Theological "Õ^•O`«âß„ã¨Îã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ# Ubiquity = ã¨~°fi"åºÑ≤`«=Ú Ubiquitous ã¨~°fi"åºÑ≤Ü≥ÿ∞# Venture = ™êǨÏã¨=Ú Venturesome ã¨Ç¨Ïã¨=ÚQÆÅ154 PREPOSITIONS qÉèíHõκ~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# J=ºÜ«∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ Definiton : XHõ "åHõº=Ú# XHõ Noun ‰õΩ QÍx Pronoun ‰õΩ QÍx "Õ~˘Hõ Ѩ^OE=Ú`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú preposition ( placed before) 1. XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ XHõ preposition #‰õΩ Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx objects LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : The mail track runs over hill and plain 2. ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ preposition ^•x object #‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞QÍ LO_»∞#∞. HÍx H˘xfl ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ `«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Here is the book you asked for. 3. Relative pronoun Ѩ^OE=Ú object QÍ =zÛ#ѨÙÊ_»∞ ÖËHõ Ö’Ñ≤Oz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ preposition `«Ñ¨ÊHõ z=~°=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : That is the girl whom I spoke of155 4. Interrogative pronoun Ѩ^OE=Ú object QÍ L#flѨÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® `«~°K«∞QÆ preposition z=~° =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : What are you looking at ? 5. <˘H˜¯ K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩQÍ#∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Object =ÚO^OE∞ K≥ѨÙÊ@HõÅ^OE∞. e.g : He is known all the world over. 6. For, from, in, on J#∞ preposition Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ Nouns of place or time =ÚO^OE∞Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞ K«∞O_»∞#∞. e.g : We did it (in) last week Wait (for) a minute There are 4 kinds of prepositions 1. Simple prepositions : ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ#q e.g : at, for, with, under, near, through. by, to, in, up, out, down, of, over, from, off, till 2. Compound prepositions ã¨=∂㨠Ѩ^OE"≥∞ÿ#q. ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ noun #‰õΩ QÍx Adjective ‰õΩ QÍx Adverb #‰õΩ QÍx ( a-as, or be -by) ÖËHõ b HõÅ∞ѨÙ@=Å# compound preposition U~°Ê_»∞#∞ e.g : About, among, above, amongst below, beneath across, along amidst, below, beside, beyond, outside, beyond, within. 3. Phrase Prepositions : H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú Hõeã≤156 Preposition KÕÜ«ÚѨx KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ P Ѩ^OE ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ Phrase preposition JO^OE∞~°∞. e.g: According to, beacuse of, by virtue of, In accordance with, by dint of, by way of, in addition to, 4. Participle prepositions : H˘#fl Verbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present participle ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ prepositionsQÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ |_»∞K«∞#flq. e.g: Baring, during, notwithstanding, concerning, pending, respecting, considering, re garding, touching H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ adverbs QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_® ѨÙÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#flq e.g : Adverb QÍ Preposition QÍ He runs about Tell me about kalidasa He has since done it I have not taken water since yesterday Take this over to the Railway Rama ruled over India station HÍx away, back, out, back ward (s) down ward (s) forward (s) =∂„`«=Ú adverb QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. Preposition <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú`À, pronoun `À ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`« ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS157 qÉèíHõκ~°úHõ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ٠ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞ 1. ã¨÷Å=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz PREPOSITIONS e.g : Within the house tour round the world lean against a wall left for Bombay 2. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time) e.g : towards evening since yesterday 3. Agency, Instrumentality ( HÍ~°}=ÚQÍ #∞#fl ™ê^èOE#=ÚQÍ #∞#fl ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú) e.g: sell goods at auction cut it with a knife 4. Manner : q^è•#=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g: Fought with courage worked with care falling by inches 5. Cause, Reason, Purpose = (HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù, „ѨÜ≥∂[#=ÚʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q) e.g : Worked for the good of all good place for a picnic died of cancer158 suffers from pain 6. Possession : ( HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#@∞ì ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú) e.g: the temple of srinathji the girl with black eyes 7. Measure, standard, Rate, Value ( Ѩi=∂}=Ú, „Ѩܫ∂}=Ú, ^èOE~°, qÅ∞=ʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q) e.g : Interest at twelve percent House by the tower clock cloth is sold by the metre he lost the race by a metre 8. Contrast, concession : ( =º`åºã¨=Ú, `«yæOѨ٠=O\˜ ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞) e.g : After every effort, he faild For one vacancy a thousand applications 9. Inference, notice, source or origin : ( TǨ, (J#∞=∂#=Ú) ÉèÏ=ÅHõ∆º=Ú, =¸Å=Ú "≥Ú^OEÅQÆ∞ ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚÅ∞) e.g : He came here with gratitude Heat emanates from the sea This is a quotation from Ramayana skill comes from practice H˘xfl =ÚMϺOâ◊=ÚÅ∞159 1. But : D Ѩ^OE=Ú Prepostion QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ except (q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨÙ) Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : None but the brave deserves victory 2. H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ 'a' JHõ∆~°=Ú 'on' J#∞ preposition |^OE∞Å∞ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Harvesting cooly at two rupees per day 3. 'In' ÃÑ^OEÌ ^Õâ◊=Ú, ÃÑ^OEÌ #QÆ~°=ÚÅ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: He is in Europe Rama living in Hyderabad 4. 'at' z#fl #QÆ~°=ÚÅ, „QÍ=∞=ÚÅ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Krishna lives at Kamalapuram 5. 'in' 'at' on J#∞ K«Å#=Ú ÖËx "å\˜ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g: He is in bed Rama is at the top of the class Rama sat in a chair 6. 'to' 'into' upon, J#∞#q K«Å#=Ú#fl "å\˜ ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g: He ran to the playground He jumped into the sea The dog sprang upon the gate160 7. till J#∞#k HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ e.g : I waited till seven O0 clock. 8. 'to' J#∞#k ã¨÷Å=Ú ã¨O^OE~°ƒù=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : I walked to the park 9. 'with' J#∞#k ™ê^èOE#=Ú#‰õΩ by J#∞#k „ѨuxkèH˜ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Two birds with one shot killed by a soldier 10. 'since' J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú Noun ‰õΩ Noun phrase ‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞O_ç HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. ^•x=ÚO^˘Hõ verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present perfect tense ~°∂Ѩ=ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : I have taken nothing since morning He has been in the hospital since Ist March 11. 'From' J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú ‰õÄ_® HÍÅ=Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞@ÔH· LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ ^•x "≥O@Jxfl Tenses Ö’ L#fl verbs ~å=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : I worked at it from Ist February to 10th March. My son will be at the University from tomorrow 12. H˘O`«HÍŠѨiq∞ux K«∂Ѩ٠'Noun' =ÚO^OE∞ 'in'LѨÜ≥∂yOz#ѨÙÊ_»∞ 'at the end of' z=~° Jx J~°ú=Ú. 'within' LѨÜ≥∂yOz##ѨÙÊ_»∞ P HÍÅѨiq∞u =ÚyÜ«Ú Ö’QÍ Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : I will come back in an hour161 Complete it within an hour 13. 'Between' J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú Ô~O_»∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ =∞^èOEº W^OEÌ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ =∞^èOEº LáÈÜ«∞yO`«~°∞~°∞. e.g : The two brothers shared the patrimony between themselves 14. 'Among' J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú Ô~O_»∞HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ #∞#flѨÙÊ_»∞ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: Yadavas quarrelled among themselves 15. 'Beside' J#QÍ at ( or by) the side of Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : Beside the road stones he lay 16. 'Besides' J#QÍ in addition to Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : Besides his family, he has other dependants. VERBAL PREPOSITIONS Associate with = ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Angry with /at = HÀѨ=Ú=K«∞Û Bear with = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Clash with = Z^OE∞~˘¯#∞ Condole with = qKå~°=Ú =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞ Correspond with = L`«Î~°„Ѩ`«∞º`«Î~°=ÚÅ∞ „"åÜ«Ú Credit with = [=∞Hõ@∞ì Agree with/to = ã¨iѨ_»∞@, JOwHõiOK«∞ Dispense with = J=ã¨~°=ÚÖˉõΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú Fill in = xOѨ٠Grapple on/with= ÃÑ#∞QÆ∞ÖÏ_»∞ Meddle with = HõÅ∞QÆKÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Part from/with = q_»zÃÑ@∞ì Quarrel with = ^≥|ƒÖÏ_»∞162 Side by = "≥·Ñ¨Ù LO_»∞ Sympathise with= ™ê#∞Éèí∂u K«∂Ѩ٠Entrust with = Ѩx JѨÊK≥ѨÙÊ Familiar with/among= ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤LO_»∞ Alight from = kQÆ∞ Debar from = PѨ٠KÕÜ«Ú Derive from = á⁄O^OE∞ Distinguish from = `Õ_® `≥eã≤H˘#∞ Differ from = "Õ~°∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=ÚO_»∞ Deviate from = =∞~°Å∞ Elicit from = ÖÏQÆ∞ Emerge from = |Ü«∞\˜H˜=K«∞Û Escape from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞ Exclude from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞ Preserve from = HÍáê_»∞ Protect from = ~°H˜∆OK«∞H˘#∞ Prohibit from = x¿+kèOK«∞ Recover from = uiy á⁄O^OE∞@Adapt to = ã¨iѨ_»∞#@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú Adhere to = =^OEʼnõΩO_® Allot to = qÉèÏyOz WK«∞Û Appologise to/for = Hõ∆=∂~°Ê}HÀ~°∞ Appoint to = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞ Aspire to = Pâ◊HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Assent to = J#∞=∞uOK«∞ Contribute to = q~åà◊q∞K«∞Û Attain to = KÕ~°∞ Attend to/on = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÆ KÕÜ«Ú Attempt to = „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«∞ Attribute to = P~ÀÑ≤OK«∞ Belong to = ™⁄`«∞ÎJQÆ∞ Conduce to = ^ÀǨÏ^OE=ÚKÕÜ«Ú Conform to = =^OEʼnõΩO_»∞ Compare to/with = áÈÅ∞Û Consent to = XѨÙÊH˘#∞ Lead to = ^•ifÜ«Ú Listen to = q#∞ Object to = J_»∞¤ÃÑ@∞ì Occur to = =K«∞Û Prefer to = ZOK«∞H˘#∞ Pretened to = #\˜OK«∞ Revert to = uiy=K«∞Û Refer to = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ ѨOѨ٠Stoop to = hKåxH˜ kQÆ*Ï~°∞ Submit to/with = JkèHÍ~°=Ú „H˜O^OELO_»∞ Succumb to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Surrender to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Testifyt to = ™êHõ∆ºq∞K«∞Û Yield to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Canvass for = „ѨKå~°=Ú KÕÜ«Ú163 Atone for = ѨiǨ~°=Ú K≥e¡OK«∞ Care for = „â◊^OEúfã¨∞H˘#∞ Clamour for = QÀÅKÕÜ«Ú Feel for = `«_»∞=ÚH˘#∞ Hope for = PtOK«∞ Mourn for = qKåiOK«∞ Pine for = `«Ñ≤OK«∞ Start for/With = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°∞ Sue for = ^•"åKÕÜ«Ú Wish for = HÀiHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Yearn for = HÀ~°∞H˘#∞ Approve of = J#∞=∞uOK«∞ Acquit of /from = q_»∞^OEÅKÕÜ«Ú Beware of = *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ LO_»∞ Boast of = Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ K≥ѨÙÊ Complain of = Ѷ≤~åº^OE∞ KÕÜ«Ú Despair of = Pâ◊=^OEÅ∞ Die of/for = K«xáÈ=Ù Dispose off = Jq∞‡"ÕÜ«Ú Divert of /from = ^OE$+≤ì =∞~°eOK«∞ Dream of = HõÅÅ∞ Hõ#∞ Repent of /from= ѨâßÛ`åÎѨѨ_»∞ Taste of = ~°∞z Dabble in /with = KÕ~Ú^OE∂~°∞Û Delight in = P#OkOK«∞ Employ in = ѨxKÕÜ«Ú Enlist in = #"≥∂^OEQÆ∞ Excel in /From = W`«~°∞Å#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«∞ Fail in = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ Glory in = QÆifiOK«∞ Indulge in = KÕÜ«Ú@Ü«∞O^OE∞O_»∞ Involve in = z‰õΩ¯H˘#∞ Persist on = Ѩ@∞ì^OEÅQÆ KÕÜ«Ú Comment on = "åºMϺxOK«∞ Deliberate on = x~°‚Ü«∞=ÚH˘~°‰õΩ =∂\Ï¡_»∞ Depend on = P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞ Determine on = x~°‚~ÚOK«∞H˘#∞ Encroach on = P„Hõq∞OK«∞ Enlarge on = Z‰õΩ¯= „"åÜ«Ú ÖËHõ K≥ѨÙÊ Impose on = qkèOK«∞ Insist on = <˘H˜¯K≥ѨÙÊ Subsist on = „|`«∞‰õΩ Smile at = J~Ú+¨ì`«#∞ K«∂Ѩ٠Stay at/in = LO_»∞ Look at /into/upon /down= K«∂K«∞ Noun Preposition Affection for = Jaè=∂#=Ú Appetite for = `«$+¨‚ Ambition for = Pâ◊ Anxiety for = P`«$`« Apology for = Hõ∆=∂~°Ê} Aptitude for = Jaè~°∞z164 Blame for = xOkOK«∞@Candidate for = JÉèíºiúQÆ LO_»∞ Capacity for = ã¨=∞~°ú`« Compassion for= ^OEÜ«∞ Compensation for = #+¨ìѨiǨ~°=Ú Contempt for = Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú Craving for = Z‰õΩ¯= HÀiHõ Desire for = HÀiHõ Fitness for = `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞ Fondness for = Z‰õΩ¯= W+¨ì=Ú Leisure for = fiHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú Liking for = W+¨ì=Ú Match for = ã¨=∞Lr˚ Motive for = L^ÕÌâ◊º=Ú Need for = J=ã¨~°=Ú Opportunity for = J=HÍâ◊=Ú Passion for = HÀiHõ( |Å"≥∞ÿ#) Partiality for = ѨHõ∆áê`«=Ú Pity for = ^OEÜ«∞ Relish for = ~°∞z Reputation for = „Ѩã≤kú Surety for = Ǩg∞ Assurance of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Charge of /with= xO^OE Distrust of = JѨ#=∞‡Hõ=Ú Doubt of = J#∞=∂#=Ú Experience of = J#∞Éèí==Ú Failure of = ÉèíOQÆ=Ú Observance of = áê\˜OK«∞ Proof of = ™êHõ∆º=Ú Result of = Ѷ¨e`«=Ú Want of = ÖËHõáÈ=Ù Access to = JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞ Allegiance to = Q“~°==Ú Alternative to = =∞~˘Hõ\˜ Antidote to = q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ Approach to = ^OEQÆæ~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞ Assent to = JOwHÍ~°=Ú Attachment to = ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú Attention to = „â◊^OEú Concession to = ã¨=∞‡u Disgrace to = J==∂#=Ú Dislike to = J~Ú+¨ì=Ú Encouragement to = „áÈ`åûǨÏ=Ú Exception to = JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Incentive to = „áÈ`åûǨÏq∞K«∞Û#k Indifference to = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_» Invitation to = PǨfi#=Ú Key to = `åà◊=ÚK≥q Limit to = Ѩiq∞u Obedience to = q^èÕÜ«∞`«165 Objection to = JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú Opposition to = =ºuˆ~Hõ`« Preface to = =ÚO^OE∞=∂@Reference to = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõx PÖ’K«#‰õΩ ѨOѨ٠Submission to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Supplement to = KÕ~°Û|_ç#k Acceptable to = JOwHÍ~°=ÚQÆ LO_»∞ Accustomed to = JÅ"å@∞Ѩ_ç LO_»∞ Addicted to = JÅ"å@∞Ѩ_ç LO_»∞ Adequate to = ã¨iáÈ=Ù Adjecent to = „ѨHõ¯# Affectionate to = Jaè=∂#=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Akin to = áÈeÜ«ÚO_»∞ Alien to = Ѩ~å~Ú"å_»∞ ÖËHõ Ѩ~å~ÚkQÆ LO_»∞ Alive to = `≥eã≤H˘x Ü«ÚO_»∞ Amenable to = Ö’|_ç Temptation to = „¿Ñ~°} Acquaintance with = ѨiK«Ü«∞=Ú Alliance with = ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú Bargain with = ÉË~°=∂_»∞ Intercourse with= J<Àº#º ã¨OѨ~°¯=Ú Deliverance from= q=ÚH˜Î Escape from = `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞ Exemption from = q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠Inference from = TǨ Concern about = zO`« Impression on = Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú Authority on = JkèHÍ~°=Ú Exposure of = QÆ∞iKÕÜ«Ú ÖËHõ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ `˘ÅyOK«∞ Erosion of = H˘@∞ìH˘xáÈ=Ù Applicable to = =iÎOK«∞@Appropriate to = `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞ Beneficial to = ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞Hõ=Ú Common to = ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÆ Comparable to = áÈeHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Condemmed to = tHõ∆ qkèOK«∞ Conducive to = ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕÜ«Ú#k Congenial to = ã¨=∞=∞QÆ∞#k Contrary to = =ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÆ Creditable to = âߡѶ¨∞"≥∞ÿ#kQÆ Deaf to = x=ã≤OK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Detrimental to = K≥_»∞ KÕÜ«Ú#kQÆ Devoted to = ã¨=∞iÊOѨ|_ç# Entitled to = ǨωõΩ¯HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Equal to = ã¨=∂#=ÚQÆ Essential to = J=ã¨~°=ÚQÆ Faithful to = #=∞‡Hõ=ÚQÆ Exposed to = Z_»q∞K«∞Û Fatal to = „Ѩ=∂^OE=Ú166 Hostile to = =ºuˆ~Hõ=Ú Impertinent to = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# Q“~°==Ú K«∂ѨHõáÈ=Ù Incidental to = =K«∞Û Inclined to = W+¨ìѨ_»∞, "≥ÚQÆ∞æ Indebted to = JѨÙÊѨ_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞ Indifferent to = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Indispensable to= J=ã¨~°=ÚQÆ Indulgent to = W+¨ì„ѨHÍ~°O `«$Ñ≤Î, Ѩ~°K«∞ Insensible to = Ѩ\˜ìOK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_» Irrelevant to = Jã¨O^OE~°ƒù"≥∞ÿ# Favourabel to = J#∞‰õÄÅ=ÚQÆ Immaterial to = J#=ã¨~°=Ú Impervious to = KÀ\©Ü«∞‰õΩO_» Able to = â◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Limited to = Ѩiq∞u HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Lost to = áÈ=Ù@Loyal to = qâßfiã¨=ÚQÆ Natural to = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=Ú Necessary to = J=ã¨~°=Ú Obedient to = q^èÕÜ«∞`«QÆ Obliged to = |^OE∞Ì_»∞QÆ Offensive to = HÀѨ=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Opposite to = Z^OE∞~°∞QÆ Painful to = ÉÏ^èOEQÆ Partial to = ѨHõ∆áê`«=ÚQÆ Peculiar to = qz„`«"≥∞ÿ# Prejudicial to = „Ѩu‰õÄÅ"≥∞ÿ# Profitable to = ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞Hõ=Ú Prone to = W+¨ì=ÚQÆÅ Reduced to = `«yæOK«∞ Related to = ã¨O|OkèOz Responsible to = ÉèÏ^èOEº`« Hõey Restricted to = x|O^èOE#Ö’ #∞OK«∞ Sensitive to = <˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞ Suited to = ã¨iѨ_»∞ True to = ã¨iQÆ Absorbed in = b#=∞QÆ∞ Accomplished in= <Õ~°Êi Accurate in = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# Backward in = "≥#∞HõѨ_ç LO_»∞ Defective in = ã¨iQÆ ÖËHõáÈ=Ù Deficient in = Ö’@∞ Hõey Experienced in = J#∞Éèí==Ú HõÅ Deligent in = Ѩ@∞ì^OEÅ HõÅ Enveloped in = HõѨÊ|_ç Honest in = x*Ï~ÚfQÆ Interested in = W+¨ì=Ú HõÅ Involved in = z‰õΩ¯H˘xÜ«ÚO_»∞ Proficient in = áêO_ç`«º=Ú HõÅ Afflicted with = ÉÏ^èOE Hõey Beset with = K«@ì|_ç Busy with = fiHõ ÖËHõ167 Contented with = `«$Ñ≤ΠѨ_»∞ Conversant with= ÉÏQÍ `≥eÜ«Ú Disgusted with = qã¨ÚQÆ∞ K≥O^OE∞ Endowed with = HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Gifted with = HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Infatuated with = "≥∂ǨÏ=Ú Hõey Infected with = ™ÈH˜ Infested with = Ñ‘_çOK«∞ Inspired with = „¿Ñ~°} HõeyOK«∞ Intimate with = ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ Popular with /among = "≥∞ѨÙÊ á⁄Ok Satisfied with = `«$Ñ≤Î Hõey Accused of = <Õ~å~ÀѨ} KÕÜ«∞|_»∞ Acquitted of = x~ÀÌ+≤QÆ q_»∞^OEÅ KÕÜ«∞|_»∞ Afraid of = ÉèíÜ«∞=Ú Hõey Assured of = Ǩq∞ DÜ«∞|_ç Confident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Hõey Conscious of = `≥eã≤ LO_»∞ Convinced of = #q∞‡OK«∞ Deprived of /from = ÖˉõΩO_» KÕÜ«Ú Desirous of = HÀiHõ Hõey Devoid of = ÖˉõΩO_» Diffident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú ÖËHõ Envious of /to = Jã¨∂Ü«∞ Hõey Fond of = „Ñ‘u Hõey Guilty of = ^À+≤Ü≥ÿ∞ Ignorant of = `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_» LO_»∞ Informed of = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜ«Ú Negligent of = x~°¡Hõ∆º=ÚQÆ Proud of = QÆ~°fi=Ú`À Sick of = Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú Hõey Sure of = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=Ú KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Suspicious of = J#∞=∂#=Ú Hõey Tolerant of = ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Anxious for = J„`«∞`« Conspicuous for/of= ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ Hõ#|_»∞ Destined for = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞ Eager for = `˘O^OE~°QÆ Eligible for = J~°›`« Hõey Fit for = ã¨iѨ_ç Grateful for = Hõ$`«[˝`« Hõey Prepared for /to = ã≤^OEúѨ_ç Proper for = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# Qualified for = J~°›`« Hõey Sorry for = qKåiOK«∞ Towards = "≥·Ñ¨Ù#, k‰õΩ¯#‰õΩ QÆ∞iOz, Z_»Å, JO^OE∞ ~°=∂~°q∞, ^OEQÆæ~° Till, untill = =~°‰õΩ Between = #_»∞=∞, =∞^èOEº Betwixt = #_»∞=∞, =∞^èOEº Near = ^OEQÆæ~° Down = „H˜O^OE168 Over = ÃÑ·# Out = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ Off = ÖˉõΩO_», q_çz, ^OE∂~°=Ú#∞O_ç Under = „H˜O^OE, J_»∞QÆ∞#, `«‰õΩ¯= Above = g∞^OE, ÃÑ·# Across = J_»¤=ÚQÍ, XHõ „ѨHõ¯#∞O_ç=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ „ѨHõ¯‰õΩ Around = K«∞@∞ì#∞ Beneath = kQÆ∞=, J_»∞QÆ∞# Beside = „ѨHõ¯# Beyond = P=Å Underneath = „H˜O^OE Along = "≥O@In case of = Pq^èOEOQÍ J~Ú# Despite = J~Ú##∞ because of = along with = by means of = in search of = for the sake of = in case of = dispite = in comparison to = in place of = owing to = in compliance with = in reference = with a view to = in course of = in regard to = with an eye to = in favour of = inspite of = with reference to = in front of = instead of = with regard to = in lieu of = in the event of = in order to = on account of = On = ÃÑ·#, g∞^OE Upon = ÃÑ·H˜ In = ֒ѨÅ, JO^OE∞ Into = ֒ѨʼnõΩ Of = 1. KÕ`«<£, KÕ<£, `À_»<£ 2. `À<£, J<≥_»∞, #∞O_ç 3. =Å#, QÆ∞iOz, Ü≥ÚHõ¯ For = H˘~°‰õΩ, ÔH·, xq∞`«Î=Ú QÆ∞iOz, HÀã¨=Ú, =Å#, =Å¡, KÕ`«, #∞O_ç, H˜, ‰õΩ =~°‰õΩ, ѨHõ∆=Ú At = =^OEÌ, JO^OE∞, "≥·Ñ¨Ù, K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ# With = KÕ`«, `À, `À_» Within = ֒ѨÅ, ǨÏ^OE∞Ì֒ѨŠWithout = |Ü«∞@, ÖˉõΩO_®169 TO = ‰õΩ, H˜, =^OẺõΩ, `À By = =Å#, KÕ`«, QÆ∞O_®, ^•fi~å, ^OEQÆæ~°, K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ# From = #∞O_ç, #∞Oz, =^OEÌ#∞O_ç KÕ`«, HÍ~°}=Ú#, =Å# After = `«~°∞"å`«, "≥#∞Hõ, Ñ≤=∞‡@Among = Ö’, =∞^èOEº Amongst = =∞^èOEº Amidst = =∞^èOEº Before = =ÚO^OE~°, Z^OE∞@About = QÆ∞iOz, K«∞@∞ì„ѨHõ¯Å, ^OEQÆæ~° Besides = JO`Õ H͉õΩO_® Phrse Prepositons Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition according to agreeably to along with away from by dint of by means of by reason of by virtue of by way of Comformably to for the sake of in accordance with in addition to (on) behalf of in case of in comparison to in compliance with in consequence of in course of in favour of in front of in lieu of in order to in place of in reference to in regard to in spite of instead of on account of owing to with a view to170 RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS Within the house Tour a round the world Lean against a wall Left for Bombay Towards evening Within a month Since yesterday At an early date Sell goods at auction Send it by post Cut it with a kinfe Stunned by a blow Fought with courage Worked with care Falling by inches With flying colours Worked for the good of all Good place for a picnic Died of cancer Suffers from pain The temple of Srinathji The girl with black eyes. Interest at twelve percent House by the tower clock Cloth is sold by the metre He lost the race by a metre After every effort, he failed For one vacancy a thousand applications For all his wisdom, he is vainglorious. With all his weakness, as he is a fine fellow. Sorry for /about something that one has done I'm sorry for /about breaking your window. Sorry for a person I feel really sorry for her children. Speak to; speak with ( especially US) Could I speak to/with your father for a moment? Suffer from My wife is suffering from hepatitis Surprised at /by Everybody was surprised at/by the weather. take part in (NOT) I dont want to take part in any more conferences.171 think of /about (NOT) I'm thinking of studying medicine. I've also thought about studying dentistry. the thought of (NOT) I hate the thought of going back to work. throw...at (aggressive) stop throwing stones at the cars throw .....to ( in a game) If you get the ball, throw it to me translate into (NOT) Could you translate this into (Greek for me?) trip over He tripped over the cat and fell downstairs. typical of (NOT) The wine's typical of the region. wrong with What's wrong with Rahool today? accuse of accuse somebody of something (NOT) She accused me of poisoning her dog. afraid of (NOT) Are you afraid of spiders? agree with a person, opinion or policy I entirely agree with you. He left the firm because he didn't agree with their sales policy. agree about a subject of discussion We agree about most things. agree on a matter for decision Let's try to agree on a date. agree to a suggestion I'll agree to your suggestion if you lower the price.172 angry with ( sometimes at) a person for doing something. I'm angry with her for lying to me. angry about ( sometimes at) something What are you so angry about? anxious about (= worried about) I'm getting anxious about money. anxious for ( = eager to have) We're all anxious for an end to this misunderstanding. anxious + infinitive (= eager, wanting) She's anxious to find a better job. apologise to somebody for something. I think we should apologise to the Shiva. I must apologise for disturbing you. arrive at or in (NOT) What time do we arrive at Cardiff? When did you arrive in England? bad at (NOT) I'm not bad at tennis. believe a person or something that is said(=accept as truthful /true (no preposition) Don't believe her. I don't believe a word she says. believe in God, Father Christmas etc (= believe that .... exists; trust) I half believe in life after death. If you believe me I can do anything. belong in /on/etc (= go, fit, have its place in/on/etc) belong to ( = be a member of) I belong to a local athletics club. blue with cold, red with anger etc.173 My hands were blue with cold when I got home frightened of or by get in (to) and out of a car, taxi or small boat When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen. get on (to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor) bike or horse We'll be getting off the train in ten minutes. good at ( NOT) Are you any good at tennis? (the) idea of...ing ( NOT...) I don't like the idea of getting married yet. ill with The boss has been ill with flu this week. impressed with/by I'm very impressed with/by your work. increase in activity, output etc (NOT) I'd like to see a big increase in productivity. independent of or sometimes from; independence from She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents When did India get its independence from Britain? insist on (NOT) George's father insisted on paying. Interest/interested in ( NOT) Do you have interest in social work? Not many people are interested in grammar. kind to (NOT) People have always been very kind to me. (a) lack of Lack of time prevented me from writing. (to) lack (no preposition) Your mother lacks tact. (to) be lacking in she is lacking in tact. laugh at174 I hate being laughed at. laugh about We'll laugh about this one day. listen to If you don't listen to people they won't listen to you. look at (= 'point one's eyes at') Stop looking at me like that. look after ( = take care of) Thanks for looking after me when I was ill. look for (= try to find) Can you help me look for my keys? marriage to ; get /be married to (NOT) Her marriage to Philip didn't last very long. How long have you been married to Sheila? marry somebody ( no preposition) She married her childhood sweetheart. near (to) : nice to (NOT) You weren't very nice to me last night. operate on a patient They operated on her yesterday evening. pay for something that is bought ( NOT) Excuse me, sir. You haven't paid for your drink. pleased with somebody. The boss is very pleased with you. pleased with/about/at something. I wasn't very pleased with/about/at my exam results. polite to ( NOT)175 Try to be polite to Uncle Richard for once. prevent ... from...ing ( NOT) The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping. proof of (NOT) I want proof of your love. Lend me some money. reason for (NOT) Nobody knows the reason for the accident. remind of She reminds me of a girl I was at school with. responsible/responsibility for Who's responsible for the shopping this week? rude to (NOT) Peggy was