WRITING : WRITING Lic. Mariana FerrarelliLomas High School
Let’s consider some questions… : Let’s consider some questions…
Slide 3 : How long have humans known how to write?
When did we start using written language?
How did people communicate when there was nothing to write on?
How did we communicate when there were no books, no pencils, no As, Bs, Cs…? : How did we communicate when there were no books, no pencils, no As, Bs, Cs…?
Let’s think about the answers… : Let’s think about the answers…
Slide 6 : Writing Recent development
5,500 years ago
Oral language
Church & Royalty Written language
Slide 7 : Let’s discuss the following…
WHAT do we write?
Exams at school, essays, compositions…
BUT also emails, text messages, our friends’ walls in Facebook, messages in Twitter, chat messages
Slide 8 : Now…
WHAT did we use to write when we were little?
We probably started with the letters in isolation, then with simple words, then sentences, a short paragraph…
There was always someone next to us guiding our hand, telling us how to write our first words…
Let’s analyse the following piece of writing : Let’s analyse the following piece of writing
Slide 10 :
Slide 11 : Somebody started writing it… and continued some time later
Then added some other items
They changed their minds and crossed out something they decided not to buy
Then highlighted the important ingredients
There are a number of stages we ALWAYS follow when we write : There are a number of stages we ALWAYS follow when we write
Slide 13 : PLANNING
We don’t realise but even when writing a very simple shopping list we make important decisions, we PLAN our writing, we think about:
Purpose To remind us of what to buy
Audience Ourselves
Content Items to be bought
Structure List
Slide 14 : DRAFTING
Once we have PLANNED our piece, the DRAFTING process takes place:
We start writing
We make corrections
We cross out some sections and write them again
Slide 15 : EDITING & RE-DRAFTING
The first version of our piece still needs polishing:
We continue correcting our piece
We check SPELLING
We have a look at the VERB TENSES
Slide 16 : FINAL VERSION
We re-read our piece one last time and check we “haven’t forgotten any item in our shopping list”.
Slide 17 : These are all essential aspects of ANY writing
The PURPOSE & AUDIENCE (reader) will determine the TYPE OF WRITING PIECE : The PURPOSE & AUDIENCE (reader) will determine the TYPE OF WRITING PIECE
The PIECE in turn will determine THREE things: : The PIECE in turn will determine THREE things:
Structure2. Style3. Language and vocabulary : Structure2. Style3. Language and vocabulary
Slide 21 : PURPOSE & AUDIENCE
PIECE
STRUCTURE STYLE
LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY
Slide 22 : Let’s consider a simple example…
Purpose: We want to apply for a job
Audience: Potential employer
PIECE: Letter of application
1. Structure:
2. Style:
3. Language and Vocabulary:
Slide 23 : 1. Structure
How will we organise the paragraphing?
Introduction: Reason for writing
Main Body:
Paragraph 1: Experience
Paragraph 2: Qualifications
Conclusion: Contact information + closing
Slide 24 : 2. Style
Do we know the person we are writing to?
Is s/he our close friend?
Is s/he a relative?
Will we use a formal or informal style?
Slide 25 : 3. Lge & Vocabulary
Adjectives describing our personality
Verb tenses in the past to talk about our work experience
Linkers to connect ideas within a paragraph and between paragraphs
Next time we write we should: : Next time we write we should:
PLAN, DRAFT & EDIT our piece so that we can get a successful FINAL VERSION which, in turn, needs to be effective in terms of: : PLAN, DRAFT & EDIT our piece so that we can get a successful FINAL VERSION which, in turn, needs to be effective in terms of:
1. Structure: CONTENT & ORGANISATION 2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER3. Language and Vocabulary : 1. Structure: CONTENT & ORGANISATION 2. Style: TARGET READER & REGISTER3. Language and Vocabulary
Slide 29 :
Slide 30 : Lic. Mariana Ferrarellimarianaferrarelli@hotmail.com
Sources : Sources Atkinson, D (2003) ‘L2 writing in the post-process era: Introduction’, Journal of Second Language Writing, 12, pp 3-15.
Byrne, D (1988) Teaching Writing Skills, Longman.
Cassany, D (2008) Describir el Escribir, Paidós Comunicación.
Harmer, J (2004) How to Teach Writing, Longman.
Hedge, T (2000) ‘Writing’ in Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom, OUP.
Hyland, K (2001) Teaching and Researching Writing, Longman.
Krashen, S D (1984) Writing: Research, Theory and Applications, Pergamon.
Kroll, B (1990) Second language writing: Research insights for the classroom, CUP.
Smith, F (1983) ‘Reading like a Writer’ in Language Arts, 60, pp 558-567.
White, R & Arndt, V (1991) Process Writing, Longman.