DR. K REVIEWS . . . : DR. K REVIEWS . . . PRESENTATION 1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY jammasterk.com
BIOLOGY : BIOLOGY BIOS = Life
LOGOS = Knowledge
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD : THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD PROCESS OF STUDYING THE NATURAL WORLD
BEGINS WITH OBSERVATION
OBSERVATIONS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS LEADS TO A GENERALIZATION
INDUCTIVE LOGIC = SPECIFICS LEAD TO A GENERALIZATION
HYPOTHESIS = A PREDICTIVE STATEMENT ABOUT NATURE
HYPOTHESIS : HYPOTHESIS A PREDICTIVE STATEMENT ABOUT NATURE
IF / THEN FORMAT
IF = STATES THE CONDITIONS OF NATURE
THEN = MAKES A PREDICTION
A HYPOTHESIS IS TESTABLE
VERIFIED = HYPOTHESIS IS A VALID PREDICTIVE STATEMENT ABOUT NATURE
NOT VERIFIED = HYPOTHESIS IS NOT A VALID PREDICTIVE STATEMENT ABOUT NATURE
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS : TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS SCIENTIST GENERATES SPECIFIC TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESIS TO DETERMINE ITS VALIDITY
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC = BEGINS WITH A GENERALIZATION AND LEADS TO SPECIFICS
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC LEADS TO . . .
OBSERVATIONS = UNCONTROLLED TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENTS = CONTROLLED TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESIS
CONCLUSIONS ARE THE RESULTS OF TESTING
IF THE HYPOTHESIS IS VALIDATED… : IF THE HYPOTHESIS IS VALIDATED… IT CAN BE RESTATED AS A THEORY
THEORY = A CONCLUSIVE RESTATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS
A THEORY CONTAINS THE SAME BASIC INFORMATION AS THE ORIGINAL HYPOTHESIS
A THEORY IS ONLY AS GOOD AS ITS TESTING
A THEORY IS NOT ABSOLUTE TRUTH
A THEORY IS RELATIVE FACT
A THEORY THAT HAS BEEN EXHAUSTIVELY VALIDATED IS CALLED A LAW
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION : BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION LIFE IS ORGANIZED
THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IS HIERARCHAL
MULTIPLE SCALES OF ORGANIZATION
SMALL TO LARGE
FOUR LEVELS OF SCALE
CHEMICAL SCALE
CELLULAR SCALE
ORGANISMAL SCALE
ECOLOGICAL SCALE
CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:INTRODUCTION : CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:INTRODUCTION CONCERNS STRUCTURE OF MATTER
MATTER = PHYSICAL STUFF
MATTER GOVERNED BY THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
MATTER IS COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ATOMS /ELEMENTS : CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ATOMS /ELEMENTS MATTER IS COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS
ELEMENT = SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
BASIC UNIT OF AN ELEMENT IS AN ATOM
SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT
RETAINS THE ELEMENT’S PROPERTIES
ELEMENTS ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:MOLECULES/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : CHEMICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:MOLECULES/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL COMPOUND: SUBSTANCE THAT CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES (ELEMENTS)
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS COMPOSED OF ATOMS
ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER
MAY BE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS (H20)
MAY BE THE SAME TYPE OF ATOM (O2)
CHEMICAL COMPOUND HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE PROPERTIES
CELLULAR SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANELLES : CELLULAR SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANELLES MOLECULES ARE THE COMPONENT PARTS OF ORGANELLES
ORGANELLE =
INTRACELLULAR STRUCTURE
MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
THE COLLECTED ORGANELLES CONTRIBUTE TO THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE CELL = LIFE
CELLULAR SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:THE CELL : CELLULAR SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:THE CELL THE CELL IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
COMPOSITION
CELL WALL *
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES
TYPES
PROKARYOTIC = NO NUCLEI, NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
EUKARYOTIC = NUCLEI, MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:TISSUES : ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:TISSUES CELLS ARE COMPONENTS OF TISSUES
TISSUES ARE A FEATURE OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
TISSUE =
GROUP OF CELLS
SIMILAR APPEARANCE
SIMILAR FUNCTION
INTERDEPENDENCY
ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANS : ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANS TISSUES ARE COMPONENTS OF ORGANS
ORGANS
DISCRETE STRUCTURES
COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE TISSUES
WITH ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONS
ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGAN SYSTEMS : ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS ARE COMPONENTS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEM =
A GROUP OF ORGANS THAT ARE FUNCTIONALLY LINKED
MAY OR MAY NOT BE PHYSICALLY LINKED
ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANISM : ORGANISMAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ORGANISM ORGANISM = INDIVIDUAL
ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:POPULATION : ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:POPULATION A GROUP OF ORGANISMS
SAME SPECIES
LIVING IN THE SAME PLACE
LIVING AT THE SAME TIME
ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:COMMUNITY : ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:COMMUNITY A GROUP OF POPULATIONS
DIFFERENT SPECIES
LIVING IN THE SAME PLACE
LIVING AT THE SAME TIME
ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ECOSYSTEM : ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM
A COMMUNITY (= BIOTIC)
ITS ENVIRONMENT (=ABIOTIC)
ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:BIOSPHERE : ECOLOGICAL SCALE OF ORGANIZATION:BIOSPHERE BIOSPHERE = THAT PORTION OF THE EARTH THAT IS OCCUPIED BY LIVING THINGS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:1. CELLS : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:1. CELLS ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL THEORY
SCHLEIDEN AND SCHWANN, 1838
THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:2. METABOLISM : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:2. METABOLISM ALL LIVING THINGS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY AND MATTER
EXAMPLES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (THE MAKING OF C6H12O6 FROM CO2, H2O, & SUNLIGHT).
CELLULAR RESPIRATION (THE BREAK DOWN OF C6H12O6 TO YIELD CO2, H2O, & ENERGY)
ORGANISM ROLES
PRODUCERS
CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:3. REPRODUCTION : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:3. REPRODUCTION ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE
REPRODUCTION CAN MEAN…
REPRODUCING YOURSELF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCING YOUR CELLS
BINARY FISSION (BACTERIA)
MITOSIS (EUKARYOTES)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:4. RESPONSE : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:4. RESPONSE ALL LIVING THINGS RESPOND
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
HOMEOSTASIS.
MAINTAINING CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
REGULATING AND ADJUSTING INTERNAL CONDITIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:5. DNA : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:5. DNA ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE DNA.
ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE GENES.
DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
ENCODES INFORMATION = SEQUENCES
GENE
SEQUENCE OF DNA.
THAT CODES FOR A PROTEIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:6. EVOLUTION : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:6. EVOLUTION ALL LIFE EVOLVES.
EVOLUTION IS DEFINED AS DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
MODIFICATION = ADAPTATION =ANY FEATURE OF AN ORGANISM THAT IMPROVES ITS FIT TO ITS ENVIRONMENT
ABILITY TO SURVIVE
ABILITY TO REPRODUCE
MECHANISM = NATURAL SELECTION
MICROEVOLUTION/MACROEVOLUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:7. DIVERSITY : CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS:7. DIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY = BIODIVERSITY.
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES =.
COMMON MORPHOLOGY.
COMMON GENETIC COMPOSITION (GENOME).
ABILITY TO INTERBREED
GENETIC DIVERSITY
HABITAT DIVERSITY