petty rude to my family last weekend. run into (=meet) I ran into Philip at Victoria Station this morning. search ( without preposition) (= look through; look everywhere in/on) They searched everybody's luggage They searched the man in front of me from head to foot. search for ( =look for) The customs were searching for drugs at the airport. shocked at/by I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter's accident. shout at (aggressive) If you don't stop shouting at me I'll come and hit you. shout to (=call to) Mary shouted to us to come in and swim. smile at If you smile at me like that I'll give you anything you want. sorry about something that has happened176 I'am sorry about your exam results. enter into an agreement, a discussion etc. We've just entered into an agreement with Carsons Ltd. enter a place (no preposition) When I entered the room everybody stopped talking. example of (NOT) Sherry is an example of a fortified wine. explain something to somebody (NOT) Could you explain this rule to me? clever at ( NOT) I'm not very clever at cooking. congratulate /congratulations on something (US also for) I must congratulate you on your exam results. Congratualtions on your new job! congratulate/congratulations on/for doing something. He congratulated the team on/for having won all their games. crash into (NOT USUALLY ) I wasn't concentrating, and I crashed into the car in front. depend/dependent on(NOT or) We may play football-it depends on the weather. He doesn't want to be dependent on his parents. But: independent of details of (NOT USUALLY) Write now for details of our special offer. die of or from More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War A week after the accident he died from his injuries. difficulty with something , (in) doing something (NOT) I'm having difficulty with my travel arrangements.177 You won't have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy. disappointed with somebody disappointed with/at /about something You must be pretty disappointed with/at/about your exam results. (a) discussion about something. We had a long discussion about politics. (to) discuss something (no preposition) We'd better discuss your travel plans. divide into (NOT) The book is divided into three parts. dream of ( =think of, imagine) I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger. dream about/of (while asleep) What does it mean if you dream about/of mountains? dress(ed) in ( NOT) Who's the woman dressed in green? drive into (NOT) Chintu drove into a tree again yesterday. THE CONJUNCTION ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆѨ^OE=Ú Definition : Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ#∞QÍx, Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^OEã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx, Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx HõÅ∞Ѩ٠Ѩ^OE=Ú CONJUNCTION ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=Ú Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞#∞. e.g :God made the forest and man made the park His body is small but his heart is big Three and three make six 1. Correlative conjuntions : J<Àº#º ã¨O|O^èOE=ÚQÆÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞. Wq [O@Å∞QÍ #∞O_»∞#∞.178 e.g : Either .... or, Neither ... nor, Both .... and, Though .... yet, Whether.....or, not only... but also 1. Learn either French or German 2. The fruit is neither sweet nor good looking 3. I like both cricket and hockey 5. I do not care whether you come or go or 7. I like not only cricket but also hockey. 2. Compound Conjunctions : Ѩ^OEã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞ e.g :In order that as though On condition that in as much as even if, as well as so that, as soon as Provided that, as if Conjunctions =ÚYº=ÚQÍ Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 1. Co-ordinate conjunctions 2. Subordinative conjunctions 1. Co-ordinate conjunctions : ã¨=∂<åkèHõ~°} ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆѨ^OE=ÚÅ∞ Wq Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=∂# ™ê÷~ÚQÆÅ "åHõºÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ HõÅ∞ѨÙ#∞. D ~°HõѨ٠conjunctions Ö’ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q and, but, or, not, also, either or, neither nor, gx`À HõÅ∞Ѩ|_ç# "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ main clause179 JO^OE∞~°∞. D co-ordinate conjunctions Ö’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ qÉèË^OE=ÚÅ∞#flq. a. Cumulative „áÈÔQ·# ÖËHõ ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ«∂~°úHõ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞. Wq Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ ( main clauses) HõÅ∞ѨÙ#∞. Jq and, also. b. Adversative : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°ú=ÚÖˇ·#q. Wq Ô~O_»∞ „ѨHõ@#ʼnõΩ =º`åºã¨=Ú ÖËHõ =ºuˆ~Hõ`« „Ѩ^OEi≈OK«∞#∞. e.g : but, still, yet c. Alternative : QÆ`«ºO`«~° ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞. Wq Ô ~O_çO\˜=ÚO^˘Hõ ^•xx „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞@‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊=Ú K«∂ѨÙ#∞ e.g : either......or, neither ... nor d. Illative : J~åúѨuÎ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞. Wq XHõ TǨÏ#∞ J#∞=∂#=Ú#∞ ÖËHõ J~å÷ѨuÎx K≥ѨÙÊ#∞. e.g : therfore 2. Sub-ordinative conjunctions : ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂~°úHõ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞ XHõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú J~°ú ã¨OѨÓiÎ H˘~°‰õΩ "Õ~˘Hõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞ K«∞O_»QÍ D Ô~O\˜x ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨~°K«∞ conjunction #∞ subordinative conjunction JO^OE∞~°∞. nx `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞subordinative clause JO^OE∞~°∞. =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# subordinative conjunctions after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, else.180 Wq 8 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ i. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time) e.g before, after, till, since, when, while, as soon as. ii. HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=ÙʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q ( Cause, reason) e.g: because, since, as iii. „ѨÜ≥∂[# (purpose) ã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ#q e.g : that, inorder that, so that, incase iv. Ѷ¨e`«=Ú (Request or consequence)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g: so that, that v. +¨~°`«∞ (condition )#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : if, unless vi. B^•~°º`å ÉèÏ==Ú ( concession)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : I will not receive him though he comes vii. áÈÅ∞Û@( comparison)‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : than viii. ã¨÷Å xˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú (place)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q Ex : where, wherever Note : H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ conjunctions QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_® LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞#∞. Jq Till, since, For, After, But, Before.181 SOME CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR USES H˘xfl ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^OE=ÚÅ∞ – "å\˜ LѨÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1. 'since' Ô~O_»∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞ a. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞O_ç J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : Much water has flown under the bridge since we crossed it b. HÍ~°ºHÍ~°} ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú# LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. e.g: Since you wish it, it will be done 2. 'Or' 4 q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÆ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. a. ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#. XHõ\˜ [~°QÆ^OEx Ô~O_»=k [~°∞QÆ∞#x K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ Do or die Work or starve ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# J=HÍâ◊=ÚÅ∞ XHõ\˜ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= ‰õÄ_® LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : He may go to England or America or Germany for higher studies c. 'Otherwise' (J@∞¡ HÍHõáÈ~Ú#, ÖˉõΩ#fl "Õ~°∞ q^èOE=ÚQÍ) J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ–182 e.g : Please walk quickly or darkness will overtake us. d. 'and' =∞iÜ«Ú J#∞ Ѩ^OE=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨=∂<å~°ú=Ú `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ– e.g : Our school team is not wanting in skill or in practice 3. 'If' J#∞ conjunction 5 q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞– a. 'on condition that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ– e.g : If Rama is there, I shall see him b. XHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ JOwHõ~°iOK«∞@‰õΩ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ e.g : If I am blunt, I am without malice. c. 'Whether' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ e.g : I asked him if he would lend me money. d. 'Whenever' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ e.g : If I feel doubtful, I will ask you e. e.g : If only I knew ! 4. 'That' J#∞ conjunction =¸_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»∞#∞. a. XHõ HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ e.g : He was angry that he was exposed ( that = because) b. XHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú `≥Å∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ, JѨÙÊ_»k 'in order that'183 J~°ú=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : We saw that we may reap. c. (Effect, result, conquence) e.g : I am so exhausted that I can not move a yard 5. 'while' conjunction #∞ =¸_»∞ q^èOE=ÚÅ∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ a. 'during the time that', ÖËHõ 'as long as' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : While the day lasts, hope lingers b. 'at the same time that' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : While they quarrelled, they helped each other. c. 'where as ' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : While it is true of Hyderabad, its not true of other Andhra towns. 6. 'only' J#∞ conjunction #∞ 'except that' ÖËHõ 'but' ÖËHõ 'were it not' J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: A good singer, only he falters little.184 Conjunctions ( ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞) And = =∞iÜ«Ú But = HÍx Either-or = WkHÍx–JkHÍx Neither-nor = WkHÍ^OE∞–JkHÍ^OE∞ Not only-but also = W^ÕHÍHõ–Jk‰õÄ_®#∞ Even if = J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H˜ Eventhough = J~Ú##∞ As well as = ‰õÄ_» As yet = WOHõ#∞ As far as = =~°‰õΩ Even then = JѨÊ\˜H˜x Before = =ÚO^OE∞ After = "≥#∞Hõ Till = JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ Hip, hip hurrah = [Ü«∞ [Ü«∂ ~å==ÚÅ∞ THE INTERJECTION Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ Ѩ^OE=Ú Definition : JHõ™ê‡`«∞ÎQÍ Hõey# z`«Î =$uÎx, ~åQÆ=Ú#∞, =∞<À„^ÕHõ=Ú#∞, P"Õâ◊=Ú#∞ `≥ÅѨÙ@‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOK≥_»∞ Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ#∞ Interjection Jx Ñ≤Å∞`«~°∞. e.g : Alas, he passed away ! so that provided that as though in as much as as well as as soon as as if Time = before,still, since, after, until Cause = because, since as Purpose = that, lest Result = so-that Condition = if, unless Concession = though, though-yet, although Comparison = than both-and whether -or Though -yet185 Hello ! Who is there ? Ah! Has she gone? Oh! I was much afraid Hush ! Be silent Hurrah! India has won the test series. ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÅO^OE∞ Interjection Ѩ^OE=ÚʼnõΩ "åHõº=ÚÖ’x ~Ú`«~° Ѩ^OE=Ú`À <≥\˜ì ã¨O|O^èOE=Ú#∞ ÖË^OE∞. Interjection Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ J<ÕHõ q^èOE=ÚÖˇ·# z`«Î=$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞. a. ã¨O`À+¨=Ú (Joy) `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Hurrah! (JÉσ) b. ^OE∞óY=Ú (Grief) `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Alas ! ( JHõ\Ï ! Hõ@Hõ@!) c. Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú (Surprise)#∞ `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞. e.g: ha! oh! ( Ǩ! Ǩϟ! B~å! JǨǨ!) d. ã¨=∞‡u, P"≥∂^OE=Ú, JOwHÍ~°=Ú (Approval) `≥Å∞Ѩ=K«∞Û#∞ e.g: Brave ( Éèím, ÃãǨÏÉèÏãπ) e. HÀѨ=Ú(Anger) e.g: Avaunt ( pè, áÈ!) f. H˘xfl Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ∞ ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ, ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ, 'Interjection ' QÍ „ѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_»=K«∞Û#∞.186 Ex : Good gracious ! For shame! Well done! Ah, me! Ѩ^OEã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ 'Interjection ' QÍ LѨÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç#Ü≥∞_»Å P ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú z=~° ‰õÄ_® Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ zǨÏfl=Ú#∞OK«=Öˇ#∞. COLLECTIONS( ã¨O„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞) 1. A swarm of bees or flies, or ants. 2. A shower of rain, arrows. 3. A series of events 4. A caravan of merchants, pilgrims, travellers. 5. An army of soldiers. 6. A band of musicians. 7. A bunch of grapes, plan tains. 8. A class of students, of persons. 9. A cloud of locusts. 10. A code of laws. 11. A company of soldiers, merchants. 12. A series of lectures. 13. A fleet of ships. 14. A group of figures, men. 15. A hive of bees. 16. A league of states, nations. 17. A library of books. 18. A sheat of cork. 19. A shoal of fish. 20. A train of wagons, carriages. 21. A troop or squadron of horses. 22. A suit of clothes. 23. A regiment of soldiers. 24. A bunch of flowers, bouquet ( Bookaai) 25. A bundle of sticks /hay 26. A chain of mountains/events. 27. A Clump or grove of trees. 28. A collection of relics. 29. A cluster or galaxy of stars, islands. 30. A flock of geese or sheep. 31. A flight of steps or birds. 32. A fall of snow or rain. 33. A flight or swarm of locusts, birds, steps. 34. A gang of thieves or robbers, prisoneers convicts, workmen. 35. A gang of labourers. 38. A heap of stones or sand. 39. A herd of cattle or swine, deer or sheep. 40. A litter of puppies, pigs. 41. A pair of shoes. 42. A pack of wolves or hounds, cards. 43. A range of hills or mountains. 44. A stack of corn or wood or arms.187 Youngone's of Animals( offspring) ( [O`«∞=ÙÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ ) 1. Cat -Kitten 2. Dog -Puppy 3. Donkey -filly or foal 4. Eagle -Eaglet 5. Goat -Kid 6. Hen -Chicken, chick 7. Horse -Colt(M), Filly(F)/foal 8. Lion 9. Tiger 10. Wolf 11. Sheep -Lamb 12. Swan -Gnat. 13. Duck -Duckling 14. Frog -Tadpole -Cub Cries of Animals ( [O`«∞=ÙÅ J~°∞ѨÙÅ∞) 1. Asses-bray 2. Bulls-bellow 3. Bees-hum, Buzz 4. Birds -chirp. sing, twitter 5. Cows-moo 6. Camels grunt 7. Cocks-crow 8. Crows-caw 9. Cats-mew, purr 10. Dogs-bark, whine, yelp, growl, howl 11. Elephants-trumpet 12. Flies-hum, buzz 13. Fox-yelp, bark 14. Frogs-croak 15. Goats-bleat 16. Horses-neigh, snost, whinning 17. Jackals-howl 18. Lambs-bleat 19. Lions-roar 20. Mice-sqeak 21. Monkeys-chatter, gibber 22. Nightingales-warble, sing 23. Owls-hoot, shriek, screech, scream 24. Parrots-talk 25. Sparrows-chirp, twitter 26. Serpents-hiss 27. Sheep-bleat 28. Swans-cry 29. Thrushes-whistle 30. Tigers-growl, roar 31. Turkeys-gabble 32. Vultures-scream 33. wolves -howl, yell.188 NUMBERS & FRACTIONS ( ã¨OYºÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú aè#fl=ÚÅ∞) One XHõ\˜ I 1 Two Ô~O_»∞ II 2 Three =¸_»∞ III 3 Four <åÅ∞QÆ∞ IV 4 Five S^OE∞ V 5 Six P~°∞ VI 6 Seven U_»∞ VII 7 Eight Zxq∞k VIII 8 Nine `˘q∞‡k IX 9 Ten Ѩk x 10 Eleven Ѩ^OEH˘O_»∞ XI 11 Twelve Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ XII 12189 Thirteen Ѩ^OE=¸_»∞ XIII 13 Fourteen Ѩ^OE<åÅ∞æ XIV 14 Fifteen Ѩk<≥·^OE∞ XV 15 Sixteen Ѩ^OE∞<å~°∞ XVI 16 Seventeen Ѩ^OE∞<Õ_»∞ XVII 17 Eighteen Ѩ^OE∞<≥xq∞k XVIII 18 Nineteen ѨO_˘q∞‡k XIX 19 Twenty W~°∞=k XX 20 Twenty one W~°"≥· XHõ\ XXI 21 Twenty two W~°"≥· Ô~O_»∞ XXII 22 Twnety three W~°"≥· =¸_»∞ XXIII 23 Twenty four W~°"≥· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XXIV 24 Twenty five W~°"≥· S^OE∞ XXV 25 Twenty six W~°"≥· P~°∞ XXVI 26 Twenty seven W~°"≥· U_»∞ XXVII 27 Twenty eight W~°"≥· Zxq∞k XXVIII 28 Twenty nine W~°ÃÑ· `˘q∞‡k XXIX 29 Thirty =ÚÃÑ·Ê XXX 30 Thirty one =ÚÃÑ·Ê XHõ\ XXXI 31 Forty #ÅÉèˇ· XL 40 Fifty Ü«∂Éèˇ· L 50 Sixty J~°"≥· LX 60 Seventy _≥Éèˇ·ƒù LXX 70 Eighty Z#Éèˇ· LXXX 80 Ninety `˘OÉèˇ· XC 90 Ninety one `˘OÉèˇ·XHõ\ XCI 91 Ninety two `˘OÉèˇ· Ô~O_»∞ XCII 92190 Ninety three `˘OÉèˇ·=¸_»∞ XCIII 93 Ninety four `˘OÉèˇ· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ XCIV 94 Ninety five `˘OÉèˇ· S^OE∞ XCV 95 Ninety six `˘OÉèˇ· P~°∞ XCVI 96 Ninety seven `˘OÉèˇ· U_» XCVII 97 Ninety eight `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k XCVIII 98 Ninety nine `˘OÉèˇ· `˘q∞‡k XCIX 99 Hundred #∂~°∞ C 100 Hundred one #∂@XHõ\˜ CI 101 Hundred and ten #∂@Ѩk CX 110 Hundred and fifty #∂@Ü«∂Éèˇ· CL 150 Two hundred Ô~O_»∞=O^OEÅ∞ CC 200 Three hundred =¸_»∞ =O^OEÅ∞ CCC 300 Four hundred <åÅ∞QÆ∞ =O^OEÅ∞ CD 400 Five hundred S^OE∞ =O^OEÅ∞ D 500 Six hundred P~°∞ =O^OEÅ∞ DC 600 Seven hundred U_»∞ =O^OEÅ∞ DCC 700 Eight hundred Zxq∞k =O^OEÅ∞ DCCC 800 Nine hundred `˘q∞‡k =O^OEÅ∞ CM 900 Thousand "Õ~Ú M 1000 Thousand and one hundred "Õ~Úxfl XHõ #∂~°∞ MC 1100 Thousand two hundred "Õ~Úxfl Ô~O_»∞ #∂~°∞¡ MCC 1200 Ten thousand Ѩk"ÕÅ∞ 10,000 Ninety thousand `˘OÉèˇ·"ÕÅ∞ 90,000 Lakh ÅHõ∆ 1,00,000191 Cipher = ã¨∞#fl Naught = ã¨∞#fl Zero = ã¨∞#fl Even number = ã¨i ã¨OYº Odd numbe = ÉËã≤ ã¨OYº First = XHõ@= Second = Ô~O_»= Third = =¸_»= Fourth = <åÅ∞QÆ= Fifth = J~Ú^OE= Sixth = P~°= Seventh = U_»= Eighth = Zxq∞^OE= Ninth = `˘q∞‡^OE= Tenth = Ѩ^OE= Eleventh = Ѩ^OEH˘O_»= Twentieth = W~°∞=^OE= Double = Ô~O_çO`«Å∞ Treble = =¸_çO`«Å∞ Four fold = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ Ô~@∞¡ Five fold = J~Ú^OE∞ Ô~@∞¡ Nine fold = `˘q∞‡k Ô~@∞¡ Ten fold = Ѩk Ô~@∞¡ 1 16 = XHõ\˜Ö’ Ѩ^OEǨ~°= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú 13 16 = Ѩ^OE=¸_»∞ Ѩ^OEǨ~°= ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ 18 = XHõ\˜Ö’ Zxq∞^OE= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú 58 = Zxq∞kO@J~Ú^OE∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ 14 = áêuHõ, HÍÅ∞ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, áê=Ù(áêuHõ) 1 14 = XHõ\˜OÉÏ=Ù, XHõ\˜OHÍÅ∞, 2 14 = Ô~O_»∞OÉÏ=Ù, Ô~O_»∞OÉÏuHõ Million Ѩk ÅHõ∆Å∞ 10,00,000 Crore HÀ\˜ 100, 00 000192 Once = XHõ™êi Twice = Ô~O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ Thrice = =¸_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ Four times = <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ™ê~°∞¡ Five times = J~Ú^OE∞ ™ê~°∞¡ Nine times = `˘q∞‡k ™ê~°∞¡ Ten times = Ѩk™ê~°∞¡ Ninety times = `˘OÉèˇ·™ê~°∞¡ Hundredtimes= =O^OE™ê~°∞¡ Dozen = Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ Gross = Ѩ<≥flO_»∞ _»[#∞¡ Score = W~°∞=k 10 14 = ѨkOÉÏ=Ù, ѨkOÉÏuHõ, ѨkOHÍÅ∞ 12 = J~°, ã¨QÆ=Ú 1 12 = XHõ\˜#fl~° 2 12 = Ô~O_»∞#fl~° 3 12 = =¸_»∞#fl~° 5 12 = J~Ú^OE∞#fl~° 34 = =ÚáêÊuHõ, =ÚHͯÅ∞, =ÚáêÊ=Ù 1 34 = XHõ\˜ =ÚHͯÅ∞ 3 34 = =¸_»∞ =ÚHͯÅ∞193 Three quarters of a ton is too much. 3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles. nought, zero, nil etc The figure 0 is usually called nought in British English, and zero in American English, When we say numbers one figure at a time, 0 is often called oh ( like the letter O). My account number is four one three oh six. In measurements of temperature, 0 is called zero in both British and American English. Zero is followed by a plural noun. Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. Zero scores in team games are called nil (American zero or nothing). In tennis and similar games, the word love is used ( originally from French) l'oeuf, meaning 'the egg' -the figure 0 is egg-shaped). And the score at half-time is : Scotland three, England nil. Forty -love; Andrews to serve. Telephone numbers We say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three or four ( not two). When the same figure comes twice, British people usually say double. 3074922 three oh seven, four nine double two ( US three zero seven, four nine two two) Roman numbers Roman numbers (I, II, III, IV etc) are not common in modern English, but they are still used in a few cases-for example the names of kings and queens, page numbers in the introductions to some books, the numbers of paragraphs in some documents, the numbers of questions in some examinations, the figures on some clock faces, and occasionally the names of centuries. It was built in the time of Henry V. For details. see Introduction page ix. Do question(vi) or question (vii), but not both. a fine XVIII Century English walnut chest of drawers. 1 i 10 x 41 xl 2 ii 11 xi 45 xlv 3 iii 12 xii 50 L 4 iv 13 xiii 60 Lx 5 v 14 xiv 90 xc 6 vi 19 xix 100 C 7 vii 20 xx 500 D 8 viii 21 xxi 1000 M 9 ix 30 xxx 1995 MCMXCV194 Cardinal and ordinal numbers : books, chapters etc., the fourth book-Book Four the third act -Act Three Mozart's thirty-ninth symphony -Symphony No.39, by Mozart the third day of the course -Timetable for Day Three however, the names of kings and queens are said with ordinal numbers. Henry VIII: Henry the Eighth ( Not Henry Eight) Louis XIV : Louis the Fourteenth Elizabeth II : Elizabeth the second Centuries The period from 1701-1800 is called the 18th century ( not the 17th); 1801-1900 is the 19th century etc., Floors The ground floor of a British house is the first floor of an American house ; the British first floor is the American second floor, etc., and; punctuation In British English we always use "and" before the tens in a number. In American English, 'and' can be dropped. 310 three hundred and ten ( US also three hundred ten) 5,642 five thousand, six hundred and forty-two In measurements containing two different units, and is possible before the smaller, but is usually left out. two hours ( and ) ten minutes two metres ( and ) thirty centimetres. 3,127( Not 3.127) 5.466,243 We do not always use commas in four figure numbers and they are not used in dates. 4.126 or 4126 the year 1648 Spaces are also possible in British English. There are 1,000(OR 1000 millimetres in a metre.) 'a' and 'one' We can say a hundred or one hundred, a thousand or one thousand a million or one million. One is more formal. I want to live for a hundred years ( Not ... Pay Mr J Baron one thousand195 pounds on a cheque) 317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine 0.375 nought point three seven five ( US zero point three) 4.7 four point seven Singular and plural with fractions and decimals One and a half hours 1.3 millimetres I have been waiting for an hour and a half Three quarters of a ton 0.1625 cm nought point one six two five of a centimetre nought point one six two five centimetres Measurement a five -litre can a pound note a six -pound chicken, a three-mile walk, a five-day course, a two -person tent, ten two-hour lessons a pint mug a two thirds share Note the use of the 's structure before worth. a pound's worth of walnuts three dollars' worth of popcorn a day's journey, three hours' journey twenty minutes' delay a three hours (') journey ( = a journey of three hours) a three-hour journey, a twenty -minute delay the evening news, a sunday paper yesterday's news, last sunday's match man woman father mother man-servant maid-servant uncle aunt wizard witch grandfahter grandmother drake duck landlord landlady duke duchess master mistress earl countess fox vixen emperor empress gentleman lady monk nun god goddess negro negress king queen poet poetess hero heroine prince princess priest priestess Masculine gender & Femine gender ( ѨÙOeOQÆ =∞iÜ«Ú „ã‘ÎeOQÆ Ñ¨^•Å∞ )196 grandson grand daughter father-in-law mother-in law waiter waitress sir madam washer-man washer-woman he-goat she-goat lad lass sportsman sportswoman drone bee actor actress bridegroom bride cout countess dairy man dairy-maid tiger tigress traitor traitress heir heiress instructor intructress milk-man milk-maid shephered shepheredess step-son step-daughter master mistress host hostess Peer Peeress Bachelor maid Poet poetess spinster Priest priestess Boy girl Prophet prophetess Brother siter Buck doe Steward stewardess Bull ( or OX) cow Viscount viscountess Bullock heifer Cock hen Benefactor benefactress Colt filly Conductor conductress Dog bitch Enchanter enchantress Drake duck Founder foundress Hunter huntress Gander goose Hart roe Negro negress Horse mare Abbot abbess Husband wife Emperor empress Lord lady Marquis m a r c h i o n e s s Fox Vixen Preceptor preceptress Songster songstress Tempter temptress Seamaster seamstress Tiger tigress Nephew niece Waiter waitress Ram ewe Sir madam Murderer murderess Son daughter Sorcerer sorceress Stag hind Bull-calf cow-calf Uncle aunt Cock-sparrow hen-sparrow Wizard witch He-goat she-goat Author authoress He-bear she-bear Baron baroness Jack-ass jenny-ass Giant giantess man-servant maid-servant Land-lord land-lady Great-uncle great-aunt Lion lioness Manager manageress Milk-man milk-maid Mayor mayoress Pea-cock pea-hen Patron patroness Washer-man Washer-woman Administrator administratrix197 Executor executrix Testator testatrix Czar czarina Sultan sultana Signor signora Valcano = Jyfl Ѩ~°fi`«=Ú Valcanoes = Jyfl Ѩ~°fi`«=ÚÅ∞ Echo = „Ѩu^èOEfix Echoes = „Ѩu^èOEfi#∞Å∞ Piano = XHõ ã¨Ow`« "å^OEºqâı+¨=Ú Pianos = "å^OEº=ÚÅ∞ Dynamo = _≥·#"≥∂ Dynamos = _≥·#"≥∂Å∞ Bamboo = "≥^OE∞~°∞ Bamboos = "≥^OE∞~°∞ Hõ„~°Å∞ Canto = J^蕺ܫ∞=Ú Cantos = J^蕺ܫ∞=ÚÅ∞ Momento = 㨇$u zǨÏfl=Ú Plural Form Momentos = 㨇$u zǨÏfl =ÚÅ∞ Baby = a_»¤ Babies = a_»¤Å∞ Army = ¿ã# Singluar & Plural forms ( UHõ=K«# =∞iÜ«Ú |Ǩï=K«# ~°∂áêÅ∞) Armies = ¿ã#Å∞ Lady = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# „ã‘Î Ladies = Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Story = Hõ^äOE Stories = Hõ^äOEÅ∞ City = #QÆ~°=Ú Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞ Pony = á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=Ú Ponies = á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=ÚÅ∞ Fly = DQÆ Flies = DQÆÅ∞ Body = â◊s~°=Ú Bodies = â◊s~°=ÚÅ∞ Country = ^Õâ◊=Ú Countries = ^Õâ◊=ÚÅ∞ Boy = Ñ≤Å¡"å_»∞ Boys = Ñ≤Å¡"åO_»∞¡198 Guy = #∂#∂QÆ∞ g∞™êÅ"å_»∞, "≥∂‰õΩ Guys = Ѩº‰õΩÎÅ∞–"≥∂‰õΩÅ∞ Toy = ÉÁ=∞‡ Toys = ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ Ray = H˜~°}=Ú Rays = H˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ Day = k#=Ú Days = k#=ÚÅ∞ Monkey = HÀu Monkeys = HÀ`«∞Å∞ Thief = ^˘OQÆ Thieves = ^˘OQÆÅ∞ Leaf = P‰õΩ Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞ Life = rq`«=Ú Lives = rq`«=ÚÅ∞ Loaf = ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯ Loaves = ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯Å∞ Wife = ÉèÏ~°º Wives = ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∞ Knife = HõuÎ Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞ Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞ Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡ Shelf = J~° Shelves = J~°Å∞ Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞ Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞ Roof = ÃÑ· HõѨÙÊ Roofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõѨÙÊÅ∞ Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^OEâßY Gulfs = ã¨=Ú„^OEâßYÅ∞ Proof = ™êHõ∆º=Ú Proofs = ™êHõ∆º=ÚÅ∞ Strife = HõÖ’¡Å=Ú Strifes = HõÖ’¡Å=ÚÅ∞ Man = =∞x+≤ Men = =∞x+¨µºÅ∞ Goose = ÉÏ`«∞ Geese = ÉÏ`«∞Å∞ Woman = „ã‘Î Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Mouse = z>ˇìÅ∞Hõ Mice = z>ˇìÅ∞HõÅ∞ Foot = áê^OE=Ú, J_»∞QÆ∞ Feet = áê^OE=ÚÅ∞, J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞199 Tooth = Ѩ#∞fl Teeth = Ѩ#∞flÅ∞ Louse = ¿Ñ#∞ Lice = ¿ÑÅ∞ Oasis = Z_®iÖ’ [Å „áêO`«=Ú Oases = Z_®iÖ’ [Å „áêO`«=ÚÅ∞ Crisis = QÆO_»=Ú Crises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞ Ox = Z^OE∞Ì Oxen = Z^OE∞ÌÅ∞ Child = a_»¤ Children = a_»¤Å∞ Brother = ™È^OE~°∞_»∞ Brothren, Brothers = ™È^OE~°∞Å∞ Son = H˘_»∞‰õΩ Sons = H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ Daughter = ‰õÄ`«~°∞ Daughters = ‰õÄ`«∞à◊√§ Cook = =O@"å_»∞ Cooks = =O@"åà◊√§ Priest = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ Priests = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞ Stick = Hõ„~° Sticks = Hõ„~°Å∞ Seal = =Ú„^OE Seals = =Ú„^OEÅ∞ Stamp = `«áêÅaà◊§ tamps = `«áêÅaà◊§Å∞ Bag = ã¨Oz Bags = ã¨OK«∞Å∞ Kiss = =Ú^OE∞Ì Kisses = =Ú^OE∞ÌÅ∞ Ass = QÍ_ç^OE Asses = QÍ_ç^OEÅ∞ Wish = HÀiHõ Wishes = HÀiHõÅ∞ Beach = ã¨=Ú„^OEѨ٠X_»∞¤ Beaches = ã¨=Ú„^OEѨÙ\Á_»∞¤Å∞ Box = ÃÑ>ˇì Boxes = ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞ Watch = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=Ú Watches = QÆ_çÜ«∂~°=ÚÅ∞ Brush = ‰õΩOK≥ Brushes = ‰õΩOK≥Å∞ Calves = ^OE∂_»Å∞ Knife = HõuÎ Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞ Wolf = `À_ÕÅ∞ Wolves = `À_Õà◊√¡ Shelf = J~° Shelves = J~°Å∞ Chief = =ÚY∞º_»∞ Chiefs = =ÚY∞ºÅ∞200 Roof = ÃÑ· HõѨÙÊ Roofs = ÃÑ· ‰HõѨÙÊÅ∞ Gulf = ã¨=Ú„^OEâßY Gulfs = ã¨=Ú„^OEâßYÅ∞ Singular Number UHõ=K«#=Ú Girl = P_»Ñ≤Å¡ Cow = P=Ù Bird = ѨH˜∆ Star = #Hõ∆„`«=Ú House = WÅ∞¡ Book = ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=Ú Class = `«~°QÆu Bush = á⁄^OE Branch = âßY Match = JyæѨÙÅ¡ Dish = Éè’[# Ѩ^•~°ú=Ú Buffalo = ˆQ^≥ Hero = <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ Potato = |OQÍà◊^OE∞OѨ Mango = =∂q∞_çѨO_»∞ Negro = h„QÀ(*Ïu) Leaf = P‰õΩ Plural Number |Ǩï=K«#=Ú Girls = P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ Cows = P=ÙÅ∞ Birds = Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ∞ Stars = #Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞ Houses = WO_»∞¡ Books = ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞ Classes = `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞ Bushes = á⁄^OEÅ∞ Branches = âßYÅ∞ Matches = JyæѨÙÅ¡Å∞ Dishes = Éè’[# Ѩ^•~°ú=ÚÅ∞ Buffaloes = ˆQ^≥Å∞ Heroes = <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Potatoes = |OQÍà◊^OE∞OѨÅ∞ Mangoes = =∂q∞_çѨO_»∞¡ Negroes = h„QÀÅ∞ Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞201 Calf = ^OE∂_» Life = rq`«=Ú Knife = HõuÎ Roof = WO\˜HõѨÙÊ Hoof = y@ì Dwarf = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚ Safe = ÃÑ>ˇì City = #QÆ~°=Ú Story = Hõ^äOE Army = Ãã·#º=Ú Lady = ÃÑ^OEÌ WO\˜ „ã‘Î Baby = áêѨ Man = =∞x+≤ Woman = „ã‘Î Father-in-law = =∂=∞QÍ~°∞ Mother-in-law= J`«ÎQÍ~°∞ Step-son = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩ Step-mother = ã¨=u `«e¡ Maid-servant = P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞ Commanderiinchief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍi Looker-on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞ Basis = P^è•~°=Ú Analysis = qÉèí[# Calves = ^OE∂_»Å∞ Lives = rq`åÅ∞ Knives = Hõ`«∞ÎÅ∞ Roofs = WO\˜ HõѨÙÊÅ∞ Hoofs = y@ìÅ∞ Dwarfs = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚Å∞ Safes = ÃÑ>ˇìÅ∞ Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞ Stories = Hõ^äOEÅ∞ Armies = Ãã·#º=Ú Ladies = ÃÑkÌO\˜ „ã‘ÎÅ∞ babies = áêѨÅ∞ Men = =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Fathers-in-law= =∂=∞QÍ~°∞¡ Mothers-in-law= J`«ÎQÍ~°∞¡ Step-sons = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ Step-mothers= ã¨=u `«Å∞¡Å∞ Maid-servants= P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åà◊√§ Commanders -in-chief = Ãã·<åºkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ Lookers-on = K«∂K«∞"å~°∞ Bases = P^è•~°=ÚÅ∞ Analyses = qÉèí[#Å∞202 Criterion = ÅHõ∆}=Ú Crisis = QÆO_»=Ú Phenomenon = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ [~°∞QÆ∞#q Hypothesis = TÇ≤ÏOz#k Axis = JHõ∆=Ú Madam = J=∂‡ Index = Ѩ\˜ì Erratum = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ „"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊ Radium = "åºã¨=Ú Brother = `«=Ú‡_»∞ Cloth = QÆ∞_»¤ Moral = hu Custom = PKå~°=Ú Spectacle = ^OE$â◊º=Ú Pain = ÉÏ^èOE Air = QÍe Iron = W#∞=Ú Force = |Å=Ú Advice = ã¨ÅǨ Criteria = ÅHõ∆}=ÚÅ∞ Crises = QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞ Phenomena = ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ [~°∞QÆ∞#q Hyptheses = TÇ≤ÏOz#q Axes = JHõ∆=ÚÅ∞ Medames = J=∞‡Å∞ Indices = Ѩ\©ìÅ∞ Errata = JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ „"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊÅ∞ Radii = "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞ Brothers = `«=Ú‡à◊√§ Cloths = QÆ∞_»¤Å∞ Morals = h`«∞Å∞, #_»=_çHõ Customs = PKå~°=ÚÅ∞, kQÆ∞=∞u Spectacles = ^OE$âߺÅ∞, Hõà◊§*’_»∞ Pains = ÉÏ^èOEÅ∞, „â◊=∞ Airs = `≥zÛÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl f~°∞ Irons = â◊$OYÖÏÅ∞ Forces = |ÅQÆ=ÚÅ∞ Advices = ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú203 Singular & Plural Sheep = Q˘„Ô~ Deer = lOHõÅ∞ Cod = `«ÅQÆ_»–`«ÅQÆ_»Å∞ (QÆO_»∞g∞#∞ – QÆO_»∞g∞#∞Å∞) Trout = `≥Å¡KÕѨ– `≥Å¡ KÕѨÅ∞ Swine = ѨOk – ѨO^OE∞Å∞ Fish = KÕѨ–KÕѨÅ∞ Fruit = ѨO_»∞–ѨO_»∞¡ Fishes = J#QÍ |Ǩï~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# KÕѨÅ∞ Salmon = XHõ ~°HõѨ٠KÕѨ, KÕѨÅ∞ Pair = [`«–[`«Å∞ ( Two pair) Singular Plural Colour = Colours Custom = Customs Effect = Effects Manner = Manners Moral = Morals Number = Numbers Pain = Pains Premise = Premises Quarter = Quarters Spectacle = Spectacles Letter = Letters Ground = Grounds result = results property method = mthods correct behaviour a moral lesson = moral lessons conduct a quantity = quantities verses suffering = sufferings care, exertion proposition = propositions buildings fourth part = fourth parts lodgings a sight = sights eye-glasses letter of the alphabet = letters of the alphabet epistle = epistles, literature Earth = enclosed land attached to house reason = reasons, dregs.204 Singular Plural Brother brothers, sons of the same parent. brothren, members of a society or a Cloth Cloths, kinds or pieces of cloth, community. clothes, garments. Die dies, stamps for coining. dice, small cubes used in games. Fish fishes, taken separately. fish, collectively. Genius geniuses, persons of great talent. genii, spirits. Index indexes, tables of contents to books. indices, signs used in algebra. Penny pennies, number of coins. pence, amount in value Some words in their singular form and plural form convey different meanings as singulars and plurals.205 Advice = counsel Air = atmosphere Good = benefit, wellbeein Compass = extent, range Respect = regard Physic = medicine Light = 1. radiance 2. a lamp People = 1. nation 2. men and women Powder = 1. dust 2. a dose of medicine in fine grains like dust. Practice = 1. habit 2. exercise of a profession Advices = information Airs = affected manners Goods = merchandise Compasses = an instrument for draw ing circles Respects = compliments Physics = natural science Litghts = lamps Peoples = nations Powders = doses of medicine Practices = habits Singular Plural Commander-= Commanders in-chief -in-chief Coat-of-mail = coats-of-mail Son-in-law = sons-in-law Daughter-= daughtersiinlaw in-law Step-son = step sons Step-daughter = stepdaugghter Maid-servant = maidservvant man-servant = men-servants Passer-by = passers-by Looker-on = Lookers-on Singular Plural Man-of-war = men-of-war Church = churches crash = crashes bus = buses box = boxes buzz = buzzes barracks = barracks crossroads = crossroads headquarters = headquarters means = means series = series species = species works(=factory)= works Potato = potatoes tomato = tomatoes206 child = children foot = feet goose = geese louse = lice man = men mouse = mice ox = oxen penny = pence person = people tooth = teeth woman = women calf = calves elf = elves half = halves knife = knives leaf = leaves life = lives loaf = loaves self = selves sheaf = sheaves shelf = shelves thief = thieves wife = wives wolf = wolves commnado = commandos concerto = concertos Eskimo = Eskimos kilo = kilos logo = logos photo = photos piano = pianos solo = solos soprano = sopranos buffalo = buffalo(e)s mosquito = mosquito(e)s tornado = tornado(e)s volcano = volcano(e)s From Latin : Erratum -errata; index -indices; radius -radii; formula -formulae ( or formulas); memorandum -memoranda; terminus -terminal ( or terminuses); From Greek : Axis -axes; crisis -crises; basis -bases; analysis -analyses; parenthesis -parentheses; hypothesis -hypotheses; phenomenon -phenomena; criterion -criteria. From Italian : Bandit -banditti ( or bandits) From French : Madame ( madam) -mesdames; monsieur -messieurs. From Hebrew : Cherub -cherubim ( or cherubs); seraph -seraphim ( or seraphs).207 COMPARISONS ( áÈeHõÅ∞ ) 1. As blind as a bat = QÆaƒÅ=Ú=Öˇ „QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ 2. As blithe as a bee = `Õ<≥\©QÆ=Öˇ P#O^OE=ÚQÍ 3. As bold as a lion = ã≤OǨÏ=Ú=Öˇ ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÍ 4. As brittle as glass = QÍA=Öˇ "≥à◊√#∞ 5. As busy as a bee = `Õ<≥\©QÆ =Öˇ Ѩx`À 6. As clear as crystal = ã¨Ê\˜Hõ=Ú=Öˇ ã¨fiK«Ûù=ÚQÍ 7. As clear as day = ѨQÆ\˜ ѨÓ@=Öˇ ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÍ 8. As cool as a cucumber = ^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞=Öˇ h~°∞ HÍ~°∞K«∞ 9. As cunning as a fox = #Hõ¯=Öˇ l`«∞ÎÅ=∂i 10. As dry as a bone = Jã≤÷=Öˇ xs˚==ÚQÍ 11. As fair as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# 12. As fat as a pig = ѨOk=Öˇ „H˘qfi_# 13. As fierce as a tiger = ѨÙe=Öˇ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# 14. As firm as a rock/stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ 15. As fresh as a rose = QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ ã≤flQÆú=ÚQÍ 16. As gay as a lark = Éèí~°^•fi[ ѨH˜∆=Öˇ P#O^OE=ÚQÍ 17. As gentle as a lamb = Q˘„Ô~Ñ≤Å¡=Öˇ "≥∞`«ÎQÍ 18. As hard as a stone = tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ 19. As heavy as lead = ã‘ã¨=Ú=Öˇ ÉèÏ~°"≥∞ÿ# 20. As light as feather = DHõ=Öˇ `ÕeHõÜ≥ÿ∞#208 1. As black as coal. 2. As clear as day or sky or crystal. 3. As cold as ice or marble. 4. As cunning as a fox. 5. As dark as a pitch 6. As free as a bird. 7. As gentle as a lamb. 8. As quick as lightning or thought. 9. As silent or pale as death or a grave. 10. As stupid as a donkey. 11. As sweet as honey. 12. As white as snow. 13. As changeable as the weather cock. 14. As deaf as a post. 15. As dry as dust. 16. As drunk as a lord. 17. As dumb as a statue. 18. As gay as a lark. 19. As gaudy as a butterfly. 20. As greedy as wolf or a dog 21. As green as grass. 22. As happy as a king. 23. As harmless as a dove. 24. As light as air. 25. As loud as thunder. 26. As obstinate as a mule. 27. As playful as a kitten. 28. As proud as a peacock. 29. As sharp as a razor. 30. As silly as a sheep. 31. As soft as butter. 32. As white as snow. 33. As wise as solomon. 21. As loud as thunder = L~°∞=Ú=Öˇ aQÆæ~°QÍ 22. As pale as death = =∞$`«∞º=Ù=Öˇ q=~°‚"≥∞ÿ# 23. As poor as "Lazarus" = ÖÏ[~°ãπ =O\˜ ^OEi„^OE∞_»∞ (A church mouse) 24. As proud as peacock = <≥=∞e=Öˇ QÆ~°fi=ÚQÍ 25. As red as blood = <≥`«∞Î~°∞=Öˇ Z„~°x 26. As sharp as needle = ã¨∂k=Öˇ "å_çÜ≥ÿ∞# 27. As silent as the grave = ã¨=∂kè=Öˇ xâ◊≈|Ì=ÚQÍ 28. As smooth as velvet = "≥Åfi@∞=Öˇ "≥∞`«Î<≥·# 29. As soft as butter = "≥#fl=Öˇ =∞$^OE∞"≥·# 30. As stupid as a donkey = QÍ_ç^OE =Öˇ Jq"ÕH˜ 31. As swift as an arrow = ÉÏ}=Ú =Öˇ "å_çQÍ209 Era = Ü«ÚQÆ=Ú Bright fortnight = â◊√Hõ¡ ѨHõ∆=Ú dark fortnight = Hõ$+¨‚ ѨHõ∆=Ú Mid day = =∞^蕺ǨÏfl=Ú Meteorology = "å`å=~°} âß„ã¨Î=Ú proximo = ^OEQÆæ~° Ultimo = QÆ_»z# Sennight = "å~°=Ú, ã¨Ñ¨Î~å„`«=Ú Inclement wheather = `«∞á¶ê#∞`À ‰õÄ_ç# "å`å=~°}=Ú Borrower = JѨÙÊfã¨∞H˘#∞"å_»∞ Consignee = ã¨~°‰õΩ `≥Ñ≤ÊOK«∞H˘#∞"å_»∞ Consigner = ã¨~°‰õΩ ѨOѨÙ"å_»∞ Consignment = ѨOѨ|_ç# ã¨~°‰õΩ Creditor = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞ Debit = Y~°∞Û Debtor = JѨÙÊѨÙK«∞ÛH˘#fl"å_»∞ Deed = Ѩ„`«=Ú/Ѩx Earnest Money = |Ü«∞<åÃÑ·Hõ=Ú Fair = ã¨O`«/JO^OE"≥∞ÿ# Fair price = ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# ^èOE~° Hand loan = KÕ|^OE∞Å∞ Insolvent = k"åÖÏ fã≤#"å_»∞ Liabilities = DÜ«∞=Åã≤# "≥Ú`«Î=Ú Lender = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞ Merchandise = J=Ú‡@‰õΩ#fl( ã¨~°‰õΩÅ∞) Mortgager = `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ@∞ì"å_»∞ Purchaser = H˘#∞"å_»∞ Vendee = H˘#∞"å_»∞ Vendor = J=Ú‡"å_»∞ Accusation = <Õ~°=Ú "≥∂ѨÙ@, <Õ~°=Ú, xO^OE Accused = xOk`«∞_»∞, <Õ~°ã¨∞ú_»∞ Amnesty = Hõ∆q∞OK«∞@Bailiff = Jg∞<å Column = =~°∞㨠Psalm = „áê~°ú<åw`«=Ú Quern = u~°∞QÆe Rag = zOÑ≤i QÆ∞_»¤ Muse = zO`«#, ^蕺#=Ú Ruse = `«O„`«=Ú, l`«∞Î Shandy = ã¨O`« Islet = z#flnq Thermos = "Õ_çq∞ ã‘™ê Wretch = ^èÒ~åƒùQÆ∞º_»∞ Wield = x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞ Sire = `«O„_ç An Ode = XHõ Ѩ^OEº=Ú Churning staff = Hõ=fi=Ú Forge = H˘eq∞ Gouge = =OHõ~° HõuÎ(QÀ~°∞ HõuÎ) Mallet = H˘Ü«∞ºã¨∞uÎ Acridity = HÍ~°=Ú Acrimony = áÈ\Ï¡_»∞ QÆ∞}=Ú Ecstasy = ã¨O`Àëêuâ◊Ü«∞=Ú Loathing = qHÍ~° QÆ∞}=Ú Poignancy = QÍ_è»"≥∞ÿ#, ^OE∞YHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Relish = W+¨ìѨ_»∞ Rapture = P#O^OE áê~°=â◊º=Ú Surfeit = "≥Hõ¯ã¨=Ú, "≥QÆ@∞ Sultry = K≥=∞@áÈÜ«Ú Ticklishness = K«Hõ¯eyO`« Syringe = Ñ≤K«HÍi Shuttle = <å_≥ Wheststone = ™ê#~å~Ú Laughter = #=Ùfi Theft = ^˘OQÆ`«#=Ú Boyhood = ÉÏź=Ú Youth = Ü«∞ø=#O House of Senators = áêʼnõΩÅ ã¨Éèí Library = „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú Swarm of ants = p=∞ÅÉÏ~°∞ Bunch of flowers = ѨÓÅQÆ∞uÎ Abyss = JQÍ^èOE=Ú Brooke = ÃãÅÜÕ∞~°∞ Cramming = =Öˇ¡"ÕÜ«Ú@Muse = ã¨~°ã¨fiu, HÍ=º^Õ=`« Betal garden = `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ `À@Barn = QÍ^≥ Bran = `«=Ù_»∞ Carter = |O_ç"å_»∞ Chaff = á⁄@∞ì Fallow land = |O[~°∞ Éèí∂q∞ Grove = `ÀѨ٠Hedge = HõOK≥ By = „ѨHõ¯, =Å# Part -II Vocabulary210 Dame = QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ Ease = ã¨∞Y=Ú Gale = ÃÑ#∞QÍe Keen = f„=aèÖÏ+≤ Vale = Ö’Ü«∞ Wick = =uÎ Yore = ѨÓ~°fiHÍÅ=∞O^OE∞ Fir = ^Õ=^•~°∞ =$Hõ∆=Ú Vim = |Å=Ú, â◊H˜Î Vine = „^•Hõ∆Å`« Gorgon = ‰õΩ~°∂Ñ≤ Obscene = Jã¨Éèíº"≥∞ÿ# Unique = ™ê\˜ÖËx (Fox/wolf)-yelp= "≥Ú~°∞QÆ∞ Chance = Ѷ¨∞@# Chum = „áê}¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ Chaise = Ô~O_»∞ K«„Hõ=ÚÅ QÆ∞„~°Ñ¨Ù |O_ç Knit = JÅ∞¡ Jasper = ã¨∂~°ºHÍO`«=∞}˜ Jar = JѨã¨fi~°=Ú, *Ï_ç Hymn = =∞O„`« áê~î°=Ú Poultry = HÀà◊√¡ =ÔQ·~å Cattle = Ѩâ◊√=ÙÅ∞ Gentry = ÃÑ^OEÌ=∞#+¨µºÅ∞ People = [#∞Å∞ Peoples = *Ï`«∞Å∞ CommanderiinChief = ¿ã<åkèѨu Son-in-law = JÅ∞¡_»∞ Daughteriinlaw = HÀ_»Å∞ Maid Servant = ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞ Step-daughter = ã¨=u ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ Step-son = ã¨=u ‰õÄ=∂~°∞_»∞ Brother-in-law = ÉÏ= Passer by = „ѨHõ¯QÍ "≥à◊√¡"å_»∞ Looker -on = K«∂K«∞"å_»∞ Advice = ã¨ÅǨ Air = QÍe Good = ˆH∆=∞=Ú, =∞Oz`«#=Ú Respect = =∞~åº^OE Iron = W#∞=Ú Force = |Å=Ú, â◊H˜Î Kindness = ^OEÜ«∞ Kindnessess = ^OEÜ«∞QÆŠѨ#∞Å∞ Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# <å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞ Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# ã¨OÔHà◊√¡ Tins = `«QÆ~°=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# _»ÉσÅ∞ Woods = J~°}º=ÚÅ∞ Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# q„QÆǨÏ=ÚÅ∞ Airs = Hõ$„u=∞ P~åƒù@=Ú Goods = "åºáê~° =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Compasses = XHõ LѨHõ~°}=Ú Respects = Jaè#O^OE#Å∞ Physcis = Éè∫uHõ âß„ã¨Î=Ú Irons = ã¨OÔHà◊√§ Forces = ¿ã#Å∞ Gross = 12 _»[#∞¡ Hundred = #∂~°∞ Thousand = "≥~Úº Bellows = uuÎ Scissors = Hõ`≥Î~° Tongs = Ѩ@HÍ~°∞ Pincers = Ѩ@HÍ~°∞, „âß=}=Ú Spectacles = ã¨∞Ö’K«#=ÚÅ∞ Trousers = ÖÏQÆ∞ Drawers = ÖÏQÆ∞ (֒ѨŠ^èOEiOK«∞#k) Breeches = +¨~å~Ú Measles = P@Å=∞‡ Mumps = QÆ=^OEaà◊§Å∞ Billiards = P@Annals = (K«i„`«) ѨÙ@Å∞ Thanks = Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ P roceeds = „HõÜ«∞^èOE#O Tidings = "å~°ÎÅ∞ Environs = K«∞@∞ì„ѨHõ¯Å∞ Nuptials = â’Éèí#=Ú Obsequies = JO`«º„H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Assets = Pã≤Î Chattels = ã≤÷~åã≤÷ Alms = ^•#=Ú Riches = Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú Eaves = K«∂~°∞ New = "å~°Î Innings = „H˜ÔH\ò P@Ö’ XHõ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú Rector = ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ Religion = =∞`«=Ú Resurrection = ѨÙ#s˚=#=Ú Self control = P`«‡ x„QÆǨÏ=Ú211 Synod = =∞`«q+¨Ü«∞Hõ ã¨Éèí Tenet = ã≤^•úO`«=Ú Transmigration = â◊s~åO`«~° „áêÑ≤Î, ѨÙ#~°˚#‡ Trinity = „u=¸iÎ Troth = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú, qâßfiã¨=Ú Underworld = #~°Hõ=Ú Vicar = („ÔH·ã¨Î=) QÆ∞~°∞=Ù Victim = |eѨâ◊√=Ù Vision = (k=º) ^OE$+≤ª Visitation = ^≥·=Ѷ¨∞@# Votary = Láê㨉õΩ_»∞, Éèí‰õΩÎ_»∞ Vulcan = Jyfl^Õ=Ù_»∞ Sanctuary = ѨÙ}º™ê÷#=Ú, QÆ∞_çÖ’ ^≥·=Ñ‘~î°=Ú Sanctum = =¸Å =∞O@Ѩ=Ú Sanctorum = QÆ~°ƒùQÆ$ǨÏ=Ú Sect = =∞`åO`«ˆ~ƒù^OE=Ú Sermon = ^èOE~À‡Ñ¨^Õâ◊=Ú, =∞`«É’^èOE Sacrilege = ^Õ=`å ^OE∂+¨}=Ú Sacrilegist = ^≥·=„^ÀÇ≤Ï Sanctification = „áêÜ«∞tÛù`«Î=Ú Sanctity = áêѨ#`«fi`«, Ѩq„`«`« Seer = n~°…^OEi≈ Pastime = q<À^OE=ÚQÍ HÍÅ=Ú QÆ_»∞Ѩ٠P@Ball room = <å@ºâßÅ Ball room dance= <å@ºâßÅÖ’ q∞^èOE∞##$`«º=Ú Ballet dance = *Ï#Ѩ^OE #$`«º=Ú Cock fight = HÀ_çѨO^≥=Ú Marbles = QÀeHÍÜ«∞Å∞ Music party = ã¨Ow`« HõKÕÛi Puppet show = (`ÀÅ∞) ÉÁ=∞‡ÖÏ@Swing = TÜ≥∞Å, TÜ«∞Å TѨ٠Absolution = áêѨq"≥∂K«#=Ú Altar = ^≥·Ñ¨Ñ‘~î°=Ú, ѨÓ*ÏÑ‘~î°=Ú Apostle = =∞`ÀѨ^Õâ◊‰õΩ_»∞ Atonement = „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«Î=Ú Creed = =∞`«=Ú Eclat = ã¨∞Îu Ecstasy = Ѩ~°=â◊`«, Ѩ~°=∂ #O^OE=Ú Effigy = „Ѩu=∞, ÉÁ=∞‡ Eternal Bliss = âßâ◊fi`å#O^OE=Ú Eulogy = ™È΄`«=Ú Gospel = =∞`«É’^èOE Genus = *Ïu, =~°æ=Ú, QÀ„`«=Ú Heretic = J#º=∞`«=Ú"å_»∞ Homage = ѨÓ[, ¿ã= Immolation = P`«‡|e Incense = ^èOE∂Ѩ=Ú Inferno = #~°Hõ=Ú, J^èÀÅHõ=Ú Knell = QÆO@Libation = `«~°Ê}=Ú Num skull = =¸_è»∞_»∞ Omnipresent = ã¨~åfiO`«~åºq∞ Omniscient = ã¨~°fiA˝_»∞, ã¨~°fi™êH˜∆ Orison = „áê~°ú#, q#flѨ=Ú Propitiation = âßOu, „áêÜ«∞tÛù`«Î=Ú Propitious = „Ѩã¨#fl"≥∞ÿ#, Hõ$ѨQÆÅ Proteus = [Å^Õ=`«, =~°}∞_»∞ Quietness = =∞ø#=Ú Realization = `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@Avani Avittam = „âß=} ѨÓi‚=∞ Mattupongal = Hõ#∞=∞ѨO_»∞QÆ, Ѩâ◊√=ÙŠѨO_»∞QÆ Ascension day = P~ÀǨÏ} k#=Ú Ash wednesday= |∂_ç^OE |∞^èOE"å~°=Ú Advent = PQÆ=∞# k#=Ú Assumption day= `«ÅOѨ٠k#=Ú All Saints day = =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚÅ k#=Ú All Souls day = P`«‡ k#=Ú Christmas = „H˜ã¨ì=∞ã¨∞ ѨO_»∞QÆ Corpus christ = „H˜ã¨∞Î k#=Ú Wild Indigo = "≥OѨe Prickles = =ÚO_»∞¡ Aerialroots = T_»Å∞ Banian drops = =∞é˜]T_»Å∞ Budding = "≥ÚQÆæ ^˘_»∞QÆ∞ Bulbs = z#fl "≥ÚQÆæÅ∞ Collar = „=∂#∞ "≥Ú^OEÅ∞ Horticulture = L^•º#Hõ$+≤ Kernel = ^è•#ºÑ¨ÙyO[, H˘|ƒi Legume = kfi^OEà◊ c[=Ú Rootshoot = =¸ÖÏO‰õΩ~°=Ú Sapling = z#fl"≥ÚHõ¯ Shoot = Ô~=∞‡ Tillering = Ñ≤ÅHõ `˘_»∞QÆ∞@Abyss = JQÍ^èOE=Ú Billow = á⁄~°∞¡, JÅ Brink = F~°, JOK«∞ Blast = ÃÑ^OEÌQÍe Cliff = éÏuQÆ∞@ì Cliff = Ѩ~°fi`« ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=Ú Gravel = QÆ∞ÅHõ Isle = nq212 Inundation = "≥Å∞¡= Zephyr = Ñ≤Å¡QÍe Rivulet = z#fl #k Warmth = "≥K«Û^OE#=Ú Confession = <Õ~°=Ú KÕã≤#@∞¡ JOwHÍ~°=Ú Defendant = „Ѩu"åk Guillotine = <Õ~°ã¨∞÷x `«Å#~°‰õΩ QÆO„_»Q˘_»¤e Homicide = #~°Ç¨Ï`«º Judiciary = <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí ã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ# Judicature = <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí Jurist = ^èOE~°‡âß„ã¨Î ѨO_ç`«∞_»∞ Juris prudence = ^èOE~°‡âß„ã¨Î=Ú Juvenile court = ÉÏÅ<Õ~°ã¨∞÷Å qKåiOK«∞ <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éèí Parole = "åQÆÌ`«Î=Ú, Y~å~°∞ Pillory = ^OEO_»<åK«„Hõ=Ú Plaintiff = "åk Punitive = tâ◊√ã¨O|O^èOE"≥∞ÿ# Punic = qâßfiã¨Ñ¶¨∂`«∞Hõ"≥∞ÿ# Penitentiary = K≥~°™êÅ Proxy = |^OE∞Å∞, „Ѩuxkè Doe = P_»ÖË_ç, P_»∞‰õΩO^ÕÅ∞ Lit = "≥eyOK«∞ Bale = |™êÎ, =¸@Ajar = ã¨QÆ=Ú `≥~°zÜ«Ú#fl Balm = LѨâ◊=∞#HÍi Bang = H˘@∞ì, ÉÏ^OE∞ Verdict = <åºÜ«∞=Ú Bastion = HÀ@|∞~°∞A Interregnum = ~åAÖËx HÍÅ=Ú Mandate = âßã¨#=Ú Nobleman = ~å[=Oâ◊ã¨∞Î_»∞ Perjury = Jã¨`«º „Ѩ=∂}=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@Repeal = ~°^OE∞Ì Sentinel = á¶ê~å"å_»∞ Sceptre = ~å[^OEO_»=Ú Sovereign = ™ê„=∂@∞ì Sedition = ^Õâ◊„^ÀǨÏ=Ú Treason = ~å[„^ÀǨÏ=Ú Usurper = J„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ ~å[º=∞ ѨǨÏiOz#"å_»∞ 213 SYNONYMS ( Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ^•Å∞) Able = Capable, clever Accept = to take, to receive. Advise = to inform, to give an opinion. Appea = to come before,to . Attend = wait upon, accompany, Present Attack = assail, assault. Bear = carry,support, produce. Begin = commence, start. Behave = conduct, treat. Belong = Manner, Own, Possess Bless = consecrate, make happy. Calm = quiet, Silent Care = anxiety, pains, heed, charge Carry = convey, transport, capture = Chance, opportunity, risk, fortune. Chief = Head or principal person.important Clean = pure, neat, tidy Concern = interest, affair. Confer = admit,own, acknowledge Deny = reject, disown Decay = rot, decompose Defend = protect, support, help Depend. live on, rely on. Devote = set apart, worship Living = active, vigorous, livelihood. Lose = waste, forfeit. maintain = support, defend, continue. Menace = threat, danger. Misery = distress, misfortune. Naked = unclothed, bare. Novice = beginner, fresh,an inexperienced person. Obstinate = stubborn, disobedient, unyielding. Offensive = disgusting, annoying. Passage = entrance, exit, journey. Perfect = Pure, complete. Pious = religious, devout. Praise = tribute, applause, benefit. Promote = advance, raise. Quality = attribute, kind Rare = scarce, uncommon. Ruin = overthrow, downfall. Separate = divide, disconnect. Splendid = magnificent, famous, brilliant. Struggle = labour, contest. Vast = spacious, boundless space, sea. Wreck = destruction, ruins of a ship Dupe = deceive, cheat Easy = comfortable, not difficult, moderate Enough = sufficient, adequate. Effort = endeavour, attempt, struggle. End = limit, death. Engage = order, hire, attract, occupy. Excite = rouse up. stimulate. Expose = disclose, ridicule. Extent = size, reach, compass Faint = swoon, spiritless. Fair = beautiful, handsome, spotless, just.214 Fatal = destructive, ruinous, deadly. Favour = esteem, kindness, goodwill. Finish = complete, kill, polish. Fit = adapt, adjust, benefit. Forecast = predict, foresight. Fortune = chance, fate, wealth. Gain = advantage. profit. Gather = assempble. collect, pluck. Gentry = the upper class of society. Grandeur = greatness, splendour. Guilt = sin, criminality. Handsome = pleasing, graceful, ample Hatred = foshtility, contempt. Haughty = arrogant, proud. Hide = conceal. disguise, animal skin. Homage = deference, reverence. Image = statute, bust. Imagination=idea, fancy, invention. Inferior = subordinate, secondary. Justice = impartiality, judge. Knock = blow, rap, stroke. Lag = stay behind, last. ANTONYMS Ancient x Modern Arrival x Departure Allow x Disallow Audible x Inaudible Attack x Defend Bravery x Cowardice Blunt x Sharp Bright x Dull Certain x uncertain Rough x Smooth Short x Long Strange x Familiar Superior x Inferior Suspect x Trust Swallow x Vomit Sympathy x Apathy Synonym x Antonym Thick x Thin Tight x Loose Top x Bottom Ugly x Beautiful,Pleasing Wide x Narrow Wrong x Right Care x Neglect/Care less Confess x Deny Correct x Incorrect Deep x Shallow Decrease x Increase Encourage x Discourage Fresh x Stale, False x Truth, fact Full x Empty Gather x Scatter Guilty x Innocent Hope x Despair High x L ow Honest x Dishonest heaven x Hell Happiness x Misery Hate x Love Import x Export Include x Exclude Junior x Senior Just x Unjust Lose x Gain Legal x Illegal Maximum x Minimum Merit x Demerit Miser x Spendthrift Meek x Proud Natural x Artificial Perfect x Imperfect Peace x War Punish x Reward Public x Private Accept x Reject Acquit x Convict215 Affirm x Deny Agree xDiffer/disagree Ancestor x Descendant Attract x Repel Belief x Doubt Bold x Timid Carnal x Spiritual Cheap x Costly Cheerful x Gloomy Clean x Dirty Compulsory x Optional Create x Destroy Dawn x Dusk Creditor x Debtor Admire x Ridicule Defence x Offence Democracy x Autocracy Gaint x Dwarf Foreign x Native Exclude x Include Homogeneous x Heterogeneous Hurt x Heal Insert x Extract Knowledge x Ignorance Lead x Follow Major x Minor Negative x Positive Orthodo x Heterdox Praise x Detract True x False Clear x Vague Subjective x Objective Straight x Crooked Right x Wrong Gain x Loss Famous x Obscure Expand x Contract External x Internal Imaginary x Real Kind x Cruel Many x Few Natural x artificial Promote x Demote Public x Private Wise x Foolish Victory x Defeat Smile x Frown Advance x Recede SYNONYMS AND THEIR MEANINGS Acquaintance : Is from occassional intercourse. Familiarity : From persons being frequently together. Intimacy : Result of close association Anger : A feeling of keen displeasure. Indignation : Outburst of anger. Resentment : Anger roused by insult or injury. Wrath : Expression of a feeling caused by provocation. Scoff : Implies the use of insolent mockery. 1. Slow : Wider term denoting a want of rapid motion of inertness of intellect. Dilatory : Denotes a proneness to delay the performance of what we know must216 be done. Tardy : Denotes the habit of being behind hand. 2. Appear : Has a reference to a thing being presented to our view. Seem : Appear to be. 3. Trial : Testing one's powers Attempt : Always directed to some definite and specific object Endeavour : Continual attempt Effort : Straining to carry out an attempt Exertion : (Stronger word) put forth united effort Struggle : To make great efforts 4. Mistake : Taking of one thing for another. Error : Departure or deviation from what which is right or correct. Blunder : Make gross mistake. 5. Misfortune : Simply luck , Mischances of Mishaps :Misfotunes of trivial nature. Disaster : Sudden, unforessen very sorrowful event. Calamity : Caused by natural causes like fire, flood and so on. 6. Communicate : Pass on information Impart : Giving to others a part of what we had held as our own. Reveal : To make known something hidden or concealed. Unravel : Make clear ( some mystery or profound secret) 7. Think : Using or exercising the mind to form opinions Meditate : Think about the means to achieve Contemplate : When the means are at hand and the decision is really made. Cogitate : Think deeply Intend : Decision to act when an opportunity comes Reflect : Think on. Go back in thought. 8. Courage : Firmness of spirit to meet danger without fear. Bravery : Daring courage which has the reward in view217 Evident : Seen forcibly and leaves no doubt on the mind Obvious : Must be seen by everyone Manifest : Evident in a high degree 16. Memory : Denotes the power by which one produces parts of impressions. Rememberance : Exercise of the memory power. Recollection : An effort to bring back something to the memory Reminiscence : Intermediate between rememberance and recollection. 17. Dirty : Covered with dirt Nasty : Denotes disgust Filthy and foul. : Imply that a thing is filled or covered with offensive matter. 18. Labour : Strenuous exertion Toil : Severity of labour which is painful Drudgery : Mean, degrading work, to drag on 19. Silent : Has reference to the act. Taciturn : Has reference to the habit (Reserve) 20. Skill : Ability to do something well Dexterity : Refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness : Skill which implies a general felicity of movement 21. Enemity : Is open Rancour : Deep seated and malignant 22. Consider : View or contemplate with a fixed thought Ponder : Contemplate with a view to some practical result Muse : Simply think upon continuously with no definite object 23. Incongruous : When they are not suited to one another Inconsistent : When they are opposed to each other Incompatible : When they cannot co-exist. 24. Gaze : Look fixedly Gape : Look fixedly with feelings of ignorant wonder. Stare : Look with the fixedness of insolence See : Use the power of sight , look 25. Feeling : May be of the body or the mind Emotion : Of the mind218 Agitation : Disturbance may be bodily or mental 26. Confuse : Mix up in the mind. Perplexed : When feelings and judgement are confused. Puzzle : When faculties are confused. Embarrass : Denotes some bar which impedes the power of thought , speech or the mind. 27. Disposition : Governing purpose of the mind. Inclination : Bent of mind. Tendency : Strong determination or proclivity towards some particular mode of action 28. Irritate : Denotes an excitment of quick and slightly angry feeling. Provoke : Implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger. Exasperate : Denotes a provoking of anger in its unchecked exercise. 29. Jest : In order to make others laugh. Joke : to please himself. 