1 THE VERB The Perfect tense The Perfect is declined by adding to the stem the following endings: PLURAL DUAL SINGULAR نَحْنُ ــــْ نَا أنا ـــْ تُ أَنْـتُمْ تُمْ أنْـتُمَا تُمَا أنتَ تَ أَنْـتُنَّ تُنَّ أنْتِ تِ هُمْ ـــُ وا هُمَا ــــَ ا هُوَ ـــَ هُـنَّ نَ تَا هِىَ تْ In the simple triliteral verb, the first and third root consonants (or radicals) are vowelled with fat‟ha; but the second radical may be vowelled with fat‟ha, kasra, or dwamma; e.g: كَـتَبَ(to write) شَـرِبَ (to drink) كَبـُرَ (to become big or great) Conjugation of verb كَـتَبَ (to write)PLURALDUALSINGULARنَحْنُ كَـتَبْنَا أنَا كَـتَبْتُ أَنْتُمْ كَـتَـبْتُم أَنْـتُمَا كَـتَـبْـتُما أنْتَ كَتَبْتَ كَـتَبْتُنَّ كَتَبْتِ كَـتَـبُوا كَـتَبَا هُنَّ كَـتَبْـنَ هُـمَا كَـتَبَتَا كَـتَبَتْ 2 Conjugation of verbشَـرِبَ (to drink)شَـرِبْنَـا شَـرِبْنَا شَـرِبْتُ شَـرِبْتُمْ شَـرِبْتُمَا شَـرِبْتَ شَـرِبْتُنَّ شَـرِبْتِ شَـرِبُوا شَـرِبَا شَـرِبَ شَـرِبْنَ شَـرِبَتَا شَـرِبَتْ Conjugation of verb كَـبُرَ(to become big ,old)كَـبُرْنَا كَـبُرْتُ كَبُرْتُمْ كَـبُرْ تُمَا كَـبُرْتَ كَبُرْتُنَّ كَـبُرْتِ كَـبُـرُوا كَـبُرَا كَـبُرَ كَـبُرْنَ كَـبُرَتَا كَـبُرَتْ Agreement of the verb with its subject The normal order in an Arabic verbal sentence is verb -subject -direct object -adverbial and other matter. Even if the subject is not mentioned separately, it is already implicit in the verb as a pronoun. For example, we may sayوَصَلَ زَيد (Zaïd arrived). Here Zaïd is the subject. But if we merely say وَصَـلَ, this is still a complete sentence, meaning “ he arrived”. ضَرَبَ الأَبُ وَلَدَهُ حَــالاً (The father beat his son at once) Adverbial obj. subj. Verb 3 When the verb in the 3rd person comes before the subject it is always in the singular. كَتَبَ الـمُعَلِّمُ (the teacher wrote) الـمُعَـلِّمَانِ (the two teachers wrote) الـمُعَلِّمُون(the teachers (masc) wrote) The verb preceding its subject, however, will agree with it in genderكَـبُرَ الولد (the boy grew) كَـبُرَتِ البنت (the girl grew) التِلميذات (the pupils (fem) grew) كَبُرَتِ البِنْـتان(the two girls grew) NOTE: the kasra added to كَبُرَت is due to the „hamzatul wasl‟ which follows.For this purpose, broken plurals are considered to be feminine, unless they refer to male human beings. E.gظَهَرَتِ النُجُومُ(the stars appeared) but ظَهَرَ الرِجَالُ (the men appeared). However, in classical Arabic, a feminine verb will often be found with a broken plural, even referring to male human beings ظَهَرَتِ الرِجَال (the men appeared) Note that it is the actual gender which counts, not the form of the word. Thus (caliph) , is masculine, though it has a feminine ending. جَلَسَ الخَـلـِيْفَة (the caliph sat down) When the verb follows the subject it agrees with in number and gender الأَوْلادُ فـَتَحُوا البَاب(the boys opened the door) الـبَنَاتُ دَخَلْنَ (the girls entered) When the sentence begins with a verb it is known as a verbal sentence جُمْلَةٌ فِعْلِـيَّةٌ e.g خَرَجَ الرَّجُل (the man went out). But if it does not begin with a verb it is called a nominal sentence جُمْـلَةٌ اِسمِـيَّةٌ whether or not a verb is found in the sentence. e.g الوَلَدُ صَغـِيْرٌ(the boy is small) دَخَلَ(the boy came in) Since, as we have already noted, the normal sentence order in Arabic is for the verb (in the singular) to come first, the question of when the 3rd person plural verb is used arises. There are three situations in which it is required: (a) The subject may not be mentioned by name, e.g ذَهَـبُوا(they have gone) 4 (b) The subject may be placed first for stress or emphasis, لَمَّا وَصَلَ البَنَاتُ ، الأولاَدُ خَرَجُوا(when the girls arrived, the boys went away) (c) The subject may already have been mentioned in the preceding sentence, وَصَلَتِ البـَنَاتُ وَجَلَسْنَ فـي الفَصْل(the girls arrived and sat down in the classroom) The particle قَـدْ is sometimes placed before the Perfect verb. It is a confirmatory particle, which may make the verb definitely Past Perfect , قَدْ وَصَلَ(he has arrived) However, this particle may also make the verb Pluperfect, so that the verb given might also mean “ he had arrived”, according to the context. The Imperfect Tense The Imperfect Tense الـمُضَارِعُ ) expresses an action still unfinished at the time to which reference is being made . It is most frequently translated into English by the Present or the Future. It has prefixes and suffixes to denote number and gender. The prefixes and suffixes (for the triliteral form) are as follows: Plural Dual Singular We (m&f) نَـ ـْ ـ ـُ We (m&f) I (m&f) أَ you (m) تَـ ـُونَ you (m) ـَ ا نِ you (m) you (f) ـْنَ you (f) you (f) ـِ ينَ they (m) يَـ they (m)he they (f) they (f)sheتَـ It will be noted that after the pronominal prefix the first radical or consonant of the verb has sukun. As for the second radical it may takes dwamma or fat‟ha or kasra and in the majorityof verbs only the dictionary will show which vowelling is used with any particular verb. But here we will indicate which vowel must be used by writing it immediately after any given verb. 5 Full form of Imperfect Indicative of كـَتَبَ ـُ (to write): أَنَا أَكْـتُبُ نَحْنُ نَكـْتُبُ أنتَ تَكـْتُبُ أنْتُمَا تَكـْتُبَانِ أَنْتُمْ تَكْتـُبُونَ أَنْتِ تَكْـتُبِـينَ أَنْتُنَّ تَكـْتُـبْنَ هُوَ يَكْـتُبُ هُمَا يَكْـتُبَانِ هُمْ يَكْـتُـبُونَ هِىَ تَكـْـتُبَانِ هُنَّ يَكـْتـُبْنَ Full form of Imperfect Indicative of فَتَحَ ـَ (to open)نَفْـتَحُ أَفْـتَحُ تَفْـتَحُونَ أَنْتُمَا تَفْـتَحَانِ أَنْتَ تَفْـتَحُ أَنــْتُنَّ تَفْـتَحْنَ تَفْـتَحِينَ يَفْـتَحُونَ يَفْـتَحُ يَفْـتَحْنَ يَفْـتَحَانِ تَفـْتَحُ Full form of Imperfect Indicative of جَلَـسَ ـِ (to sit)نَجْلِسُ أَجْلِسُ أَنْـتُمْتَجْلِسُونَ أَنـْتُمَا تَجْلِسَانِ تَجْلِسُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَجْلِسْنَ تَجْلِسِـينَ يَجْلِسُونَ يَجْلِسُ يَجْلِسْنَ يَجْلِسَانِ 6 The imperfect in itself denotes only unfinished action, but it may be made to indicate the future by putting the independent wordسَوْفَ or the prefix سَـ before it. E.gسَوْفَ يَكْـتُبُ or سَيَكـْتُبُ (he will write). But where it is clear from the context that the imperfect has a future meaning, these particles need not be inserted. E.g يَذْهَبُ غَدًا(he will go tomorrow) Here the use of the word “ tomorrow” makes it clear that the verb refers to the future time. When used with a Present significance, the Imperfect may give the meaning of the continuous present or the Habitual present, e.g الآنَ(he is going now) continuousيَذْهَبُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ(he goes everyday) habitual Exercise: Conjugate the following verbs in the Imperfect tense: نَظَرَ ـُ(to look at) سَمِعَ ـَ(to listen) فَهِمَ to understand) دَخَلَ to enter) كَسَرَ ـِ(to break)قَطَعَ to cut) THE IMPERATIVE We are going to study the Conjugation of the imperative for the first group of the triliteral verb; and as we have already learned, the vowel of the middle radical of the verb in the Imperfect tense varies from one verb to another. And this will help us to form the