Slide 1 : CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
PART 1 Dr. Subroto Biswas
BBIPL
Blood circulation was first discovered by William Harvey in 1628 : Blood circulation was first discovered by William Harvey in 1628
Slide 3 : To transport respiratory gases,
Nutrients,
Waste products,
Hormones,
Antibodies,
Salts and
Other materials to various regions of the body How does circulation of blood help us ? For e-learning and queries email..………bisbioin@wiziq.com
TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM : TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Open type …
In leeches
(few annelids)
Arthropods,
molluscans and
Ascidians.
Closed type
in annelids,
phoronids,
nemerteans,
cephalopods,
molluscs,
holothurians and
vertebrates (man).
CIRCULATION IN MAN : CIRCULATION IN MAN Closed circulatory system.
Comprises heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules , and veins A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
Circulating Media : Circulating Media In man the circulating media are…
Blood
Lymph
Hydrolymph
Haemolymph. Other animals A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
Slide 7 : Hydrolymph
A watery fluid with no respiratory pigments.
Transports nutritive substances and wastes.
Found in nematodes, ectoprocts and rotifers
Haemolymph.
Blood-like fluid
Containing proteins and respiratory pigments.
Transports nutrients and wastes,
Found in arthropods and molluscs.
BLOOD : BLOOD Circulating red coloured fluid
Flows in the blood vessels.
By the pumping action of the heart.
Adult human contains about 5 litres of blood.
Science of study of blood and disorders… Hematology
Slide 9 : The blood corpuscles 42-45% of the blood, called hematocrit (composition of the blood).
Blood is composed of three types of cells -erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood platelets.
Slide 10 : red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma carbon dioxide digested food waste (urea) hormones oxygen BLOOD what’s inside
Slide 11 : Plasma ( Fluid component ) A straw-coloured liquid comprising 55% of blood water (90% to 92%)
carbon dioxide
glucose
amino acids
proteins
minerals
vitamins
hormones
waste materials
like urea. It also contains useful things like…
Slide 12 : A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
Slide 13 :
Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) : Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) 5 to 5½ millions (50 to 55 lakhs) in one cc of blood
Rounded or disc-like and biconcave
The mature RBCs are non-nucleated
Except in camel where RBCs are nucleated.
RBC count increases during exercise and stress
Decreases during rest, sleep, menstruation and pregnancy.
Slide 15 : People living in high attitudes
Have more RBCs.
Count falls in anaemia and rises in polycythemia.
The life of RBC in frog is 90 to 100 days
In man for about 120 days.
RBCs are made in the embryos by the liver or spleen,
After birth they are formed in red bone marrow, therefore, called cradle of RBC.
Slide 16 : The organs which produce blood corpuscles are known as haemopoietic tissues
Process of their formation is called haemopoiesis (erythropoiesis = RBC formation; leucopoiesis = WBC formation).
As the erythrocyte becomes older they disintegrate in the spleen.
So the spleen is said, to be the graveyard or slaughter house for red cells.
The largest molecule of our body ? : The largest molecule of our body ? A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
Slide 18 : When erythrocytes die, their haemoglobin is broken down into, denatured globulin and iron.
The iron is stored in the liver and is made use of in the formation of fresh haemoglobin.
The globin part is converted into bilirubin, (yellow) and biliverdin, (green pigment) which are used to synthesized the bile.
White blood corpuscles (WBC) : White blood corpuscles (WBC) = leucocytes (phagocytes).
No haemoglobin
Fight and kill germs that may enter our bloodstream.
6000-8000 per cubic mm of blood
Average ratio of WBC to RBC is 1 : 600. Determination of the different varieties of leucocytes is known as differential count
Granulocytes : Granulocytes Produced in the bone marrow
Three types……….
neutrophils,
eosinophils and
basophils Leucocytes are of two main types, granulocytes and agranulocytes
Neutrophils (scavenger cells) : Neutrophils (scavenger cells) 79% of total leucocyte count
Granular cytoplasm
Multilobed nucleus (2-7 lobed)
Show amoeboid movement
Engulf bacteria…a proces called phagocytosis
Diapedesis… a process by which leucocytes are capable of passing out through the capillaries
The absolute number of neutrophil is 3000-6000 per cu.mm.
b. Eosinophils : b. Eosinophils About 1-4% of the total leucocyte count.
