Language Learning Strategies

The most used theoretical systems for classifying of Language Learning Strategies Oxford (1990) Direct Strategies: A. Memory strategies, B. Cognitive strategies, C. Compensation strategies, Indirect Strategies: D. Metacognitive strategies, E. Affective strategies, F. Social strategies. 2. Rubin (1981) Direct strategies: Clarification/verification, Monitoring, Memorization, Guessing/inductive reasoning, Deductive reasoning, Practice. Indirect strategies. A. Creating opportunities for practice, B. Using production tricks such as using circumlocutions, synonyms, or formulaic interaction. 3. Chamot and O’Malley (1990, 1996) A. Metacognitive strategies, B. Cognitive strategies, C. Social/affective strategies. 4. Naiman et al. (1978) A. An active task approach, B. Realization of language as a system, C. Realization of language as a means of communication and interaction, D. Management of affective demands, E. Monitoring of second language performance. 5. Bialystok (1978) A. Functional practicing, B. Formal practicing, C. Monitoring, D. Inferencing. Seyed Hossein Fazeli, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Email: fazeli78@yahoo.com 3