MORINGA TECHNOLOGY : APPLICATIONS IN WATER TREATMENT FOR POTABLE USES : MORINGA TECHNOLOGY : APPLICATIONS IN WATER TREATMENT FOR POTABLE USES Presented by
Engr. Prof. SULEYMAN AREMU MUYIBI , PhD, MNSE, MWA, MIOBB, MMANCID, MoringaNews Network
Coordinator
Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit (BERU)
A CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
2nd ANNUAL CIVIL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE:
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN
ILORIN, NIGERIA
26 – 28th July 2010
http://iiu.edu.my/beru
Presentation Content : Presentation Content Introduction
Brief history about Moringa Technology
Problem Definition
Proposed Alternatives
Moringa Technology
Processing Techniques
Application Techniques
The Journey so far http://iiu.edu.my/beru
Introduction : Introduction Brief History on Moringa Technology
Water treatment with Moringa seeds in Sudan : Waterlines 1986
Research papers from Dr. Jahn S.A.A. Germany 1987
Research commenced: Final year projects in the Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University Kano- 3 students 1989 -1991
PhD programme commenced in University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 1992 under British Chevening Scholarship Award Scheme
Slide 4 : Problem Definition
Water treatment companies face a myriad of problems
Some of these are:
Large seasonal variation in raw water quality e.g. turbidity.
Conventional water treatment technology using metallic salts as coagulants have some inherent disadvantages such as.
Removal of suspended and colloidal particles only leaving dissolved solids like heavy metals( Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury etc) some of which are very toxic even in small concentrations.
Water treatment chemicals are imported with scarce foreign currency.
High cost of water treatment chemicals which constitute between 35% to 70% of recurrent expenditure. Introduction: Water Treatment Challenges
Slide 5 : Potential health and environmental problems in
the use of chemical coagulants.
Aluminum has also been indicated to be a causative agent in neurological diseases such as pre-senile dementia
Sludge produced are voluminous and non-biodegradable after treatment and therefore poses disposal problems leading to increase cost of treatment.
Dissolved solids containing toxic ions of substances like cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, etc. as well as others like high concentration of ammonia compounds.
These may be present in the raw water being treated due to discharge of industrial wastewater into the water source and are not usually removed during conventional treatment of water. PROBLEMS DEFINITION...
PROBLEMS DEFINITION... : PROBLEMS DEFINITION... A report from UNICEF and the WHO(Water21: The magazine of the International Water Association 30 May 2006 Global news digest) observed that:
Over 70% of water sources in Nigeria are in the high-risk category.
Fewer than 5% of the water supplies tested had sufficient chlorine levels.
The report suggests that the health of the country's citizens could be jeopardised if water quality continues to decline and if no efforts are made to improve the technologies used and management of the systems .
The organisations called for Nigeria to establish a regulatory agency for sanitation and water supply schemes.
WATER TREATMENT & SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA : 7 WATER TREATMENT & SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA Water treatment companies in NIGERIA face a myriad of problems
Some of these are:
Large seasonal variation in raw water quality e.g. turbidity.
Water treatment chemicals are imported with scarce foreign currency.
High cost of water treatment chemicals which constitute between 35% to 70% of recurrent expenditure.
Inadequate supply of chemicals for water treatment
WATER TREATMENT & SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA… : 8 WATER TREATMENT & SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA… Inadequate laboratory facilities to monitor process performances required to operate the plants.
Inadequate funding,
Low revenue base,
Inadequate skilled manpower,
Poor operational and maintenance schedules,
Adoption of inappropriate technology.
Inadequate supply to meet growing demand
Underdosing of chemicals leading supply of poor quality water.
CHEMICALS USED IN SURFACE WATER TREATMENT : 9 CHEMICALS USED IN SURFACE WATER TREATMENT Coagulants:
Many coagulants are widely used in conventional water treatment processes for turbidity removal.
Coagulants can be classified into:
Aluminium sulphate (alum)
“PAC” (poly-aluminum chloride),
Poly-aluminum silico sulphate (PASS),
Ferric Chloride.
Poly-electrolytes are used as primary coagulant as well as coagulant aids to improve the strength of particle aggregates, enhance coagulation and deposition.
Natural coagulants / flocculants.
Alkalinity & pH correctants:
Calcium hydroxide( slaked lime)
Sodium Carbonate (soda ash)
Disinfectants: Chlorine compounds e.g Calcium hypo chloride, chloride gas, sodium hypo chloride , ozone, chlorine dioxide etc. inorganic Synthetic and Natural
Organic
Polymers
SOME PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER TREATMENT : 10 SOME PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER TREATMENT Potential health and environmental problems in the use of chemical coagulants.
Aluminum has also been indicated to be a causative agent in neurological diseases such as pre-senile dementia
There is a fear that ingestion of aluminum ions may induce Alzheimer’s disease
Sludge produced are voluminous and non-biodegradable after treatment and therefore poses disposal problems leading to increase cost of treatment.