The cytoplasm contains coarse granules
Stain with acid dyes like eosin.
The nucleus is two or three lobed.
The absolute number of eosinophils is 150-400 per cu.mm.
Increase during allergic conditions.
Amoeboid but not phagocytic.
Destroys and detoxifies toxins of protein origin.
c. Basophils : c. Basophils They are about 0-4% of the total leucocyte count.
The nucleus is lobed
Cytoplasm contains granules
Take deep basic stains.
The absolute number of basophil is 0-100 per cu.mm.
Basophil has some possible role in local anticoagulation and formation of ground substance.
Agranulocytes : Agranulocytes They are produced in the lymph- nodes and spleen
Two types:
Lymphocytes and
Monocytes
Slide 25 : Lymphocytes
About 25-30% of the total leucocyte count
Absolute number is 1500 to 2700 per cu.mm.
Have a large nucleus
They are of two kinds, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Monocytes
Large leucocytes
About 5-10 % of the total leucocyte count.
Absolute number is 350-800 per cu. mm.
Nuclei are horse-shoe shaped.
Motile
They engulf bacteria.
Blood platelets (or thrombocytes) : Blood platelets (or thrombocytes) Oval to spherical in shape
2-3 mm in diameter.
No nucleus.
The number varies from 250,000-450,000 per cu. mm.
Life span of platelets is about 5-9 days.
Slide 27 : Formation of a clot or thrombus.
Fibrin threads entangle the RBC, WBC
and platelets to form a blood clot.
Different theories proposed are of
Howell, Fuld and Spiro, Best and Taylor
and Biggs and Farlane
Of the several theories the most acceptable ones are …
Best and Taylor's theory and
Enzyme cascade hypothesis of Biggs and Farlane. BLOOD COAGULATION (= Syneresis )
Best and Taylor's theory : Best and Taylor's theory
Slide 29 : Because of non availability of free thromboplastin. Why circulating blood
does not clot ? A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
How much time does blood take to clot ? : How much time does blood take to clot ? 2-6 minutes For e-learning and queries email..………bisbioin@wiziq.com
Slide 31 : People suffering from hemophilia are deficient of clotting factor and may bleed to death
Hemophlia A is the most common type of classic hemophilia lacking factors VIII.
People with hemophilia B (Christmas disease) are deficient of factor IX. What is bleeder's disease ?
13 factors involved in blood clotting : 13 factors involved in blood clotting Factors Common name
Factor I Fibrinogen
Factor II Prothrombin
Factor III Tissue thromboplastin
Factor IV Calcium
Factor V Proaccelerin
Factor VI Accelerin (possibly a combination of factors V and X)
Factor VII Proconvertion
Factor VIII Antihaemophillc factor (AHF)
Factor IX Christmas factor (or plasma thromboplastin component, PTC)
Factor X Stuart factor
Factor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)
Factor XII Hageman factor
Factor XIII Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF)
Enzyme Cascade Hypothesis of blood clotting : Enzyme Cascade Hypothesis of blood clotting This theory was proposed by Biggs and Mac Farlane in 1961.
According to this hypothesis 13 factors, namely I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII and XIII are involved in coagulation
What are anticoagulants ? : What are anticoagulants ? Heparin found in the plasma … a powerful anticoagulant.
Hirudin …… secreted by the salivary glands of leech.
Warfarin (caumadin), is given to patients who are prone to develop clots.
To prevent clotting, blood banks and laboratories use CPD (citrate phosphate dextroase) that helps in removing Ca++.
ABO Blood Groups : ABO Blood Groups Discovered by Viennese pathologist, Karl Landsteiner in 1900.
