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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I one a deep sense of gratitude of part Ch.Bapu Haranath,head of department of Anthropology,Andhra university,Visakhapatanam for providing me the necessary facilities and opportunity to carry out field work at Kondrukota.
I am lucky en to have Prof:V Subramanian as my guide. He was more brine generous in offering his time, energy and wisdom in guiding for complete his of this field work dissertation. I am thankful to Prof.J M Naidu for his valuable suggestion during the field work.
I am extremely thankful to our classmates for their help and co operation in collection of empirical data in the selected field villages. I am extending my gratitude to all the tribal respondents for providing the valid data for this dissertation work .Lastly I express my gratitude to my Parents for then encoragementand and financial support for successful completion of the field work and writing the report.
I am thankful to the typist my friends Mr. .Ravi kiran, suresh, and Naidu for typing the main script without mistakes.
P.Naga Chaitanya)
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that field report entitled “Displacement and Livelihood strategies for project Affected Tribal families :A study of Polavaram project in Andhra Pradesh” submitted by Mr. P.Naga chaitanya to Andhra university,Visakhapatnam,is the record of germane and benefited work in portial fulfillment of the requirement to his Master of Arts degree in Anthropology during the year 2008-2010
Prof: V.Subramanyam Ch. Bapu haranath
Research Director. Head of the Department
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DECLARATION
I have to declare that the dissertation submitted by me to the Department of Anthropology, Andhra university Visakhapatnam, is the original work undertaken by me and was not submitted for any degree, or diploma fellowship earlier to this university or any other university.
Place: Visakhapatnam
Date : (P.NAGA CHAITANYA)
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INTRODUCTION
Agriculture Development is interconnected with the Perennial irrigation source and Fertile soils. Irrigation development is one of the policy of Governments Agenda. The Construction of major, medium, minor Irrigation dams is to increase the Agricultural production so. As to meet the ever growing demand of food requirement for the entire population of our country .Provision of irrigation through Dams to forming sector shall definitely increase the Ayacut area, also minimize the food scarcity of the society further, it will facilitate for rural development, and make a difference the life styles of rural people. Conservation and utilization of water resources in addition to the other natural resources like forest, land, and minerals will certainly increase the agricultural production, which in turn boosted up the nation’s economy. As water being the conservation of the one among natural resources by construction of reservoir dams across smaller, medium, and major rivers was well thought by colonial rulers in our country . After India’s independence, our 1st prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru has paid much attention on irrigation development, as much of nations economy is based on agricultural sector , by construction of major irrigation dams in several states of our country.
It is well known fact that forest and mountain peaks are very conduce far heavy rain fall of the fallen rain fall flows, down through streams , rivulets of mountains are fills. The advises or tribal’s mostly in inhabits in this forest and mountains where there directly depend on the physical environment for their subsistence and survival. Most of the water flowing streams under rivers invariably found a mists of forest cohere aboriginal people live far centuries together. Major irrigation and power generation were constructed and currently constructing in tribal areas our country. in the progress that tribal inhabiting in and around these projects worst effected with the loss of the own lands., houses and natural wealth of valuable forest flora – fauna, which threatens the very livelihood of these economical tribal’s .
Due to the construction of irrigation projects in the tribal area, inhabitance of project effected area will be displace from their original houses and lands and others means of livelihood. Besides , displacing them from their traditional habitat it will also advisedly effect their socio cultural life, especially with respect of scheduled tribes who mainly depend on forest far eking out their livelihood .hence , displacement should be preceded by well planed resettlement and rehabilitation program in order to insure that their livelihood patterns are not affected adversely. The govt of andhrapradesh is planned to construct a major irrigation dam on the Godavari river of polavaram to develop agriculture and to provide drinking water for Visakhapatnam. and also meet the industrial water requirement for Visakha steel plant industry. Polavaram isa major irrigation project, the estimated cost of this project is around rs. 9265 cr’s , the main issue with the project is submergents of latest 276 villages will a population of 170000s. Out of which 259 village are in Andhra Pradesh, 10 in Chhattisgarh and 7 in Orissa. Majority of people belong to scheduled tribes and live along the Godavari and adjacent smaller river beds up stream of the barrage. Has many times in India’s history of water development, people from the scheduled areas are being asked to give up their land to benefit non tribals . due to construction of the polavaram project the worst the effected people are the tribal’s. The rationally of construction of this dam is that since the Godavari rivers brings more water than can be used at the moment one of main region for the constructing polavram in not to let the water flow into the Indian ocean . 644 tmcft (18 billion m^3) is currently not being utilized from the Godavari and the Andhra Pradesh govt wants a part of this water to be captured by polavarm together with other major projects on river like dummagudam and inchampalli .