imperative; which may be considered a modification of the Jussive by taking away the pronominal prefix, and replacing it by an alif, e.g. كَتَـبَ to write) jussiveيَكْـتُبْ (let him write) Imperative أُكْـتُبْ (write!) This alif may be vowelled with dwamma or kasra. a. Verbs having dwamma on the middle radical in the Imperfect take dwamma also on the alif of the imperative,e.g. (i) see كَتـَبَ above. (ii) بَعُد ـُ (to be distant), Imperative أُبْـعُدْ(keep at a distance!) b. All other verbs (those taking fat‟ha or kasra on the middle radical of the Imperfect) take kasra on the alif of the imperative, e.g. (i) ـِ (to break), imperativeإِكْسِرْ (break!) (ii) فَتَـحَ ـَ (to open), imperative إِفْتَحْ(open!) The vowellings of the alif of the imperative only apply at the beginning of a statement, or of a direct speech. Otherwise, this alif takes the vowel of the end of the previous word, e.g. 7 إِذْهَبْ إلـَى البابِ وَافْتَحْه(go to the door and open it) إِجْلِـسْ وَاكْـتُبْ(sit down and write) But in a direct speech قَالَ الْوَالِدُ لِوَلَدِهِأُدْرُسْ جَيِّدًا كَـىْ تَنْـجَـحَ(the father said to his son: “ study well in order that you may succeed ”) Here are the full conjugation of the Imperative (all second person): جَلَسَ ـِ (to sit) ذَهَـبَ ـَ (to go) نَظَـرَ ـُ (to look at) Mas Sing. إِجْلِسْ أُنْظُرْ Fem. Sing إجْلِسِي إِذْهَبِي أُنْظُرِي Dual masc. & fem إِجْلِسَـا إِذْهَبَا أُنْظُرَا Masc.Plur إِجْلِسُوا إِذْهَبُوا أُنْظُرُوا Fem.Plur إِجْلِسْنَ إِذْهَبْنَ أُنْظُرْنَ Exercice: Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative: -قَـتَلَ (to kill)قَطَعَ (to cut) رَجَـعَ (to return) 8 VERBS HAVING HAMZA Hamza as the first radical The hamza is a consonant, and, as such, may be the initial or first consonant, as in أَكَلَ(to eat), and أَخَذَ(to take); the middle or second radical, as in سَأَلَ(to ask), سَئِمَ (to be disgusted at); and the final or third radical as in قَرَأَ(to read). a. At the beginning of a word hamza is invariably written over or under the alif (except in certain Quranic usages), e.g he took) إِسْحَاق (Ishaaq) b. When this initial hamza is followed by an alif of prolongation (long vowel), the latter is replaced by a madda over the initial alif, e.g آخُذُforأَاخُذُ c. Otherwise, the hamza tends to be written over the semi -consonant corresponding to the vowel of the preceding letter. يَأْخُذُ(he takes)يُؤخَذُ(he or it is taken) اِسْتِئْنَافverbal noun of اِسْتَأْنَفَ(to appeal) Where the previous consonant has soukoun, the hamza tends to be written over the semi -consonant coinciding with its own vowel. مَسْؤُولٌ(asked, responsible) أسْئِلَةٌ(questions)يـَيْأَسُ (he despairs) In the Perfect of verbs with medial hamza, this rule is applied instead of (c) above, even though the previous radical is vowelled, because otherwise there would be no visible difference between the varied vowellings of the middle radical. Thus, ba‟usa,(to be brave) is written asبَؤُسَ and sa‟ima(to be disgusted with) is writtenسَئِمَ مِن . In certain verbs :ـ to take); أَمَرَ ـُ(to command); أَكَلَ ـُ (to eat), the initial hamza is dropped in the imperative, and we have: أَكَـلَ أَمَـرَ أَخَـذَ كُلْ مُـرْ خُذْ كُلِي مُـرِي خُذِي كُلاَ مُـرَا خُذَا كُلُوا مُـرُوا خُذُوا كُلْنَ مُـرْنَ خُذْنَ 9 Conjugation of أَلِفَ ـَ (to be accustomed to) The Imperfect نَحْنُ نَأْلَفُ أَنَاُآلَفُ أَنْـتُمْتَأْلَفُونَ أَنـْتُمَا تَأْلَفَانِ أَنْت تَأْلَفُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَأْلَفْنَ أَنـْتُمَاتَأْلَفَانِ أَنْتِتَأْلَفِينَ هُمْ يَأْلَفُونَ هُمَا يَألَفَان هُوَيَأْلَفُ هُنَّ يَأْلَفْنَ تَأْلَفَان هِىَتَأْلَفُ The Perfect نَحْن أَلِفْنَا نَحْنُأَلِفْنَا أَنَا أَلِفْتُ أَنْـتُمْأَلِفْـتُمْ أَلِفْـتُمَا أَنْتَ أَلِفْتَ أَلِفْـتُنَّ أَنـْتُمَاأَلِفْـتُمَا أَنْتِأَلِفْتِ أَلِفُوا أَلِفَا هُوَ أَلِفْنَ أَلِفَتَـا هِىَأَلِفَتْ The Imperative اِيْلَفْ اِيْلَفِي اِيْلَفَـا اِيلَفُوا اِيْلَفْنَ 10 Conjugation of أَثَـرَ ـِ to quote -report) The Imperfect نَحْنُ نَأْثِرُ أَنَاآثِرُ أَنْـتُمْتَأْثِرُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَأْثِرَانِ أَنْتَتَأْثِرُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَأْثِرْنَ أَنْتِتَأْثِرِينَ هُمْ يَأْثِرُونَ هُمَا يَأْثِرَانِ هُوَيَأْثِرُ هُنَّيَأْثِرْنَ تَأْثِرَانِ هِىَتَأْثِرُ The Perfect أَثرْنَا نَحْنُأَثرْنَا أَنَاأَثَرْتُ أَنْـتُمْأَثَرْتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاأَثَرْتُمَا أَنْتَأَثَرْتَ أَثَرْتُنَّ أَنْتِأَثَرْتِ أَثَرُوا أَثَرَا هُوأَثَرَ هُنَّأَثَرْنَ أَثَرَتَـا هِىَأَثَرَتْ The Imperative اِيـثِرْ اِيثِرِي اِيثِــرَا اِيـثِرُوا اِيـثِرْنَ 11 Conjugation of أَمَـلَ ـُ(to hope) The Imperfectنَحْنُ نَأْمُلُ نَحْنُنَأْمُلُ أَنَاآمُلُ أَنْـتُمْتَأْمُلُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَاْمُلاَنِ أَنْتَ تَأْمُل أَنْـتُنَّ تَأْمُلْنَ أَنْتِتَأْمُلِينَ هُمْ يَأْمُلُونَ هُمَايَأْمُلاَنِ هُويَأْمُل هُنَّيَأْمُلْن هُمَا تَأْمُلاَنِ هِىَتَأْمُلُ The Perfectنَحْنُ أَمَلْـنَا نَحْنُأَمَلْـنَا أَنَاأَمَلْتُ أَنْـتُمْأَمَلْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاأَمَلْـتُمَا أَنْتَأَمَلْتَ أَنْـتُنَّأَمَلْـتُنَّ أَنْتِأَمَلْتِ أَمَلُوا هُمَاأَمَلاَ هُوَأَمَلَ هُنَّأَمَلْنَ أَمَلَتَـا هِىَأَمَلَتْ The Imperative أُومُلْ أُومُلِي أُومُلاَ أُومُلُوا أُومُلْنَ 12 Hamza as the middle radical The middle radical may be vowelled with fat‟ha, dwamma, or kasra. This means that the hamza may be written over alif, waw, or ya. Conjugation of سأَلَ ـَ (to ask) The Imperfect نَحْنُنَسْأَلُ أَنَاأَسْأَلُ أَنْـتُمْتَسْأَلُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَسْأَلاَنِ أَنْتَتَسْأَلُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَسْأَلْنَ أَنْتِتَسْأَلِينَ هُمْ يَسْأَلُونَ هُمَايَسْأَلاَنِ هُوَيَسْأَلُ هُنَّيَسْأَلْنَ هُمَا تَسْأَلاَنِ هِىَتَسْأَلُ The Perfectنَحْنُ سَأَلْنا نَحْنُسَأَلْنا أَنَاسَأَلْتُ أَنْـتُمْسَاَلْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاسأَلْتُمَا أَنْتَسَأَلْتَ سَاَلْـتُنَّ أَنْتِسَأَلْتِ سَأَلُوا هُمَاسَأَلاَ هُوَسَأَلَ هُنَّسَأَلْنَ هُمَاسَأَلَتَا هِىَسَأَلَتْ The Imperative اِسْأَلْ اسْئَلْ سَلْ اِسْأَلِي اِسْئَلِي سَلِي اِسْأَلاَ اِسْئَلاَ سَلاَ اِسْأَلُوْا اِسئَلُوا سَلُوا اِسْأَلْنَ اِسْئَلْنَسَلْنَ 13 Example of the form كـَئِبَ فَعِلَ ـَ(to be cast down): Imperfect يَكْأَبُ (also written يَكْئَبُ) Imperative اِكْأَبْ(also writtenاِكْئَبْ ) Example of the form فَعُلَ ـ: بَؤُسَ(to be brave): Imperfect يَبْؤُسُImperativeاُبْؤُسْ Hamza as the final radicalConjugation of قَرأَ ـ(to read) The Imperfect نَحْنُ نَقْرَأُ نَحْنُنَقْرَأُ أَنَا أَقْرَأُأَنْـتُمْ تَقْرَأُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَقْرَآنِ أَنْتتَقْرَأُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَقْرَأْنَ أَنْتِتَقْرَئِينَ هُمْ يَقْرَأُونَ هُمَايَقْرَآنِ هُوَيَقْرَأُ هُنَّيَقْرَأْنَ هُمَا تَقْرَآنِ هِىَتَقْرَأُ The Perfectنَحْنُ قَرَأْنَا نَحْنُقَرَأْنَا أَنَاقَرَأْتُ أَنْـتُمْقَرَأْتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاقَرَأتُمَا أَنْتَقَرَأْتَ قَرَأتُنَّ أَنْتِقَرَأْتِ قَرَأُوا هُمَاقَرَآ هُوقَرَأَ هُنَّقَرَأْنَ قَرَأَتَا هِىَقَرَأَتْ The