International Conferenceon Malayalam and Globalization25-27th Feb. 2008, Thiruvananthapuram. : International Conferenceon Malayalam and Globalization25-27th Feb. 2008, Thiruvananthapuram. CULTURE,LANGUAGE
AND
GLOBALIZATION SEYED HOSSEIN FAZELI
Department of Linguistics, University of Mysore, Mysore.
Email:fazeli78@yahoo.com
Outline : Outline Introduction
1. The history of vocabulary “Culture”
2. Nature and reality of “culture”
3. The categories of definitions of “culture”
4. Language, thought and culture
5. Language, Culture and Society
6. Language learning
7. Culture, learning and communication
8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning
9.Globalization
10. Results
English in Globalization
References
Introduction : Introduction Importance of relationship of language and culture
Culture and language are two unseperatable sides of human communication system
A language of one society reflects the culture of that society
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in various ways
Language is human society’s most precious possession not only because of its communicative values, but also because language is the vehicle of culture
Culture is the embodiment of all that a society believes produces
Language becomes an integral part of culture
Language and culture go hand in hand interacting with and shaping together CONTINUE …
Slide 4 : The acquisition of one language is done through or with culture
Society and culture are more than background and even more than context
Language and society are so inter-linked and so much apart each other that are cannot be thought of except in relation to the other
Language for the individual is his tool for interaction with community as well as the community’s tool for interaction with the individual
Language acquiring is just one aspect of acculturation
The two languages are not translation of each others
Globalization in a literal sense is international integration
Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into single society
The effects of globalization which work to linguistic homogenization and cultural homogenization is done through modernization, translation, standardization and the others.
1. The history of word “Culture” : 1. The history of word “Culture” Origin of concept “culture”
It is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical Latin (Cultura)
In 1750, it was used to describe the human society for the first time in Germany language
In 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definition
In 1926, ”Culture” was added to Webster dictionary (for the same meaning)
2. Nature and reality of “culture” : 2. Nature and reality of “culture” It refers to some “property” of community
culture is something that everybody has
Material culture and Non-material culture
Culture is knowledge includes “know-how “and “how-that” (1957, Goodenough)
Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-shared non-cultural knowledge in one society
Culture
is general; however, it is particular.
is dynamic, however, it is static.
is accepted through force, however, it is free will
Problems of the study of culture
3.The categories of definitions of “culture” : 3.The categories of definitions of “culture” The Descriptive type- The factorial elements of culture -Tylor 1871
The Traditional type- The social heritage or tradition -Sapir 1921
The Normative type-
The rule or way -Young 1934
The values and ideas -Sorokin 1947
The Psychological type -
Culture as adjustment -Small 1905
The learning -Opler 1947
The habits -Murdock 1941
The structural type- The model, pattern or organization of culture
-Willey 1926
The Genetical type-
Culture is as a production - Falsom 1928
The ideas in culture - Ward 1903
The symbols of culture - Whyite 1943
4.Language, though and culture : 4.Language, though and culture In language acquisition, cognitive development and linguistic development, go hand in hand, each interacting with and shaping the other
Verbal labels can shape the way we store events for later recall
culture as “socially acquired knowledge”
culture is one part of memory
Culture is really an integral part of the interaction between language and thought
Meanings for every thing, are in the human
5. Language, Culture and Society : 5. Language, Culture and Society The facility of communication and interaction for social living, is as a result of social being and living in societies as characteristic of the human
Language does not develop in a vacuum
Language records the cultural history of a community
A language is part of the culture of a people and the chief means by which the members of a society communicate
Language is component of culture and central network through which the other components are expressed
Differences in cultural meanings across language are a problem in learning a new language
Contacting with people of another society, identifies some characteristics of the behavior ,that show they are as member of a different society
6. Language learning and teaching : 6. Language learning and teaching Learning is as “acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or skill by study, experience, or instruction”
The concept of learning, as it is understood today, has been generally influenced by the psychological study of the learning process
Teaching is as" showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand”
Your understanding of how the learner learns, will determine the philosophy of education
7. Culture, learning and communication : 7. Culture, learning and communication To understand some materials and subject in one language, we should understand the meanings of the culture expressed by the words of the language
There can be no real learning of a language, without understanding something of the patterns and values of the culture of which it is a part
To become truly educated in language, it is necessary to absorb the full cultural meaning of the target language
Breaking free of the elements meaning units of the learner’s native language, let him to achieve right communication through a second language
CONTINUE…
Slide 12 : If we suppose that:
*M = “Meaning which exists in the mind of sender of message during the specific communication, as it is called Communication A.”
*M′ = “Meaning which consist in the mind of receiver of message during the specific communication, as it is called Communication A.”
**Among the two individuals communication, one of the below states, will occur: CONTINUE…
Slide 13 : State one M'/M=1, Two individuals communicate each others completely.
State two M'/M=0, Two individuals do not communicate each each others.
State three M'/M <1, Two individuals communicative each others, but not completely.