The drawistic changes and impact of constructing large dams in the tribal areas , coupled with their life pattern and identity needs to be under stood on the back drop of the long standing and yet un resolved debate about the tribes way of life . Whether it is seem to be worthy in its own right or viewed as something interior, worth discarding.
The processes of displacement cannot be a necessary pre condition for the tribes , to get access to basic public facilities like health care , education and transportation.It is their right as citizens, to these facilities, wherever they are .besides, it needs to be stressed that, despite protective legislation and special constitutional provisions for the tribes,increasedcontact with the mainstream has alienated them from their natural resource base.
Considering the fact, that India is one of the largest dam building nations in the world. Currently,there are 4291 dams,3596cave been built and another 695 are under construction.one of the oppealing facts about dam biuldng in India,absence of reliable data base on the performance and impacts of large dams.Major and medium projects have consumed almost all the irrigation budget of independence India, which is over Rs,80,000 creres(Kothari&thakkar ,1998).India government invested enormous capital, effort and resourses in construction of large irrigation projects, there is total absence of systematic evolution to ascertment is justified or not.
It is witnessed in india, that many tribal and Dalith communities are socially, economically,and politically the weakest, when compared with the other communities.Understanding the socio-economic conditions of the deprived communities,India constitution is wedded to the principles of equal opportunity to all its citizens by providing special protection to these deprived groups.In the process of national development, these marginalized communities have been up rooted from their ancestral land , often forsed of to migrate. To urban slums in search of employment or become landless laborers. They have paid the price for development of the urban areasand large formers by providing irrigation and electricity. Inan unequal society like India,major and iner irrigation projects (dams) have served as yet another instrument of dominant classes for opprppriating the,three most important natural resources,likeland,water and forest from the less privileged communitieslike tribes. Besides in many cases, like for instance, surya dam in western maharatra, dams have been built in the name of tribal deprived classes and eventually served the important cities like Mumbai (singh,1998).
Sainath (1996) presents the plight of tribes in Odissa, where the tribes have almost never shared the benefits of the projects which have displaced them, be it irrigation or electricity. Machkund dam in Odessa generates 720mw of electricity annually, but families displaced by the dam live in darkness.
Singh(1997)states that displacement caused by large dames has actually resulted in transfer of the socity of more privileged,larged dams do little to alleviate the existing social inequalities on the country.The further ,aggregate the already skewed social structure in favour of socially economically, and politically, powerfull.(203)
As pointed out by Fernandes (1991) ,comparatively,smaller perforation of dams built immediately,after indeoendence were located intrial sreas, but the trend changed in 1970’s. Once the resoursesin more accessbille areas were planned in tribalareaa,naturally displacing large number of tribal commumities. Further, the geographic location of tribal habitats is one major reason where such large number of tribal have been displaced. Yet, this is only tip of an iceberg. In a highly stratified society, like India, the distribution of costs on the benefits has,to a large extent the determined by the social distance between the poor and rich classes, marked so starkly by skewed distribution of power and resources. Displacement has aggravated the process of aliemating small and marginal farmers and the tribes from the natural resource base.
To put things in perspective, displacement is often regarded as a one time, phenomena by which a person is forsed to leave his original habitat or location and so else where. Displacement needs to the viwed as a continually process, rather than a single event , which starts much before the actual physical displacement and continues for a long time after up rootment has taken place.
BARI(1999) say “colonial low conceives of dispolacement as a single moment,Where as in real life it signifies a muititude of moments ,displacement is not one events,but a series of happening,effecting human lives in myriad ways.(p168).
In al most all the cases ,there is a gap of just years, but decades between the first announcement of the irrigation project (dam) and its completion. As a consequence,areas stated for submergence ,stop getting funds for building or maintaining infrastructure(Thukral 1994). Government itself encourages deforestation in the catchment areas,as in the casse of sardar sarovar dam in GUJARAT, Polavaram project in Andhra Pradesh.
Constuction of dam and project should follow the Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy of the government. It must protect the intrest of all the project affected families. In the constitution, for instance a special provision given for scheduled tribes and for protected communities inhbiting scheduled areas.
But then, when a project submerges as scheduled area as it is haping of the sardar sarovar project or it disaster that amongst the rest of the population, the protection fragment, and are allowed disappear the state in its legislating role, enacts protection for tribe in the matter of alienation of land. (but) the state retains the existence of a perhaps,unspecified public purpose. The neglect and even perversion of protective laws, is all to often the result. Overall legal frame work per taining to displacement and rehabilitation rest on the principle of eminent domain, the supreme authority of the over all the property. The same state that acquires planned, has the responsibility or protecting people, living in the scheduled areas against land alienation. In the level, often contradictory responceblity, the principle of eminent domain has always precided all other legal provision and protective measurers (Ramanathan, 1995).