Imperative اِقْرَأْ اِقْرَئِي اِقْرَآ اِقْرَؤُوا اِقْرَأْنَ 14 Example of the form هَنَأَفَعَلَ ـِ(to be healthy) Imperfectيَهْنِئُ Imperativeاِهْنِئْ Example of the form خَطِئَفَعِلَ ـَ(to make mistake, to sin) Imperfectيَخْطَأُ Imperativeاِخْطَأْ Example of the form بَطُؤَفَعُلَ ـُ َ (to be slow) Imperfectيَبْطُؤُ Imperativeاُبْطُؤْ WEAK VERBS The weak verbs أَفْعَالٌ مُعْـتَلَّةٌare those in which one radical is one of the two semi-vowels و andى . They are of three classes: a. Those with a weak initial radical فِعـْلٌ مِثاَلٌ , sometimes called in English the Assimilated verb. b. Those with a weak middle radicalفِعـْلٌ أَجْوَفُ , the Hollow verb. c. Those with weak final radical فِعْلٌ نَاقِـصٌ, sometimes called the defective verb in English. The Assimilated Verb الفِعْلُ الـمِثَال The initial may be or ى, but the latter (being rarer) will be dealt first. The assimilated verb with ى : Conjugation of the verbـَ يَـبِـسَ (to be dry) The Imperfect نَحْنُ نَـيْـبَسُ أَنَا أَيْـبَسُأَنْـتُمْ تَيْـبَسُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَيْبَسَانِ أَنْتتَيْـبَسُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَـيْـبَسْنَ أَنْتِ تَيْـبَسِينَ هُمْ يَـيْـبَسُونَ هُمَا يَـيْبـَسَانِ هُوَيَـيْـبَسُ هُنَّيَـيْـبَسْنَ تَيْـبـَسَانِ هِىَ تَـيْـبَسُ The Perfect15 نَحْنُ يَبِـسْنَا أَنَايَبِسْتُ أَنْـتُمْ يَـبِسْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَايـَبِسْتُمَا أَنْتَيَـبِسْتَ أَنْـتُنَّ يَـبِسْتُـنَّ أَنْتِ يَبِـسْتِ هُمْ يَـبِسُوا هُمَا يَـبـِسَا هُويَـبِسَ هُنَّيَـبِـسْنَ يَـبِسَتَا هِىَ يَـبِسَتْ The Imperative إِيـبَسْ إِيـبَسِي إِيـبَسَــا إِيبَسُـوا إِيـبَسْنَ The Assimilated verb with و : Conjugation of the verb ـ وَصَـلَ (to arrive -to link)The Imperfect نَصِلُ أَنَا أَصِلُأَنْـتُمْ تَصِلُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَصِلاَنِ أَنْتَتَصِلُ تَصِلْنَ أَنْتِتَصِلِـينَ يَصِلُونَ يَصِلاَنِ هُوَيَصِلُ هُنَّيَصِلْنَ تَصِلاَنِ تَصِلُ 16 The Perfectنَحْنُ وَصَلْـنَا نَحْنُ أَنَاوَصَلْتُ أَنْـتُمْ وَصَلْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاوصَلْـتُمَا أَنْتَوَصَلْتَ أَنْـتُنَّ وصَلْـتُنَّ أَنْتِ وَصَلْتِ هُمْ وَصَلُوا هُمَا وَصَلاَ هُووَصَلَ هُنَّوَصَلْنَ وَصَلَـتَا هِىَ وصَلَتْ The Imperative صِلْ صِلِي صِلاَ صِلُوا صِلْنَ Exercise: Conjugate the following verbs in the Imperfect , perfect and imperative respectively: ـَ يَـئِسَ(to despair) يَـقِنَ ـَ(to be sure)وَثِقَ ـِ (to trust)وَرِثَ (to inherit) 17 THE HOLLOW VERBالفِعْلُ الأجْوَف Hollow verbs are those in which the middle radical isو orى Conjugation of verb قَـالَ (to say): The Imperfect نَحْنُ نَقُولُ أَنَا أَقُــولُأَنْـتُمْ تَـقُولُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَقُولاَنِ أَنْتَتَقُـولُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَـقُلْنَ أَنْتِتَقُـولِينَ هُمْيَـقُولُونَ هُمَا يَقُولاَنِ هُوَيَقُـولُ هُنَّيَـقُلْنَ تَقُولاَنِ هِىَ تَـقُولُ The Perfectنَحْنُ قُـلْنَا نَحْنُقُـلْنَا أَنَاقُـلْتُ أَنْـتُمْ قُلْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاقُلْـتُمَا أَنْتَقُـلْتَ أَنْـتُنَّقُـلْـتُنَّ أَنْتِ قُـلْتِ هُمْ قَـالُوا قَالاَ هُوقَـالَ هُنَّقُـلْنَ قَالَـتَا قَالَتْ The Imperative قُـلْ قُـولي قُـولاَ قُـولُوا قُـلْنَ 18 Conjugation of verb صَارَ (to become) The Imperfect نَحْنُنَصِيرُ أَنَا أَصِيرُأَنْـتُمْ تَصِيرِونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَصيرَانِ أَنْتَتَصِيرُ أَنْـتُنَّ تَصِرْن أَنْتِتَصِيرِينَ هُمْ يَصِيرُونَ هُمَا يَصِيرَانِ هُوَيَصِيرُ هُنَّيَصِرْنَ تَصِيرَانِ هِىَ تَصِيرُ The Perfectنَحْنُصِرْنَا نَحْنُ صِرْنَا أَنَاصِرْتُ أَنْـتُمْصِرْتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاصِرْتُمَا أَنْتَصِرْتَ أَنْـتُنَّصِرْتُنَّ أَنْتِ صِرْتِ صَارُوا هُمَاصَارَا هُوَصَارَ هُنَّصِرْنَ صَارَتَا صَارَتْ The Imperative صِــرْ صِيرِي صِيرَا صِيرُوا صِرْنَ 19 Conjugation of verb خَافَ(to fear) The Imperfect نَحْنُنَخَافُ أَنَا أَخَافُأَنْـتُمْ تَخَافُونَ أَنـْتُمَاتَخَافَانِ أَنْتَتَخَـافُ أَنْـتُنَّتَخَفْنَ أَنْتِتَخَافِينَ هُمْ يَخَافُونَ هُمَا يَخَافَانِ هُوَيَخَافُ هُنَّيَخَفْنَ تَخَافَانِ هِىَ تَخَافُ The Perfectنَحْنُخِفْنَا نَحْنُ خِفْنَا أَنَاخِفْتُ أَنْـتُمْخِفْـتُمْ أَنـْتُمَاخِفْـتُمَا أَنْتَخِفْتَ أَنْـتُنَّخِفْـتُنَّ أَنْتِ خِفْتِ خَافُوا هُمَاخَافَا هُوَخَافَ هُنَّخِـفْنَ خَافَتَا خَافَتْ The Imperative خَـفْ خَافِي خَافَا خَفْنَ 20 THE DEFECTIVE VERB الفِعْلُ الـنَاقِص Defective verbs are those with weak final radicals. The weak radical may be considered to have been originally eitherو or ى, but it may be written asا (alif) according to the following rules: a. When the Perfect has ا (alif), the imperfect must have و e.g. دَعَـا to call; Imperfectيَدْعُو b. When the Perfect has the Imperfect also must haveى . This occurs in the following types: (i) رَمَـى to throw (of the form فَعَلَ ) (ii) لَقِىَ to meet (of the form فَعِلَ ) Conjugation of verb to call (of the formفَعَلَ ) The Perfect دَعَوْنَا دَعَـوْتُ دَعَوْتُمْ دَعَوتُمَا دَعَـوْتَ دَعَوْتُنَّ دَعَـوْتِ دَعَوْا دَعَوَا دَعَــا دَعَوْنَ دَعَتَا دَعَـتْ The Imperfect نَدْعُــو أَدعُــو تَدْعُونَ تَدْعُوَانِ تَدْعُــو تَدْعِـينَ يَدْعُونَ يَدْعُوَانِ يَدْعُـو تَدعُوَانِ تَدْعُـو 21 The Imperative أُدْعُ أُدْعِي أُدْعُوَا أُدْعُـوا أُدْعُـون Conjugation of verbرَضِىَ to be pleased with (of the formفَعِلَ ) The Perfect رَضِـيـنَا رَضِيْتُ رَضِـيْتُمْ رَضِيْتُمَا رَضِـيْتَ رَضِيْتُـنَّ رَضِيْتِ رَضُـوا رَضِـيَــا رَضِــىَ رَضِـينَ رَضِـيَـتَا رَضِيَتْ The Imperfect نَرْضَــى أرْضَــى تَرْضَوْنَ تَرْضَـيَانِ تَرْضَــى تَرْضَـيْنَ يَرْضَوْنَ يَرْضَيَانِ يَرْضَــى يَرْضَـيْنَ 22 The Imperative إرْضَ إِرْضَىْ إرْضَيَا إِرْضَوْا إِرْضَيْنَ Conjugation of the verb رَمَـىto throw (of the formفَعَلَ ) The Perfect رَمَيْنَا رَمَيْتُ رَمَيـْتُمْ رَمَيْـتُمَا رَمـَيْتَ رَمَيْـتُنَّ رَمَيْتِ رَمَوْا رَمَيَـا رَمَــى رَمَيْنَ رمَتَا رَمَـتْ The Imperfect نَرمِي أَرْمِـي تَرْمُونَ تَرْمِيَـانِ تَـرْمِـي تَـرْمِــيْنَ تَرْمِينَ يَرْمُونَ يَرْمِيَـانِ يَرْمِــي يَرْمِينَ تَرْمِــي 23 The Imperative إِرْمِ إِرْمِي إِرْمِيَـا إِرْمُـوا إِرْمِينَ Exercise: Conjugate the following verbs in all the tenses: رَجَـا (to hope -request) دَنَـا (to approach) لَـقِىَ (to meet) نَـسِىَ(to forget)صَـفَا (to be pure, clear)مَـضَى (to go away) بَقِـىَ(to remain) بَنَـى (to build) قَـضَى (to decide -judge) DERIVED FORMS OF THE VERB The great majority of the Arabic verbs are triliteral, i.e they consist of three radical letters only. The quadriliteral verbs, which consist of four radical letters are less in number. The triliteral verbs are of two kinds: 1. Those which contain merely the three radical letters which are known as الـثُلاَثِيّ الـمُجَرَّدe.g خَـرَج (to go out). 