State four M'/M >1, Two results will occur:
A-Complete communication B - Self communication
8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning : 8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning The social content of language learning can be regarded as a set of factors that is likely to exercise a powerful influence on language learning
Socio-cultural factors that bear upon motivation
Sociolinguistic and socio cultural factors in learning environment
Importance to the influence of interethnic relations upon ethno-linguistic attitudes and on language learning
the social opportunities for contact with the second language
Educational frame work in which the teaching normally occurs
9.Globalization : 9.Globalization Globalization (generally written with a Z) has been defined by Giddens as “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa” (Giddens, 1990)
Globalization in a literal sense is international integration
Globalization can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into single society
Scholars from various disciplines such as sociology, political, science and geography have perceived globalization differently and tried to define it from various angles CONTINUE…
Slide 16 : Commodity of chains whereby production is coordinated on a global scale
Diffusion of practice, values and technology that have an influence on people’s life world wide
Increasing technological scale and information flow
Increasing broader flow of goods, services, money, information and culture
we can find some of common concepts like mutual interdependence, exchange, and sharing the community around the world in all aspects such as social, economic, cultural and even linguistic aspects CONTINUE…
Slide 17 : Although there seems to be a consensus that we are living in increasingly globalized world, there is by no means agreement about related issues Compression of space and time, shrinking of world
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:
1.Industrial, 2) Financial, 3) Economic, 4) Political, 5) Informational, 6) Cultural, 7) Social and 8) Ecological
In cultural aspects, there are many international exchanges such as:
1. Spreading of multiculturalism, 2) International travel and tourism, 3) Immigration, 4) formation or development of a set of universal values, 5) Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure, 6) Internet, Communication satellites and the other related tools, 7) Increase in the number of standards applied globally CONTINUE…
Slide 18 : Globalization is the emergence that is common cross-culturally and across national boundaries
The global communication leads to some extent functional homogenization of culture and language
Homogenization of culture and homogenization of language, are particularly relevant for translating globalization as a reality
The active responses of sub-national languages and cultures to the global force are also very important for their own survival and progress
10.Results : 10.Results Language and culture go hand in hand, each interacting with and shaping together
Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in various ways
Language is an integral part of culture and the vehicle of culture
Effects on every one of them, leads to affect the other as it can to be called directly or indirectly
Globalization, through linguistic homogenization and cultural homogenization, affects on language and culture as modernization, translation, standardization and the others CONTINUE…
Slide 20 : Globalization’s effects can be positive and negative effects
The homogenization of culture due to globalization process results in the marginalization of indigenous cultures
However, globalization through cultural homogenization, can be helpful in the progress and development of the cultures; if ….
The members of one culture community should try to maintain their positive aspects of culture and replace negative aspects of their culture through positive aspects of globalization
The members of one culture community should aware about outcomes of globalization CONTINUE…
Slide 21 : At the language level , globalization leads to growth of many countries
The technological and advanced communicational facilities make the world to shrink and pave way for homogenization
many who believe their mother tongue does not have universal role , they waste their time to use their mother tongue or teach it to their children
many others who believe such language (English) is as a language that can make the world as a peaceful unit world through understanding same language
CONTINUE…
Slide 22 : Some ideas as result of globalization and English or any language with such effect can be dangerous for national, local languages, specially endangered language which are understood to be moribund languages
The industrialists, traders and their marketing techniques play a major role in shaping the languages
It should be mentioned that, in fact the control over the language is not in the hands of scholar or academic institutions. It is shaped by the traders and marketing agencies
English in Globalization : English in Globalization English is as a language of communication and official language in many countries
English is not own language of particular community or country
Since 1945 (after second world war), English became a lingua France
More than 2/3 of scientists in the world, write their books and articles in English
3/4 of letters in the world are written in English
90 percent of all communications in Internet as international network, is in English
CONTINUE…
Slide 24 : The education English programs of English radios are used by more than 150 millions in the world
More than 500 millions of children in elementary schools and more than 800 hundreds in secondary and high school (without china) are familiar with English as a second or foreign language
However, there are some governments’ policies against English in countries such as France, German, Spain
There are three circles regarding to English first circle, such as U.S and England, the second circle such as India, which English has much dominance and it is applied as a second language and the third circle ,such as china and Russia which English has special importance as a international language and for such countries is as first foreign language CONTINUE…
Slide 25 : In 1994 , 1/3 of the press in the world, are printed in countries which English has special importance
In 1995, 110 from 160 of linguistics journals(70 percent) were printed in English
In 1995, there were 5000 radio station that 45 percent of them were in countries that English has special role
It is estimated that English film serials in U.S. and England are watched in more than 120 countries
In 1996, 80 percent of produced films were in English CONTINUE…
Slide 26 : 85 percent of incomes of world’s cinemas are for English production of Hollywood
In countries such as German and France, although, there are governments’ policies against English, but only, 25 percent of their cinemas incomes are for non-English movies
In 1990, 549 from 557 of famous music groups act in English
1156 from 1219 of famous singers, sing in English language
In 1998, U.S. had the first percentage of income of tourism (50 milliards dollars )
Around 80 percent of register of information in Internet, is in English .The users of Internet in 1990 had been one million and in 1993,Tthey became 20 millions and 40 millions in 1995. It is estimated that in 2020, Such numbers will be one milliard
ACKONWLEDGMENT : ACKONWLEDGMENT I Acknowledge that I did main from work of the present work based on the work of Hossein Yaghobi.
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Slide 29 : THANK
YOU