CHAPTER III
SOCIO – ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES.
Due to the construction of Polavaram project on Godavari River certainly some of the tribal families lost lively hood. The tribals are marginalized and experiencing with impoverishment. The tribals in the selected villages are mainly depending on agriculture and forest resources for their lively hoods. The following few pages explains about the socio – economic condition of the projected affected families in the villages like Mulagalagudem, Kontron kota, Wadapalli, Mamidigondi, Devaragondi, Pydakulamamidi, Tutigunta, Sivagiri, Koruturu, Tekuru, Cheduru, Pallapuru and Manturu. The table 3.1 shows tribe / caste wise number of households covered under the study. The study was conducted the afore mentioned fourteen villages. Totally 176 households were covered. Out of the total households 65 households belong to Konda Reddy tribe, 105 households belong to Koya Dora tribe, 1 family belong to scheduled caste, 4 family belong to Phalli and another 1 family belong to Golla caste. In regard to village wise sample households covered is that, 43 families in Kondru kota, 21 families in amidigondi, 18 families in Mulagalagudem, 18 families in Wadapalli, 19 families in Tutigunta, 14 families in Manturu, 9 families in Pallapuru, another 9 families in Devaragondi, 3 families in Udathapalli, 4 families in Pydakulamamidi, 5 families in Sivagiri, another 5 families in Koruturu, 3 families in Tekuru, and 5 families in Cheduru.
TABLE-3.2 TRIBE/CASTE WISE POPULATION ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX
S.NO AGE GROUP NAME OF THE TRIBE/CASTE TOTAL %TO TOTAL KONDA REDDY
M F KOYADORA
M F SC
M F BC
M F 1 BELOW 1 YEAR 3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 8 1.23 2 1 TO 10YEAR 15 20 39 31 0 0 3 2 110 16.85 3 11 TO 20 YEAR 16 25 49 45 1 0 3 6 145 22.21 4 21 TO 30 YEAR 22 33 54 61 0 0 2 0 172 26.34 5 31 TO 40 YEAR 14 13 25 21 0 1 1 4 79 12.10 6 41 TO 50 YEAR 11 9 18 16 1 0 4 1 60 9.19 7 51 TO 60 YEAR 7 9 9 22 0 0 0 0 47 7.20 8 60 ABOVE 6 3 12 11 0 0 0 0 32 4.90 9 TOTAL 94 113 208 209 2 1 13 13 653 100
The table 3.2 explains about tribe/caste wise population according to age and sex. From the table it is noted that 22.21% of population in the sample households falls in the age group of 11-20,26-34% of population falls in the Age group of 21-30years16.85% of population falls in the age group of 1-10years,12.10% of population falls in the age group of 31-40 years,9.19% of population falls in the age group of 41-50years,7.20% of population falls in the age group of population51-60 years,4.90% of population falls in the age group of 61 and above years and only 1.23% population falls in the age group of below one year.In general the life span period among tribal population seems to be very less when compared with that of caste population .The member of aged people in the sample house hold are very few.
Table 3.3
Tribe/caste wise literacy levels among respondents
s.no Literacy
Levels Name of the tribe/ caste in male and female TOTAL % TO total Konda reddy
M F Koya Dora
M F SC
M F BC
M F 1 Illiterates 47 54 46 80 1 0 5 4 237 36.41 2 Primary 28 35 48 36 0 0 5 3 155 23.81 3 Secondary 28 25 46 52 1 1 4 3 160 24.58 4 Intermediate 6 6 21 19 0 0 2 0 54 8.29 5 Degree 3 2 25 10 0 0 0 0 40 6.14 6 PG/profifessional 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 5 0.77 7 TOTAL 112 112 119 198 2 1 16 10 651 100 The table 3.3 shows the literacy level of respondents among sample households. From the table it is noticed that 36.41% of respondents are illiterates.23.81 of them have primary level education, 24.58% of them have secondary level education, and 8.29 % of them have intermediate level of education. 6.14% of them are graduates and o.77% of them have P.G or proffeetional educational qualification. The percentage of literates are more in koyadora tribe when coppered with that of konda reddy tribe. Konda reddy is the most vulnerable tribe and still aty pre-agriculture stage of economy.