The costs of these chemicals has been increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries.
Most of the water treatment companies cannot cope with the high costs due to declining revenues and funding
PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER TREATMENT … : 11 PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER TREATMENT … The inability of local supplies to satisfy the demand due to competing uses.
Foreign exchange problem for imported chemicals.
Under-dosing of chemicals so as to meet the increasing water demand leading to production of poor quality drinking water.
Using alum as well as other metallic salt coagulants produces large sludge volumes which are also non-biodegradable.
Ferric salts and synthetic polymers have also been used as coagulants but with limited success because of the same disadvantages manifested in the use of aluminum salts
Slide 12 : Several studies on natural coagulants have been carried out and various natural coagulants were produced or extracted from microorganisms, animals or plants.
One of these alternatives is Moringa oleifera seeds.
It is a native tree of the sub-Himalayan parts of Northwest India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
It is now widely cultivated across Africa e.g. Nigeria, Niger, Malawi, Sudan,Tanzania etc. South America, most part of South – East Asia for example, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippine, Cambodia, Middle East, Central America, and The Caribbean islands.
The traditional use of the Moringa oleifera seeds for domestic household water treatment is limited to certain rural areas in the Sudan.
Large scale application of Moringa oleifera seeds in water treatment is currently being practiced in Malawi MORINGA TECHNOLOGY PROPOSED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Slide 13 : In Nigeria, Moringa is encountered doing very well in all ecological settings. From the crude-oil-rich, rainforested Niger Delta, on the Atlantic Coast to the south, to Lake Chad, in the arid north, proximal to the Sahara Desert, Moringa florishes.
Moringa is lavishly named in Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba, the three major languages of Nigeria.
Hausa: Zogale, Zogalla-gandi, Bagaruwar maka, Bagaruwar masar, Shipka hali, Shuka halinka, Barambo, Koraukin zaila, Rimin turawa, Rimin nacara etc.
Igbo: Odudu oyibo, Okwe oyibo, Okwe olu,Okochi egbu, Okughara ite, Uhe, Ikwe beke etc.
Yoruba: Ewe ile, Ewe igbale, Adagba maloye etc. PROPOSED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Slide 14 : MORINGA OLEIFERA TREE WITH FULLY GROWN RIPE SEED PODS
Slide 15 : 15 Moringa Oleifera seed pods & dry seeds
Slide 16 : Moringa Technology is in two main parts.
Techniques for processing of the Moringa Oleifera seeds to produce the coagulant-flocculant
Techniques for application of the coagulant-flocculant in water treatment to meet Drinking Water Quality requirements MORINGA TECHNOLOGY
Slide 17 : LOW TECHNOLOGY
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY
HIGH TECHNOLOGY MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Slide 18 : Suitable for households to small community water supplies.
Production of biocompost/ bio-fertilizer from sludge produced after treatment
Disadvantage: Low efficiency in the treatment of low turbidity water( < 50 NTU). Low Technology
Slide 19 : REMOVE DRY SEED FROM
PODS AND SHELL
(DEHAULING PROCESS) GRIND SEED TO A VERY FINE POWDER PACK POWDER IN A PLASTIC BAG AND
SEAL TO KEEP IT AIRTIGHT
STORE IN A
DRY PLACE UNTIL WHEN NEEDED Low Technology Seed processing
Slide 20 : SUITABLE FOR MEDIUM TO LARGE COMMUNITIES
USEFUL BYPRODUCTS FROM PROCESSING e.g. edible oil, activated carbon from husk and seed shell, bio-fertilizer / biocompost from sludge after treatment, etc. Seed processing Medium Technology
Slide 21 : DEHAUL DRY SEEDS EXTRACT OIL FROM POWDER
USING COLD PRESS,
ORGANIC SOLVENTS, STEAM ETC DRY POWDER (residue) TO REMOVE
ALL TRACES OF SOLVENT OR MOISTURE PACK POWDER IN A PLASTIC BAG AND SEALED
STORE IN A DRY PLACE UNTIL WHEN NEEDED Process Oil
For use Convert seed
Husk, pods etc
To Activated
Carbon, fuel for
Steam production etc Medium Technology Seed processing
Slide 22 : HIGH TECHNOLOGY
Suitable for medium to large scale applications.
Have high shelf life
Large scale production for export to other countries.
Efficient in the treatment of raw water with diverse characteristics.
Low dosage applications.
Many useful byproducts e.g. oil, poultry and livestock feed, bio-fertilizer etc. High Technology Seed processing
Slide 23 : DEHUSK DRY SEEDS EXTRACT OIL
SOLVENT,
COLD PRESS ETC. EXTRACT BIO-FLOCCULANTS
ION-EXCHANGE, CROSSFLOW MICROFILTRATION, ETC. PACKAGING
LIQUID FORM, POWDER : FREEZE DRYING , SPRAY DRYING Seed processing... High Technology Convert
Husk, pods etc
To Activated
Carbon, fuel for
Steam production etc
Slide 24 : Household and Community Level water treatment units(Small Scale).