2. Those which contain one, two or three additional letters, besides the three radical letters. These are known as الـثُلاَثِي المَزِيْدُ فِيْهِ e.g أَخْرَجَ (to take out). These in fact are the “derived forms of the triliteral verbs”. They differ from the original, in meaning, to some extent. In the Arabic dictionaries, the triliteral verb as such finds the first place and the meaning of its derived forms follow one by one. The derived forms of the triliteral verb are twelve in number: A. Forms increased by one letter : 1أَفْعَلَ خَرَجَ -2فَعَّلَ كَسَرَ كَسَّرَ 3فَاعَلَ قَتَلَ قَاتَلَ B. Forms increased by two letters : 4تَفَعَّلَ قَبِلَ تَقَبَّلَ 5تَفَاعَلَ تَقَاتَلَ 6اِفْتَعَلَ جَنَبَ إِجْتَنَبَ 7اِنْفَعَلَ إِنْكَسَرَ 8اِفْعَلَّ حَمِرَ إِحْمَرّ 24 C. Forms increased by three letters : 9إِفْعَالَّ دَهَمَ -اِدْهَامَّ 10اِسْتَفْعَلَ نَصَرَ اِسْتَـنْصَرَ11إِفْـعَوْعَلَ خَشَنَ إِخْشَوْشَن12إِفْعَوَّلَ جَلَذَ إِجْلَوَّذَFORMأَفْعَلَ This is formed by prefixing Hamza as a result of which the first radical loses its vowel. It implies causing an act. It makes intransitive verbs transitive, and transitive verbs doubly transitive : جَلَسَ(to sit)أَجْلَسَ (to make one sit) There are a few intransitive verbs of this form , e.gأَسْلَمَ (to become a muslim)أَقْبَلَ (to approach) Conjugation of verbأَجْلَسَ (to seat) The Perfect أَجْلَسْنَاأَجْلَسْنَا أَجْلَسْتُ أَجْلَسْتُمْ أَجْلَسْتُمَا أَجْلَسْتَ أَجْلَسْـتُنَّ أَجْلَسْتِ أَجْلَسُوا أَجْلَسَـا أَجْلَسْنَ أَجْلَسَتَا The Imperfect نُجْلِسُ أُجْلِسُ تُجْلِسُونَ تُجْلِسَانِ تُجْلِسُ تُجْلِسْنَ تُجْلِسِينَ يُجْلِسُونَ يُجْلِسَان يُجْلِسُ يُجْلِسْنَ 25 The Imperative أَجْلِسْ أَجْلِسِي أَجْلِسَا أَجْلِسُوا أَجْلِسْنَ FORMفَـعَّلَ This is formed by doubling the second radical. It implies that an act is done with intensity e.g قَطَعَ (to cut) قَطَّعَ (tocut into pieces) Conjugation of verb كَـسَّرَ(to break into pieces) The Perfect كَسَّرْنَاكَسَّرْنَا كَسَّرتُ كَسَّرْتُمْ كَسَّرْتُمَا كَسَّرْتَ كَسَّرْتُنَّ كَسَّرْتِ كَسَّرُوا كَسَّرَا كَسَّـرَ كَسَّرْنَ كَسَّرَتَا كَسَّرَتْ The Imperfect نُكَسِّـرُ أُكَسِّـرُ تُكَسِّـرُونَ تُكَسِّرَانِ تُكَسِّـرُ تُكَسِّـرْنَ تُكَسِّـرِينَ يُكَسِّـرُونَ يُكَسِّرَانِ يُكَسِّـرُ يُكَسِّـرْنَ تُكَسِّـرُ 26 The Imperative كَسِّـرْ كَسِّرِي كَسِّرَا كَسِّرُوا كَسِّرْنَ FORMفَاعَلَ This is formed by the introduction of an alif after the first radical. This form normally expresses the trelation or application of the act of the root form to another person, e.gكَـتَبَ (to write) كَاتَبَ(to write to -correspond with). It also expresses the effort to perform the act upon the object e.g قَـتَلَ (to kill) قَـاتَلَ (to try to kill -therefore to fightagainst ) Conjugation of verb كَاتَـبَ(to write to) The Perfect كَاتَبْنَاكَاتَبْنَا كَاتَبْتُ كَاتَبْتُمْ كَاتَبْتُمَا كَاتَبْتَ كَاتَبْتُنَّ كَاتَبْتِ كَاتَبُوا كَاتَبَا كَاتَبَ كَاتَبْنَ كَاتَبَتَا كَاتَبَتْ 27 The Imperfect نُكَاتِبُ أُكَاتِبُ تُكَاتِبُونَ تُكَاتِبَانِ تُكَاتِبُ تُكَاتِبْنَ تُكَاتِبِينَ يُكَاتِبُونَ يُكَاتِبَانِ يُكَاتِبُ يُكَاتِبْنَ The Imperative كَاتِبْ كَاتِبِي كَاتِبَا كَاتِبُوا كَاتِبْنَ 28 FORMSتَفَعَّلَ AND تَفَاعَلَ Derived formsتَفَعَّلَ and تَفَاعَلَform a pair. They tend to be reflexives of Formsفَعَّلَ andفَاعَلَ , from which they are formed by prefixingت . Moreover, they are both vowelled entirely by „fatha‟ in the imperfect, but take „dwamma‟ on the middle radical in the verbal noun. FORMتَفَعَّلَ Conjugation of تَسَلَّمَ (to take over, to receive) The Perfect تَسَلَّمْنَاتَسَلَّمْنَا تَسَلَّمْتُ تَسَلَّمْتُمْ تَسَلَّمْتُمَا تَسَلَّمْتَ تَسَلَّمْتُنَّ تَسَلَّمْتِ تَسَلَّمُوْا تَسَلَّمَا تَسَلَّمْنَ تَسَلَّمَتَا تَسَلَّمَتْ The Imperfect نَتَسَلَّمُ أَتَسَلَّمُ تَتَسَلَّمُونَ تَتَسَلَّمَانِ تَتَسَلَّمُ تَتَسَلَّمْنَ تَـتَسَلَّمِينَ يَتَسَلَّمُونَ يَتَسَلَّمَانِ يَتَسَلَّمُ يَتَسَلَّمْنَ تتسَلَّمَانِ The Imperative تَسَلَّمْ تَسَلَّمِي تَسَلَّمُوا 29 MEANING PATTERNS a. This is most