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ELAM ZIGGURAT : What is this?
Can you describe it?
How it was built?
When it wsw built?
Where is it?
Who built it? ELAM ZIGGURAT
Slide 3 : Elam.- Ancient country of the Middle East. It was located in what is now southwestern Iran, at the head of the Persian Gulf and east of ancient Babylonia; its capital was Susa (the country, thus, is sometimes known as Susiana). It had close cultural ties to Mesopotamia and was in conflict with Sumer and Akkad from c. 2700 BC. In the 13th century BC, it became a dominant power that included most of Mesopotamia east of the Tigris and reached almost to Persepolis. Its domination ended when Nebuchadrezzar I of Babylon (r. 1124–1203 BC) captured Susa. Later, Elam formed a satrapy of the Persian Achaemenian dynasty, and Susa became one of its capitals The building had five levels and is the best preserved of all ancient ziggurats. There were small channels for water. The temple of Inšušinak was on the top of the tower. It was believed that from this point, he could ascend to heaven or come down to earth. This idea is also present in the name of the Babylonian temple tower Etemenanki: place of the foundation of heaven on earth The building materials in Chogha Zanbil are mainly mud bricks and occasionally baked bricks. The monuments were well built and beautifully decorated with glazed baked bricks, gypsum, ornaments of faience and glass. Thousands of baked bricks bearing inscriptions with Elamite cuneiform characters were all inscribed by hand, ornamenting the most important buildings. Glazed terracotta statues such as bulls and winged griffins guarded the entrances to the ziggurat. Near the temples of Kiririsha and Hishmitik-Ruhuratir, kilns were found that probably were used for the production of baked bricks and decoration materials. The ziggurat, it is believed, was built in two stages and in the second phase took its multi-layered form Gypsum.- A common white or colourless mineral (hydrated calcium sulphate) used to make cements and plasters (especially plaster of Paris)
Faience.-Glazed earthenware decorated with opaque colours
Opaque.- Not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy; impenetrable to sight
Bearing.- Relevant relation or interconnection
Terra cota.- A hard unglazed brownish-red earthenware
Layered.-With one layer on top of another Chogha Zanbil
What is this? Can you describe it? How it was built? When it was built? Where is it? Who built it? : What is this? Can you describe it? How it was built? When it was built? Where is it? Who built it?
Susa (s `z?, –s?), ancient city, capital of Elam (e`l?m), ancient country of Asia, N of the Persian Gulf and E of the Tigris, now in W Iran. . The site is 15 mi (23 km) SW of modern Dizful, Iran. It is the biblical Shushan, and its inhabitants were called Susanchites. From the 4th millennium B.C., Elam was under the cultural influence of Mesopotamia. Excavations at Susa uncovered the stele of Naram-sin and the code of Hammurabi, which were among the many art objects carried off by the Elamites from Babylonia. Destroyed in the 7th cent. B.C. by Assurbanipal, Susa was revived in the empire of the Achaemenid rulers of Persia. Darius I and Artaxerxes I built magnificent winter palaces in the city. Susa was later thoroughly Hellenized. : Susa (s `z?, –s?), ancient city, capital of Elam (e`l?m), ancient country of Asia, N of the Persian Gulf and E of the Tigris, now in W Iran. . The site is 15 mi (23 km) SW of modern Dizful, Iran. It is the biblical Shushan, and its inhabitants were called Susanchites. From the 4th millennium B.C., Elam was under the cultural influence of Mesopotamia. Excavations at Susa uncovered the stele of Naram-sin and the code of Hammurabi, which were among the many art objects carried off by the Elamites from Babylonia. Destroyed in the 7th cent. B.C. by Assurbanipal, Susa was revived in the empire of the Achaemenid rulers of Persia. Darius I and Artaxerxes I built magnificent winter palaces in the city. Susa was later thoroughly Hellenized. Apadana is the name of palace built on Apadana hill by Darius the Great of achaemenian Dynasty in 525 B.C. This magnificent palace caught fire during the reign of "Ardeshir I" in 461 B.C, and was reconstructed during the reign of " Ardeshir II " ( 404 - 359 B.C. ). It was again ruined when Alexander invaded Persia and most of its construction material were used elsewhere. Also, during World War II the invaders, to construct roads and bridges, used whatever remained of that material. The stone statue of Darius was found among the ruins of this palace Where is Susa? What is a satrapy? What does Hellenized mean? Vocabulary:
Column.- (architecture) a tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure
Pillar.- .- column.
Roof.-A protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building
Beam.-Long thick piece of wood or metal or concrete, etc., used in construction
Girder.- A beam made usually of steel; a main support in a structure
Foundation.- The basis on which something is grounded
COLUMN : What is this?
Can you describe it?
How it was built?
When it wsw built?
Where is it?