Treatment Unit operations and processes.
Manual of operation required for dosing, filter cleaning and maintenance etc.
Use Moringa oleifera seed processed with low or medium technology COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION COAGULANT DOSING FILTRATION
SLOW SAND FILTERS STORAGE AND
DISTRIBUTION FOR USE Application In Water Treatment SLUDGE MIXED
WITH AGRO-WASTE
BIOCOMPOST
Slide 25 : LARGE SCALE
Application areas:
Existing conventional water treatment plants with slight modifications.
New water treatment plants.
Use processed Moringa seed from medium technology or high technology.
Provide manual of operation for dosing, filter maintenance etc. Application In Water Treatment...
Slide 26 : Existing Water Treatment Plants COAGULATION
RAPID MIXING COAGULANT DOSING FLOCCULATION
SLOW MIXING SEDIMENTATION FILTRATION
(RAPID SAND) DISINFECTION, STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION SLUDGE
TREATMENT
Convert To
Bio-Compost
Soil Conditioner etc. . APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT
Slide 27 : APPLICATION IN NEW WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
Requires design and operation modification APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT...
Slide 28 : OPTION A: RAPID SAND FILTERS Coagulant Dosing COAGULATION FLOCCULATION DIRECT FILTRATION
Rapid sand Filters DISINFECTION
STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION SLUDGE TREATMENT
Bio-compost
Soil conditioner APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT...
Slide 29 : OPTION B: SLOW SAND FILTERS COAGULATION Coagulant Dosing DIRECT FILTRATION
SLOW SAND FILTER DISINFECTION
STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION Filter Cleaning
Sand replacement
Sludge disposal
Biocompost,
soil conditioner APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT...
The Journey so far and Future Direction : The Journey so far and Future Direction achievements in moringa oleifera research (1990-2010)
human capital development
PhD in Environmental Engineering, University of Newcastle , UK( 1995)
academic staff with expertise in moringa technology
Universiti Putra Malaysia : 5
international islamic university malaysia: 7
ahamdu bello university, nigeria: 5
Total: 17
moringa technology enterprise: registered company with corporate affairs, abuja, nigeria reg. no KD 24403, 17th august 2006
moringa research centre: setup in april 2010 AT ABU ZARIA
postgraduate
MSc - Environmental Engineering & Chemical Engineering: 7
PhD: 2
Final Year projects: 16
Global Information Resource on Moringa: Moringa News Network- http://www.moringanews.org
The Journey so far and Future Direction…. : The Journey so far and Future Direction…. research grants/funding:
irpa, upm-rmc, rmrdc(nigeria)= $(US)300,000
publications:38
Refereed journals: 24
Conference proceedings: 16
awards: 5
products:
pILOT SCALE WATER TREATMENT PLANT- UPM(IRPA)
PILOT SCALE MORINGA SEED PROCESSING PLANT AND WATER TREATMENT PLANT(10,000 L/D)- Ahmadu Bello university , nigeria( rmrdc funding)
patent FILED
Production of Manigfloc( processed Moringa Oleifera seed) and Application Techniques in Water Treatment and Water Pollution Control. Inventors: Suleyman A. Muyibi, Hamzah Mohd Salleh, Md Zahangir Alam, Mohd Ramlan Mohd Salleh, Parveen Jamal, Nasserledeen A. Kabbashi Malaysian patent PI 20070289 February 22 2007
The Journey So far & Future Direction … : The Journey So far & Future Direction … RECOMMENDATIONS
Formation of Multi - disciplinary project groups.
Environmental Engineers/Scientists, Water resources engineers/scientists , water utility company officials: Introduction of technology and modalities for adoption.
Agricultural experts ( agriculturists, extension experts, engineers): Cultivation techniques of Moringa trees and harvesting on a large scale.
Processing industries e.g. food processing, seed oil processing etc: for processing of seeds.
Funding by the relevant authorities for the design, fabrication, and commissioning of pilot scale water treatment plants.
Demonstration and Training of water treatment plant operators.
Preparation of design guidelines and operation manuals for seed processing and application techniques in water treatment.
Organise workshops and seminars for transfer of technology in the following areas.
Cultivation of Moringa oleifera trees, harvesting of dried seeds
Processing techniques of the seeds for application in water treatment.
Application of the processed seed in water treatment.
Public campaign and enlightenment on the novel technology to encourage large scale cultivation of Moringa oleifera trees as cash crop.
Network and cooperation with relevant local and international institutions
Slide 33 : Acknowledgment
Gratitude to the following Organisations and Groups:
British Council, ODA-Nigeria
Research Committee, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Malaysia: IRPA.
Research Management Centre (RMC), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
Research Management Centre (RMC), University Putra Malaysia(UPM)
Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), Nigeria: Technology Development Research Grant
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Nigeria
Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit (BERU), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
Slide 34 : Thank You for Your Audience