frequently the reflexive of formفَعَّلَ فَرَّقَ to separate; تَفَرَّقَ (to separate oneself), to scatter عَلَّمَto teach; تَعَلَّمَ (to teach oneself), to learn ذَكَّرَto remind; تَذَكَّرَ (to be reminded), to remember b. It is also used to form verbs from nouns, especially nouns of quality or status, e.g, نَصْرَانِيٌّa christian; تَنَصَّرَto become a christian يَهُودِيٌّa jew; تَهَوَّدَto become a jew c. Closely related to meaning (b) is that of thinking or representing oneself to have a certain quality or status : كَبِيرٌgreat; تَكَبَّرَto think oneself great, to be proud نَبِيٌّprophet; تَـنَـبَّـأَto represent oneself to be a prophet FORMتَفَاعَلَ This only differs from تَفَعَّلَ in having the alif after the first radical. It is conjugated as follows: Conjugation of تَقَاتَلَ(to fight with each other) : The Perfect تَقَاتَلْنا تَقَاتَلْتُ تَقَاتَلْتُمْ تَقَاتَلْتُمَا تَـقَاتَلْتَ تَقَاتَلْتُنَّ تَقَاتَلْتِ تَقَاتَلُوا تَقَاتَلا تَقَاتَلَ تَقَاتَلْنَ تَقَاتَلَتا تَقَاتَلَتْ 30 The Imperfect نَتَقَاتَلُ أَتَقَاتَلُ تَتَقَاتَلُونَ تَتَقَاتَلانِ تَتَقَاتَلُ تَتَقَاتَلْنَ تَـتَقَاتَلِينَ يَتَقَاتَلُونَ يَتَقَاتَلانِ يَتَقَاتَلُ يَتَقَاتَلْنَ تَـتَقَاتَلُ The Imperative تَـقَاتَلْ تَـقَاتَـلِي تَـقَاتَلاَ تَـقَاتَلُوا تَـقَاتَلْنَ MEANING PATTERNS a. The reflexive ofفَاعَلَ ,e.g. قَاتَلَto fight; تَقَاتَلَto fight each other عَاوَنَto co operate with; تَعَاوَنَto co operate together وَافَقَto agree with; تَوَافَقَto agree together In this sense, this form of verb must always have a dual or plural subject, though, of course, when the third person verb comes first it will always be in the singular تَقَاتَلَ الجَيْـشَانِthe two armies fought each other But the subject is sometimes a collective word such as نَاسٌ or قَوْمٌ (people) تَعَاوَنَ القَوْمُthe people co-operated (together) b. Even more than Formتَفَعَّلَ , Form تَفَاعَلَis used with the meaning of simulating a state or status, or representing oneself to have it, e.g جَاهِلٌ ignorant; تَجَاهَلَaffect ignoranceمَشْغُولbusy;تَشَاغَلَ to pretend to be busy 31 Form اِفْـتَعَــلَThis is formed by prefixing إ“ Hamza tul wasl” and adding ت after the first radical which loses its vowel thereby e.g جَـنَبَ(to set apart) إِجْتَنَــبَ (to avoid) Conjugation of verb اِجْتَمَــعَ (to assemble) Imperfect نَجْتَمِعُ أَجْـتَمِعُ تَجْتَمِعُونَ تَجْتَمِعَانِ تَجْتَمِعُ تَجْـتَمِعْنَ تَجِتَمِعِيْن َجْـتَمِعُوْنَ يَجْتَمِعَانِ يَجْتَمِعُ يَجْتَمِعْنَ تَجْـتَمِعُ Perfectإِجْتَمَعْنَا إِجْتَمَعْنَا إجْتَمَعْتُ إِجْتَمَعْتُمْ إجْتَمَعْتُمَا إِجْتَمَعْتَ إِجْتَمَعْتُنَّ إِجْتَمَعْتِ إِجْتَمَعُوْا إِجْتَمَعَا إِجْتَمَعَ إِجْتَمَعْنَ إِجْتَمَعَتَا إِجْتَمَعَتْ Imperativeإِجْتَمِعْ إِجْتَمِعِيْ إِجْتَمِعَا إِجْتَمِعُوا إِجْتَمِعْنَ 32 Form إِنْـفَـعـَلَ This is formed by prefixingإ andن . It has a reflexive signification and is generally used as a passive e.g كَشَفَ ( to uncover) إِنْكَشَفَ (to be uncovered) كَسَــرَ( to break -transitive) إِنْكَسَرَ (to break -intransitive) قَلَبَ to overturn) إِنْقَلَبَ (to be overturned or reversed) Conjugation ofإِنْصَرَفَ (to go off, depart) Imperfect نَـنْصَرِفُ أَنْصَرِفُ تَنْصَرِفُونَ تَنْصَرِفَانِ تـنْصَرِفُ تَنْصَرِفْنَ تَنْصَرِفِينَ يَنْصَرِفُونَ يَـنْصَرِفَانِ يَنْصَرِفُ يَنْصَرِفْنَ تَنْصَرِفُ Perfect إِنْصَرَفْـنَا إِنْصَرَفْتُ إِنْصَرَفْـتُمْ إِنْصَرَفْـتُمَا إِنْصَرَفْتَ إِنْصَرَفْـتُنَّ إِنْصَرَفْتِ إِنْصَرَفُوا إِنْصَرَفَا إنْصَرَفَ إِنْصَرَفْنَ إِنْصَرَفـَتَا إِنْصَرَفَتْ Imperative إِنْصَرِفِي إِنْصَرِفَا إِنْصَرِفُوا إِنْصَرِفْنَ 33