30. Sneer : Sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly. Jeer : (Stronger word than sneer) denotes severe sarcastic reflections. Mock : Make fun of in a Contemptuous way. Foreign words ( q^Õj Ѩ^•Å∞) Ad hoc = „Ѩ`ÕºHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú H˘~°‰õΩ Ad finem = z=~°‰õΩ Ad infinitum = J#O`«`«fi=Ú‰õΩ Ad interim = D =∞^èOEº=~°‰õΩ Ad libitum = hW+¨ì=Ú =zÛ#@∞¡ Ad rem = „ѨÜ≥∂[#=Ú#‰õΩ Ad valorem = qÅ∞=#∞ |\˜ì A fortior Agent= QÆ\˜ì HÍ~°}O`À Provocateur = `«Ñ¨ÙÊ^•i Ѩ\˜ìOK«_®xH˜ xÜ≥∂yOѨ|_ç#"å_»∞ Anno christi = „H©ã¨∞Î ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÖ’219 Anno domini = =∂ „ѨÉèí∞=Ù ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÖ’ Annus mirabilis= qO`«Å ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú Tete-a-tete = =ÚMÏ=Úd ( Z^OE∞~°QÍ) Au revoir = ÃãÅ=Ù fã¨∞H˘O\Ï#∞ Bonafides = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Bona fide = =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú`À Bon voyage = ã¨∞Y=∞QÆ∞ „Ѩܫ∂}=Ú#‰õΩ De jure = ǨωõΩ¯ QÆÅ Divide et impera = q_»nã≤ ѨiáêeOK«∞ De facto = x[=ÚQÆ En route = =∞^èOEº=∂~°æ=Ú# Humanum = `«Ñ¨ÙÊKÕÜ«Ú@=∂#= ÅHõ∆}O In re = P q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ Inter alia = q∞ye# q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ Ipso facto = JO^OE∞=Å# Mala fide = "≥∂ã¨=Ú`À Modus operandi= KÕ¿ã ÖËHõ x_ç¿Ñ q^è•#O Modus vivendi = x=ã≤OKÕ q^è•#O Prima facie = K«∂_»QÍ<Õ Pre re nata = J`«º=ã¨~° Ѩiã≤÷u H˘~°‰õΩ Pro tempore = „Ѩã¨∞Î`«=Ú#‰õΩ Aide = Helper Alias = Variation in name Alma Mater = Gracious mother Ante Meridium = Before Mid Day Detenu = Prisoner En masse = In a body Etcetera = And the rest Entourage = Retinue Errata = Errors Exit = The way to go out Ex-officio = By virtue of one's office Ex-parte = One sided Extempore = Without previous preparation Impasse = Dead lock In camera = In secret Incognito = In disguise In toto = Entirely Lingua franca = A common language Locus standi = A place for standing Post mortem = Medical examination after death Par excellence= By way of special220 ENGLISH PREFIXES (Prefixes & Suffixes =ÚO^OE∞, `«~°∞"å~Ú KÕ~°∞ÊÅ∞) A. (Without) abroad, ashore, asleep, a moral (no morals) A. ( out, from) arise, alight. Be. ( by) beside. For. forbear, forgive. Fore ( before) foretell, forego. In(in) income, inland, inside. Mis(wrong) mislead, mistake, misdeed. Over ( above , beyond) overthrow, overdo, overtake. To(this) today, tonight, tomorrow. Un(not)unkind, unlike, untrue, untie, undo. Under (below) undergo, underground, understand. With(against, back) withdraw, withhold, withstand. LATIN PREFIXES Ab. Abuse, abstract. Ad. ( to) adjoin, announce, appoint. Bene ( well) benefit Bis ( twice) bisect. Co ( with) co-operative, Co-ordinate, Co-existence De ( down) descent, dethrone. Dis ( apart) disjoin, discontinue. In ( in, into, not) invade, illegal. Non ( not) nonsense. Post ( after) Postscript, Postpone. Pre (before ) Prefix, prevent, predict. Pro (for) pronounce, Promotion. Re ( back, again) refund , review, reopen, return. Sub ( under ) Subordinate, subversion, Trans ( across) transmit, tresspass. Vice ( in the place of ) vice president. ENGLISH SUFFIXES I. Of Nouns -er; -or, -yer, painter, baker, sailor -ter; -daughter, -dom; freedom, kingdom, wisdom, -hood; boyhood, childhood, manhood. -ness; goodness, kindness, darkness -red; hatred.221 -ship; hardship, friendship -th; growth, health, wealth II. Forming Diminutives -el; le, satchel -en; kitten, kitchen, -ling; darling -ock; bullock. III. Of Adjectives -ed; gifted, learned -en; golden, wooden -ful; helpful, fruitful -less; (without) fearless, hopeless -ly (like); manly, bravely -some; quarrrelsome. -y; healthy; needy, dirty IV. Of Verbs -en; weaken, strengthen -er; chatter, flutter V. Of Adverbs -ly( like); boldly, widely -long; headlong -ward; upward, backward, -way (s); anyway, always -wise; likewise, otherwise LATIN SUFFIXES -ain, an, on; chieftain. -ar, er; scholar, engineer -ate, ee, y; advocate, -age, marriage, leakage. -ion; union, opinion. -ment; judgement, improvement. -ty; cruelty, civility. -y; misery, victory -ary, ry; library, treasury. -al; legal, fatal. -ary; contrary, ordinary. -fy; purify, simplify, certify. -ish; publish, punish.222 SIMILAR WORDS DISTINGUISHED ( ™ê~°∂Ѩº Ѩ^OE=ÚÅ q=~°}) Advice. ( Noun) He gave me good advice. Advise ( verb) I advised him to work hard. Altar. Place flowers on the altar. Alter. This scheme can't be altered. Bales How many bales of cotton do you need? Bail. He was released on bail. Berth. He got his berth reserved. Birth. What is your date of birth? Bear. I saw a white bear in the Zoo. Bare Don't walk bare-footed. Break. Who broke this slate? Brake The brakes of my bicycle are loose. Canvas. Have canvas shoes for exercise. Convass. He convasses for votes. Check He checked the account. Cheque. Issue me a cheque book. Canon. Follow the canon of church. Cannon. Our army silenced their cannons. Cast Cast these old ideas away. Caste. He belongs to an upper/forward caste. Cost. This book cost me fifty rupees. Dear. Bittu is my dear friend. Deer. Deer roam about freely in the Zoo. Disease. He suffers from a dangerous disease. Decease. His deceased father left no property. Desert. Don't desert him in difficulty. We enjoyed dissert after dinner. Diary. Note down these points in your diary. Dairy. we get milk from a dairy. Fair. There is no fair price shop here. Fare. There is no rise in the bus fare Farmer. The farmers till the land. Former Suman and mOhan are two brothers. The223 former is very gentle but the latter is a loafer Foul we can't stand this foul smell. Fowl. Fowls can be seen in the forest. Gate We received Martin at the gate. Gait. Anjali's gait is graceful. Hail. It hailed after rain. hale. You look hale and hearty. Heel. The thief took to his heels. Heal. His wounds were healed. Industrious. My friend is very industrious. Industrial Ghaziabad is an industrial city. Knotty. It is a knotty problem. Naughty. Avinash is very naughty boy. Lesson. Learn a lesson from your past mistakes. Lessen. This medicine will lessen your pain. Lose. He lost his purse. Loose Try to buy a loose shirt. Mail. Send this letter by mail. Male. No male member is allowed here. Popular Pt. Nehru was popular with the people. Populous. Bombay is a populous city. Principal. My friend Sh. V.S. Sharma is an efficient Vice Principal. Principle. Follow some principles in life. Pray Pray to God daily. Prey. Lion is a beast of prey. Peace. Manali is a very peaceful place. Piece. Have a piece of cake. Quite. You are in time. Quiet. Sit quiet in the class. Rein Hold the reins tightly. Reign. He did a great service during his reign. Rain. It rained heavily last night. Stationery There is no stationery shop here. Stationary. The sun is stationary. Sole. He is the sole male member in his family. Soul. Dayananda was a great soul. Story. They write story books Storey Our building has three storeys. Throne. When did Ranjit Singh sit on the throne? Thrown. He was thrown out of the room. Team. Our team won the match. Teem. This pond teems with fish. Waste. If you waste your time, you will repent.224 Waist. He wears a belt round his waist. Week. She is leaving next week. Weak. A thin person is not always weak. Weather. What a pleasant weather! Whether. Tell me whether you are coming tomorrow. Affect Having an influence or effect on Effect Childish. Immature. Childlike Innocent. Adopt To take into one's family as a relation. Adapt Make (set) suitable for new need, etc. Adept Skillful. He is adept in painting. Counsel Advice Council Assembly Opposite Contrary Apposite Suitable Beside By the side of Besides Moreover /in addition to Artificial Not natural Artful Cunning Beneficial Kind Beneficial Useful Cannon Principle Continuous Unceasing Continual Frequent Forego Go before Forgo Do without Lay Transitive lay, laid. Lie [Intransitive lie, lay, lain] [Be at rest] Conform Comply with Confirm Agree definitely to Luxuriant Growing abundantly Luxurious Supplied with luxuries Contagious Spreading by touch Infectious Spreading by bacteria Ingenious Clever Ingenuous Frank Judicious Prudent Judicial Legal Officious Too eager to use authority etc. Official Of authority Populous Thickly populated Popular Liked by the people generally Verbal Relating to words Verbose Wordy225 Momentary Lasting for a moment. Momentous Very important Felicitate Congratulate Facilitate Make easy Imminent Likely to come or happen soon Immanent Inherent, Present Antics Queer or peculiar behaviour Antiques Relice Allude Refer to Elude Avoid Bail The security given for the release Bale Packed bundle of goods for transport Censor Examine and cut out Censure Criticise unfavourably Complacent Self-satisfied. Complaisant Obliging Compliment Expression of admiration Complement That which makes something complete. Diseased Suffering from a disease Deceased Recently dead Difference The state of being unlike Deference Respect Discard Throw out Discord Disagreement Discrete Individually distinct Discreet Careful Lean Having less than the usual proportion of fat Lien Legal claim till the owner has repaid a loan or debt Immigrate Come as a settler into another country Emigrate Go away from one's own country to another to settle there Extant Still in existence Extent Area.226 NEWS PAPER HEADLINES ("å~åÎѨ„uHõÖ’¡x =ÚYºji¬HõÅ∞) (North East West South Past And Present Events Blast explosion ; criticise violenty BLAST AT PALACE PM BLASTS EC Blaze fire SIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE Block stop, delay TORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' PAY DEAL Blow bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happening SMITH ILL : BLOW TO WORLD CUP HOPES Bolster give support/encouragement to EXPORT FIGURES BOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE Bond political/business association INDIA CUTS TRADE BONDS WITH PAKISTAN Boom big increase; prosperous period SPENDING BOOM OVER, SAYS MINISTER Boost Encourage(ment); to increase; an increase GOVERNMENT PLAN TO BOOST EXPORTS BR British Rail BR CLAIMS 50% OF TRAINS ON TIME Brink edge (of disaster) WORLD ON BRINK OF WAR Call (for) demand/appeal (for) CALL FOR STRIKE TALKS Campaign Organised effort to achieve social or political result MP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFORM Cash money MORE CASH NEEDED FOR SCHOOLS Charge accusation ( by police) THREE MEN HELD ON BOMB CHARGE (blast) Chop abolition, closure 300 BANK BRANCHES FACE CHOP City London's financial institutions NEW TRADE FIGURES PLEASE CITY Claim (make) a statement that something is true ( especially when there may be disagreement); pay claim demand for higher wages. SCIENTIST CLAIMS CANCER BREAK THROUGH report)227 RACISM CLAIM IN NAVY TEACHERS' PAY CLAIM REJECTED Clamp-down on deal firmly with (usually something illegal) POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING Clash=quarrel. fight (noun or verb) STUDENTS CLASH WITH POLICE Clear find innocent DOCTOR CLEARED OF DRUGS CHARGE Commons the House of Commons ( in Parliament) MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER HOUSING Con swindleTEENAGERS CON WIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAVINGS Crackdown firm application of the law GOVERNMENT PROMISES CRACKDOWN ON DRUGS DEALERS Crash financial failure BANK CRASH THREATENS TO BRING DOWN GOVERNMENT Curb restrict; restriction NEW PRICE CURBS Cut reduce; reduction BRITAIN CUTS OVERSEAS AID NEW HEALTH SERVICE CUTS Cutback reduction (usually financial) TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS Dash (make) quick journey) PM IN DASH TO BLAST HOSPITAL Deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved DEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS Deal agreement, bargain TEACHERS REJECT NEW PAY DEAL Demo demonstration 30 ARRESTED IN ANTI-TAX DEMO Dole unemployment pay DOLE QUEUES LENGTHEN Drama dramatic event; tense situation PRINCE IN AIRPORT DRAMA Drive united effort DRIVE TO SAVE WATER Drop give up, get rid of; fall (noun) GOVERNMENT TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLAN BIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT Due expected to arrive QUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY EC The European Community228 EC TRADE MINISTERS TO MEET Edge move gradually WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAR Envoy ambassador FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARS Face be threatened by HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTS STRIKERS FACE SACK Feud long-lasting quarrel or dispute FAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD Find something that is found BEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWN DINOSAURS Firm determined not to change PM FIRM ON TAX LEVELS Flak heavy criticism GOVERNMENT FACES FLAK OVER VAT Flare begin violently RIOTS FLARE IN UDSTER Foil prevent somebody from succeeding TWELVE-YEAR-OLD FOILS BANK RAIDERS Fraud swindle, deceit JAIL FOR TICKET FRAUD MEN Freeze keep (ing) prices etc at their present level; block (ing) a bank account MINISTER WANTS TWO-YEAR PAY FREEZE DRUG PROFITS FROZEN Gag censor(ship), prevent (ion) from speaking AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS Gaol older British spelling for jail Gems jewels L 2M GEMS STOLEN Go resign; be lost, disappear PM TO GO? 4,000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH Go for be sold for PICASSO DRAWING GOES FOR £5M Go-ahead : approval SCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD Grab -take violently GERMANS GRAB SHARES IN BRITISH COMPANIES Grip -control; hold tightly REBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON SOUTH COLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY229 Gun down shoot TERRORISTS GUN DOWN PRIEST Hail welcome, praise PM HAILS PEACE PLAN Halt -stop CAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION Haul -amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customs TRAIN ROBBERY : BIG GOLD HAUL RECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT Head lead -leader PM TO HEAD TRADE MISSION COMMONWEALTH HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA Head -for move towards ECONOMY HEADING FOR DISASTER, EXPERTS WARN Hike -(US) rise in costs, prices etc. INTEREST HIKE WILL HIT BUSINESS Hit affect badly Snow storms hit Transport Hit out at attack (with words) PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS Hitch -problem that causes delay LAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH Hold -arrest; keep under arrest POLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECT MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST in(the)red -in debt; making a financial loss BRITISH STEEL IN RED IRA Irish Republican Army IRA LEADER MAKES STATEMENT Jail prison JAIL FOR PEACE MARCHERS Jobless -unemployed (people) THREE MILLION JOBLESS BY APRIL? Key -important, vital KEY WITNESS VANISHES. Lash -criticise violently BISHOP LASHES TV SEX AND VIOLENCE Launch -send (satellite etc) into space; begin (campaign etc)l put (new product ) on market SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYED ENVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR CLEANER BEACHES BRITISH FIRM LAUNCHES THROW-AWAY CHAIRS. Lead -clue (in police enquiry)230 NEW LEAD IN PHONE BOX MURDER CASE Leak -unofficial publication of secret informaion PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKS Leap -Jump /Increase LEAP IN IMPORTS Life -imprisonment 'for life' LIFE FOR AXE MURDERER Link -connection, contact NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERU Loom -threaten to happen VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMS Lords the house of Lords (in Parliament) LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATION Mar -spoil CROWD VIOLENCE MARS CUP FINAL Mercy -intended to save lives DOCTOR IN MERCY DASH TO EVEREST Mission -delegatiion ( official group sent to conference etc) SHOTS FIRED AT UN MISSION Mob -angry crowd; organised crime/Mafia (US) MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETS MOB LEADERS HELD Move -step towards a particular result (often political) MOVE TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAN MP -Member of Parliament MP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE Nail -force somebody to admit the truth MP NAILS MINISTER ON PIT CLOSURE PLANS Net -win, caputure TWO SISTERS NET £3M IN POOLS WIN Odds -chances, probability JONES RE-ELECTED AGAINST THE ODDS On -about, on the subject of, concerning NEW MOVE ON PENSIONS Opt -(for) choose WALES OPTS FOR INDEPENDENCE Oust -drive out, replace MODERATES OUSTED IN UNION ELECTIONS Out -to intending to SCOTS NATONALISTS OUT TO CAPTURE MASS VOTE Over -about, on the subject of , because of ROW OVER AID CUTS Pact -agreement DEFENCE PACT RUNS INTO TROUBLE231 Pay -wages TRANSPORT PAY TALKS BREAK DOWN PC -police constable PC SHOT IN BANK RAID Peak -high point BANK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK Peer -lord; Member of the House of Lords PEERS REJECT GOVERNMENT WAGE-FREEZE PLAN Peg -hold (prices etc) at present level BANKS PEG INTEREST RATES Peril -danger FLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY Pit -coal mine THREAT OF MORE PIT CLOSURES Plant -factory STEEL PLANT BLAZE Plea -call for help BIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID Pledge -promise GOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGE ON JOBLESS PM -Prime Minister EGG THROWN AT PM Poll -election; public opinion survey TORIES AHEAD IN POLLS Pools -football pools; a form of gambling in which people guess the results of football matches SISTERS SHARE BIG POOLS WIN Premier shortend form of Prime Minister GREEK PREMIER TO VISIT UK Press -the newspapers BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFENCE SPENDING Press -(for) urge, encourage, ask for urgently MINISTER PRESSED TO ACT ON HOUSING OPPOSITION PRESS FOR ENQUIRY ON AIR CRASHES Probe -investigation; investigate CALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBE POLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL Pull out -withdraw; pull-out withdrawal US PULLS OUT OF ARMS TALKS CHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISH PULL-OUT FROM ULSTER Push -(for) ask for, encourage SCHOOLS PUSH FOR MORE CASH Quake -earthquake HOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE232 Quit -resign, leave CHURCH LEADER QUITS MINISTER TO QUIT GOVERNMENT Quiz -question (verb) POLICE QUIZ MILLIONAIRE SUPERMARKET BOSS Raid -enter and search; attack (noun and verb), rob, robbery POLICE RAID DUCHESS'S FLAT BIG GEMS RAID Rampage -riotFOOTBALL FANS RAMPAGE THROUGH SEASIDE TOWNS Rap -criticise DOCTORS RAP NEW MINISTRY PLANS Record -bigger than ever before RECORD LOSS BY INSURANCE FIRM Riddle -mysteryMISSING ENVOY RIDDLE : WOMAN HELD Rift -division, disagreement LABOUR RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY Rock -shock, shake BANK SEX SCANDAL ROCKS CITY IRELAND ROCKED BY QUAKE Row -noisy disagreement, quarrel NEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS Rule out -reject the possibility of PM RULES OUT AUTUMN ELECTION Sack -dismiss(al) from job STRIKING POSTMEN FACE SACK Saga long -running news story NEW REVELATIONS IN BANK SEX SAGA Scare -public alarm, alarming rumour TYPHOID SCARE IN SOUTHWEST Scrap -throw out (as useless) GOVERNMENT SCRAPS NEW ROAD PLANS Seek -look for POLICE SEEK WITNESS TO KILLING Top -(adj) senior, most important TOP BANKER KIDNAPPED Top -(Verb) exceed IMPORTS TOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES Tory -Conservative VICTORY FOR TORY MODERATES Trio -three people JAILBREAK TRIO RECAPTURED Troops -soldiers MORE TROOPS FOR BORDER AREA233 UK -The United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) EC CRITICISES UK JAIL CONDITIONS Ulster -Northern Ireland PM IN SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER UN -The United Nations UN IN RED: CANNOT BALANCE BUDGET Urge -encourage GOVERNMENT URGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION US -The United States of America US URGED TO PULL OUT OF ARMS DEAL VAT -Value added tax NEXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD? Vow -promise EXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN Walk out -leave in protest CAR WORKERS WALK OUT OVER WAGE FREEZE Wed -marry BISHOP TO WED ACTRESS. WORD -SUBSTITUTION ( UHõѨ^OE~°∂Ѩ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞) Word Substitution : 'One Word for Many' One who does not believe in the existence of God ... atheist One who rules with absolute power ... autocrat. One who is out to destroy all government ... anarchist. One who eats only vegetable food ... vegetarian. One who feeds on human flesh ... cannibal. One who works with another in the same office etc. ... colleague. One who believes that all things are fixed by fate ... fatalist. One learned in many languages ... polyglot. One new to any kind of business ... novice. One who loves and serves mankind ... philanthropist.234 One who is always doubting ... sceptic. One who sneers at or shows contempt for human nature ... cynic. One who looks at the bright side of things ... optimist. One who looks at the dark side of things ... pessimist. One who totally abstains from intoxicating drinks ... teetotaller. Being all of one mind ... unanimous Persons living in the same period ... contemporaries. Compulsory military service ... conscription. Medicine to counteract the effects of a poison ... antidote. A person unable to pay his debts . .. insolvent. A citizen of the world ... cosmopolitan. A speech made without previous preparation .... extempore. One's first speech in public ... maiden speech. A person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen`.... alien (emigrant) A paper written by hand ... manuscript A remedy for all diseases ... panacea (Seea) Talking to oneself ... soliloquy. A temporary cessation of war ... truce. A period of ten years ... decade. An office without any work but with high pay ... sinecure. A language which is no longer spoken ... dead language. The life story of a person written by himself ... autobiography. The giving of office to one's relations ... nepotism. Words inscribed on a tomb ... epitaph. That which does not apply to the matter in hand ... irrelevant. That which will last for a long time ... durable. That which cannot be repaired ... irrepairable. That which cannot be overcome ... insurmountable. That which cannot be conquered ... invincible. That which cannot be wounded ... invulnerable. That which cannot be solved or dissolved ... insoluble. That which cannot be described. ... indescribable. That which cannot be managed ... unwieldy. That which cannot be avoide ... unavoidable. That which cannot be revoked ... irrevocable. That which is not likely to happen ... improbable. That which cannot be explained ... inexplicable. That which cannot be seen ... invisible. That which cannot be heard ... inaudible. That which cannot be corrected ... incorrigible. That which is easily broken ... brittle. That which easily catches fire ... inflammable, ... combustible. That which can be seen through ... transparent. That which cannot be seen through ... opaque.235 Of unknown name or authority ... anonymous Expression having more than one ... ambiguous possible meaning Fit to be eaten ... edible. Too ready to believe anything ... credulous. Given to finding fault ... consorious. Fit to be chosen ... eligible. Belonging to the Middle Ages ... medieval. No longer in use ... obsolete. Working merely for money ... mercenary. Happening at one and the same time ... simultaneous. Done of one's own free will ... voluntary One filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm ... fanatic One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain ... stoic. Government by a royal ruler or king ... monarchy. Government by a single person exercising absolute and even irresponsible power ... dictatorship Government by a small exclusive class ... oligarchy. Government by the nobles ... aristocracy. Government by officials ... bureaucracy. Government by the wealthy ... plutocracy. Government by the people ... democracy. The science of plants or vegetable life ... botany The science of life ... biology. The science of structure of the body ... anatomy The science of the human soul or mind ... psychology. The science of reasoning ... logic THe science of animal ... zoology The study of the in fluence of the heavenly bodies on human ... astrology Marriage of one wife or husband only ... monogamy. The act of having two wives or husbands at the same time ... bigamy. The custom of having more than one wife or husband at a time ... polygamy. The custom by which one woman has more than one husband at a time ... polyandry. The killing or murder of oneself ... suicide. The killing or murder of a human being ... homicide. The killing or murder of an infant ... infanticide. The killing or murder of a king ... regicide. A disease which prevails among a great number of people at the same time ... an epidemic A disease peculiar to a district or country ... an endemic. A place where bees are kept ... an apiary A place where birds are kept ... an aviary236 A store-house for grain .. granary. A place where fish are kept ... aquarium A place to which choronically sick goes in order to get back their health ... sanatorium. A place where the dead are buried ... cemetery. A place where the dead are burnt ... crematorium A place where a number of wild animals is kept in cases for show ... managerie. A ground laid out for the landing and departure of aircraft ... aerodrome. A house of residence for students ... hostel. An animal having two legs ... biped An animal having four legs ... quadruped. Animals which cannot be tamed ... wild. Animals living in water. ... aquatic. Animals which live partly on land and partly in water. ... amphibian. An animal that chews the cud .. ruminant/to think An animal that gnaws (e.g.a rat) ... rodent. That which cannot be believed. ... incredible. That which cannot be read ... illegible That which cannot be put into practice. ... impracticable. That whcih cannot be imitated. ... inimitable. He is a person engages in sport purely for pleasure. ... amature. He is a person who sees little or no good in anything ... cynic He is one who hates women. ... misogynist. He is a person who wilfully destroys works of art, spoilsm the beauty of nature, etc. ... Vandal He is a person who collects postage-stamps ... Philatelist. He has many interesting occupations for his free time. ... Hobbies. This is a statement which seems to say something opposite to the truth. ... Paradox. This is a statement which is obviously true. ... Platitude. He is a doctor who treats mental illness. ... Psychiatrist. He is a person who dishonestly claims to have knowledge and skill ... Quack He is a person who is between 90 and 100 years old. ... Nonagenerian : between 80-89).......... Octogenarian She is suffering from mental disorder marketed by fixed delusions ... Paranoia This painting is the only one of its sort or kind. ... Unique Yesterday she gave birth to five children ... Quintuplets. It is the 25th anniversary of the university. ... Silver-Jubilee No person can claim that he is completely237 free from the possibility of being in error. ... Infallible The wars and lost when there is gradual and unnoticed occupation of land by small groups ... Infiltration. He is a frivolous person too fond of gossip. ... Flibeergibbet. They are trying to ease tension between nations ... detente. This boy is head over years. ... Precocious He is a partner in crime ... accomplice This ancient monument is something attributed to a wrong period of time. ... achronism Indulge in a round-about way of expression. ... Circumlocution. He is well-versed in any art. ... Connoisseur. There is agreement of opinion among different groups on the conduct of election. ... Consensus. There is a situation which brings action to a standstill on the bonus issue ... Deadlock He is a person who champions the claims of women for equal rights ... Feminist. He is a person who lives for pleasure. ... Hedonest. He suffers from seeing things which are not actually present ... Hallucination He is a person who believes in the complete abolition of war and who refuses to fight. ... Pacifist. He is a person who suffers from nervous disorder. ... Neurotic Setting fire to public property. ... arson. Schedule of travel. ... Itineray. Not easy to control ... Intractable. Present everywhere ... Ubiquitous. -THE END