He found two types of antigens (glycoproteins) in the RBC
Antigen A and antigen B ( now referred to as agglutinogens A and B).
Similarly there are two types of antibodies (agglutinins) in the plasma called antibody 'a' and antibody 'b'.
Distribution of antigen and antibody in blood groups. : Distribution of antigen and antibody in blood groups.
Possible blood transfusion amongst different people with different blood group. : Possible blood transfusion amongst different people with different blood group.
Rh FACTOR : Rh FACTOR K. Landsteiner and A. S. Wiener (1940) discovered the antigen in the RBC of Rhesus monkey.
The Rh+ persons have Rh antigens on their RBC,
The Rh- persons have no Rh antigens.
Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or Erythroblatosis foetalis (EBF) : Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or Erythroblatosis foetalis (EBF) Occurs when Rh negative mother bears the Rh positive child
LYMPH : LYMPH Interstitial fluid
Nourishes and bathes the cells.
Moves into small lymphatic capillaries
Body contains 1 to 2 l
No erythrocytes.
Contain cells called leucocytes (lymphocytes)
Lymph capillaries are blind and therefore, lymphatic vessels show one directional flow. : Lymph capillaries are blind and therefore, lymphatic vessels show one directional flow.
Blood vascular system comprises … : Blood vascular system comprises … 1. The double pump… heart
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Capillaries and
5. Body fluids ( blood and lymph) A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL A presentation of BBIPL
Slide 43 : Our body resembles a city and the roadmap of “arteries” take us to the “heart” of the city
Slide 44 : Muscular pumping organ
Propels more than 7000 l of blood to the lungs and body in a day.
The study of heart and diseases ….. cardiology HEART
Slide 45 : Weighs 300 gms in an adult
Measures about about 12 cm long 9 cm wide at the base and about 6 cm thick
The pointed end of the heart is the apex
Opposite to the posterior margin is called the base
The ventricles occupy the bulk of the heart
Slide 46 : About the size of enclosed fist,
Cone shaped
Lies between the lungs
in the chest cavity
Llies behind the sternum above the diaphragm called mediastinum.
The human heart is four chambered, right and left atria (singular: atrium) and right and left ventricles
Anterior external view of a human heart : Anterior external view of a human heart
DIL da mamla hai(Matter of heart) : DIL da mamla hai(Matter of heart) Superior
vena cava
Heart is covered by pericardium Composed of two outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium. 50 ml of the pericardial fluid lies in between the pericardial membranes : Heart is covered by pericardium Composed of two outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium. 50 ml of the pericardial fluid lies in between the pericardial membranes
Slide 50 : The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.
They are separated by a thin partition called the interatrial septum. For e-learning and queries email..………bisbioin@wiziq.com
Internal structure of a human heart : Internal structure of a human heart
Slide 52 :
Heart Structure and Layers : Heart Structure and Layers The heart wall comprises three layers –
Epicardium (external layer),
Myocardium (middle layer) and
Endocardium (inner layer).
VALVES OF THE HEART : VALVES OF THE HEART Connective tissue
Prevents backward flow of blood.
Four one-way valves within the heart.
Two of them lie between atria and ventricles.
The Artioventicular (AV) Valves : The Artioventicular (AV) Valves The valves present between the atria and ventricles.
They are of two types.
1. Tricuspid (right side) with 3 flaps
2. Bicuspid (= mitral valve on the left side)….with2 flaps
Slide 56 :
The Semilunar Valves or Arterial Valves : The Semilunar Valves or Arterial Valves These are the valves guarding the entry into the two major arteries starting from the ventricles
The aorta
(aortic semilunar valve) and
The pulmonary artery
(pulmonary semilunar valve).
Slide 58 :
Slide 59 : The entrance from the ventricle to each is guarded by three semilunar valves.
Each semilunar valve is made up of a half-moon-shaped cup attached to the border of the artery.
They allow blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries and not in the opposite direction.
Semilunar valves of aorta : Semilunar valves of aorta