Who built it? COLUMN
The audience hall in the administrative capitalWhen Darius the Great succeeded Cyrus, he chose the city of Susa as the administrative capital of his unified empire. He undertook the construction of a palace complex on three natural terraces overlooking the city from the north. There he built a royal palace in the Mesopotamian tradition, onto which opened a vast audience hall, in Persian called an apadana. This was a hypostyle (columned) hall, 109 meters square. A composite capitalThe 36 columns of the hall stood 21 metres in height. Each consists of a square base inscribed with the name of the king, and a fluted shaft recalling the Ionian style, surmounted by three successive elements: a basket-like ensemble of palm-fronds borrowed from Egypt, an arrangement of double volutes with rosettes taken from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and above this the foreparts of two kneeling bulls, back to back. The beam rested in the gap between the necks of the animals. This pair of bull protomes reproduces an old Mesopotamian motif symbolizing the cosmic equilibrium. The capital in the Louvre was reconstructed from fragments of several columns, discovered by Marcel Dieulafoy during his excavations of 1884-86. It is this that explains the variations in the color of the stone. This is a veined gray limestone brought to the plain of Susa from the Zagros Mountains, rather than the traditional unbaked brick. A purely Iranian styleThe Darius’s foundation charter for the city tells us that it was Greek and Lydian stonemasons who carved the Susan columns. The model they worked from was created by Persian architects, who deliberately – and most probably by royal command – combined several styles to demonstrate the unification of the different parts of the empire. This capital is typical of Achaemenid art in combining elements taken from different civilizations to form, nonetheless, a coherent stylistic ensemble. Furthermore, the use of columns, although rare, was not unknown in the Iranian world: it can be seen in the buildings of Hasanlu in the 9th century BC, and in Luristan in the 8th. It was collaboration with Greek architects which allowed this column-based architecture to reach such a point of development and make possible the construction of buildings on a hitherto unexampled scale. : The audience hall in the administrative capitalWhen Darius the Great succeeded Cyrus, he chose the city of Susa as the administrative capital of his unified empire. He undertook the construction of a palace complex on three natural terraces overlooking the city from the north. There he built a royal palace in the Mesopotamian tradition, onto which opened a vast audience hall, in Persian called an apadana. This was a hypostyle (columned) hall, 109 meters square. A composite capitalThe 36 columns of the hall stood 21 metres in height. Each consists of a square base inscribed with the name of the king, and a fluted shaft recalling the Ionian style, surmounted by three successive elements: a basket-like ensemble of palm-fronds borrowed from Egypt, an arrangement of double volutes with rosettes taken from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and above this the foreparts of two kneeling bulls, back to back. The beam rested in the gap between the necks of the animals. This pair of bull protomes reproduces an old Mesopotamian motif symbolizing the cosmic equilibrium. The capital in the Louvre was reconstructed from fragments of several columns, discovered by Marcel Dieulafoy during his excavations of 1884-86. It is this that explains the variations in the color of the stone. This is a veined gray limestone brought to the plain of Susa from the Zagros Mountains, rather than the traditional unbaked brick. A purely Iranian styleThe Darius’s foundation charter for the city tells us that it was Greek and Lydian stonemasons who carved the Susan columns. The model they worked from was created by Persian architects, who deliberately – and most probably by royal command – combined several styles to demonstrate the unification of the different parts of the empire. This capital is typical of Achaemenid art in combining elements taken from different civilizations to form, nonetheless, a coherent stylistic ensemble. Furthermore, the use of columns, although rare, was not unknown in the Iranian world: it can be seen in the buildings of Hasanlu in the 9th century BC, and in Luristan in the 8th. It was collaboration with Greek architects which allowed this column-based architecture to reach such a point of development and make possible the construction of buildings on a hitherto unexampled scale.
Slide 8 : Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa. Ashurbanipal's brutal campaign against Susa in 647 BC is triumphantly recorded in this relief. Here, flames rise from the city as Assyrian soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the spoils Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa Mountain goat, Proto-Elamite;Susa, Iran; Around 3100-2900 BCE Kneeling Bull holding spouted vessel, Proto-Elamite;Susa, Iran; Around 3100-2850 BCE Elamite Worshipper (Golden);Susa, Iran; 12th century BCE Detail, gold griffin with inlay, 4th century B.C.E. Gilded silver dish, 6th century it was at Susa that the masterpieces of Iranian archaic painted pottery were found and it is believed that south-west Iran was one of the first centres of painted pottery. All the pottery were made by hand, but baked in special ovens. Susa is in fact an imposing mound with three peaks crowned by the citadel, the Apadana, and the royal town of the Achaemenid kings. It is divided to different levels according to the date and findings. The oldest, Susa A is known mainly for its cemetery, which contained more than 2000 tombs. The pottery related to Susa A is specifically interesting from the artistic point of view. The background is usually a light color with a greenish tinge, and the designs are still monochrome.
. : . This distinctive sculpture shows a remarkably powerful depiction of a demonic feline who stands on her hind legs while pressing her front paws together in the center of her massive chest. It is conceived frontally, with its head turned to be seen in profile. The figure can be identified as Proto-Elamite on the basis of comparisons with seal impressions from the site of Susa in southwestern Iran impressed on tablets inscribed with Proto-Elamite script. The abstract curved forms of the figure are compacted with an almost explosive pressure that gives the small lion demon a monumentality that could be sustained at a much greater scale. Although the stark white color appeals to today's tastes, this figure originally was probably quite colorful. From its tail might have emerged long colorful streamers of perhaps gold ribbon, and its lower hind legs were certainly constructed of precious metal, either gold or silver. On the back of the head of the feline are four holes that are drilled through. Although these holes may also have accommodated streamers, they were possibly threaded with a thong that allowed the demon to be suspended, probably from the neck of a powerful leader