TABLE 3.4
TRIBE/CAST WISE OCCUPATIONAL BACK GROUND OF RESPONDENTS
S.NO NAME OF THE OCCUPATION NAME OF THE TRIBE/CASTE TOTAL % TO TOTAL KONDA REDDY KOYA DORA SC BC 1 AGRICULTURE 12 44 1 0 57 32.39 2 NTFP 11 5 0 0 16 9.09 3 SALARIED EMPLOYEES/SELF EMPLOYEES 0 10 0 5 15 8.52 4 DAILY WAGE LABOR 38 40 0 0 78 50 5 PRETTI BUSSINESS 2 2 0 0 4 2.27 6 ARTINSANS/VOCATIONAL PROFESSION 2 4 0 0 6 3.41 7 TOTAL 65 105 1 5 176 100
The table 3.4 explains about tribe /caste wise occupational background of respondents. From the table it is noticed that 32.39% of them depending on agriculture 9.9% of them depending on non-timber forest produce collection (NTFP), 8.52% of them depending on employment, 50% of them depending on daily wage labor ,2.27%of them depending on petty business and 3.4% of them are artisans or depending on vocational profession. It is clear that large majority of them are depending on daily wage employment or agricultural labor .
The table 3.5 shows the tribe /caste wise annual income of despondence families. From the table it is noted that 15.91% of families falls in the income range of Rs20001 to 30000, 11.93% of families falls in the income range of rupees 40001to 50001, 10.80% of families falls in the income range of rupees 100001 to 200000, 9.09% of families falls in the income range of rupees 75001to 100000, 8.52% of families falls in the income range of rupees 30001to 40000,7.95% of families falls in the income range of rupees 50001 to 75000, 7.39% of families falls in the income range of rupees 40001 to 50000,6.24 of families falls in the income range of rupees 30001 to 40000, 5.11% of families falls in the income range of rupees 200000 to 300000. About 11.93% of families falls in the income range of below 20000 rupees. Large majority of the tribal families stand at below the poverty line.
Table 3.6 explains the data pertaining to tribe/caste wise annual expenditure of respondents families. From the table it is noticed that 31.25% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs 20001 to 30000, 21.59% families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs 10001to 20000, 17.61% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs 30001 to 40000, 11.13% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs40001 to 50000, 7.95% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs75001 to 100000, 6.25% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of Rs100001 to 200000 and 3.41% of families annual expenditure falls in the range of below Rs 10000. Major sanc3es of their income usually spent for food, clothing and socio-ceremoinal purpose.
The table 3.7 shows tribe/caste wise savings of respondents families from the table it is noted that 87.5% of families have saving amount of below 10000 rupees, 4.55% of families have saving amount Rs 50001 to 75000, 2.84% of families have saving amount Rs 20001 to 30000, 1.70% of families have saving amount Rs30001 to 40000, another 1.70% of families have saving amount Rs40001 t0 50000, 1.14% of families have saving amount Rs 75001 to 100000,and 0.57% of families have saving amount Rs100001 to 200000. It clearly it indicates that almost all the families having savings.
The table 3.8 shows the tribe/caste 2wise incidence of indebtedness among sample households. It is noted from the table that about 50% of families do not have debts; the remaining 50% of families have debts, the debt amount ranging from Rs 20001, to 40000. In general the incidence of indebtedness is very high among the tribal communities. The majority of the Koya Dora families have debts. Only 6.25%Konda Reddy families have debts, of the total sample households.
TABLE-3.9 TRIBE /CASTE WISE TYPE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS
S.NO TYPE OF HOUSE NAME OF THE TRIBE/CASTE TOTAL %TO TOTAL KONDA REDDY KOYADORA SC BC 1 THATCHED 19 37 5 1 62 35.23 2 TIELD 8 16 0 0 24 13.64 3 ASBESTAS 4 13 0 0 17 9.66 4 RCC 34 39 0 0 73 41.48 5 TOTAL 65 105 1 5 176 100
The table 3.9 shows tribe/caste wise, type of houses among sample households. It is noticed from the table that 35.23% of houses are thatched type, 41.48% of houses are R.C.C buildings, 13.64% of houses are tiled type and the remaining 9.66% houses are asbestos roofed type. The traditional type of household in tribal society was thatched huts or houses. Now most of the tribal families are benefited with the housing scheme of Government.
The table 3.10 explains the data pertaining to tribe/caste wise poverty levels among sample households. From the table it is noted that 75% of the families stand at below the poverty line and the remaining 25% of families stand at above the p9overty line. Only 16 families in Konda Reddy and 26 families in Koya Dora do not have the problem of subsistence and survival.
Table 3.11 explains the data pertaining of tribe/caste wise size of land owned by the respondent’s families. It is noticed from the table that 18.18% families belong to land less category, and the rest 81.82% of families are owning the land size of below one acre, 20.45% of families are owning the land size of 1-2.5 acres, 32.39% of families are owning the land size of 2.6 – 5.0 acres, 16.48% of families are owning the land size of 5.1 – 10.0 acres and the remaining 7.39% of families are owning the land size of 10.1 and acres. It is clear that majority of the tribal peasants are small and marginal farmers, only a few of them are the medium and large farmers. The Konda Reddy tribe still largely subsist on podu cultivation, and majority of the Konda Raddy families own podu category of land. Almost all the land owning families to be lost the lands due to submergence of Polavaram Project.
CHAPTER IV
EFFECTS OF POLAVARAM PROJECT ON TRIBALS
The dam constructed by the barrage close to Polavaram village will flood areas 145 KM along the Godavari village up to Dummugudem. The proposed site for another major irrigation project. Submersion will also spread along the sabavi and Sileru Rivers that are tributaries to the Godavari across the borders north to Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The area of submersion is 637, square kilometers (1.57 lakh acres) in total with 601 square kilometers (1.48 lakh hectares) in the Andhra Pradesh, 24 square kilometers (5930 hectors) in Chhattisgarh and 12 squre kilometers (2965 hectors) in Orissa.
The current Government of Andhra Pradesh figure is that polavaram will submerge 117,037 people. Earlier the planning commission estimated that the polavaram dam would displaced 154484people with 10.2% belonging to scheduled castes, and 52.9% to scheduled tribes the official count for the sardar sarovar dam in Gujarat is less than polavaram at 150,720 people with 62% belonging to tribal communities.
The real member of displaced from the polavaram, dam could however be much larger. The polavaram project environmental impact appraisal report from 1985 expected 150,697 people to be displaced from 226 villages. Since then the population has grown considerably and the tribal population has been known to grown more than the average. With an 8% growth rate per decade the population would now be as much as 175000, but further investigations are needed to fully clarity the total extent displaced people. The latest EIA and the economic and rehabilitation plan (PAPERP) documents published in September 2005 by the irrigation and CAD department of GOAP, declares the following members of villagers as proposed for displacement.
The table 4.1 shows the submergence of member of villagers in Khammam, East Godavari and west Godavari districts due to the construction of polavaram project in Andhra Pradesh. From the table it is noted that about 205 villages in Khammam district, 42 villages in East Godavari district and 29 villages in West Godavari districts to be submerged by the construction of polavaram irrigation dam. More members of tribal villages to be submerged. Under this project totally 276 villages to be submerged from polavaram project.
Table 4.1
Submergence of member of villages from polavaram project in AP
S.no Name of the district Member of villages to be submerged % to total Khammam 205 74.28% East Godavari 42 15.22% 3. West Godavari 29 10.50 total 276 100.00
Recently, people from tribal and non tribal villagers located in the vicimity of the planned site for the barrage have unified ti make sure that construction cannot proceed without the involvement of them. In may 2005 survival 100 from the villages of Cheguntapalli, Devaragondi both tribal villages and non tribal Ramayya peta and Pydipaka villages of Peddapuram mandal of East Godavari district came together to stop the work on the spillway. At present people of the Devaragondi and Mamidigondi villages are mentally and psychologically prepared for their rehabilitation and displacement and received the compensation amount from the government. About 47.1% of scheduled Tribes population and 14.4% of scheduled castes population to be displaced. The rest 29.5% of the population to be displaced belong to different caste communities. It clearly reveals that most of the vulnerable and deprived people of SC & ST communities to be displaced and further they are marginalized and will face the problem of impoverishment.
The table 4.2 explains the data pertaining to Tribe/caste wise project affected displaced families among sample households. From the table it is noticed that 82.95% of families are project affected families to be displaced and 17.05% families are affected and already displaced. All the displaced families belong to Koya Dora tribe, natives of devaragondi and mamidigondi villages.
The table 4.3 shows the tribe/caste wise house value of respondents in the studied villages. The house value ranges from Rs 100000 to 1000000 /-. About 46.02% of the houses value ranges from 25000 to 75000 rupees, 11.93% of houses value ranges from 75000 to 100000, 28.98% of houses values ranges from the 10000 to 20000 rupees, 7.86% of houses ranges from Rs 100000 to 500000, and 5.12% of houses value ranges from 500000 to 1000000. Due to construction of this dam almost all the PAF loose the fixed property of house and landed property.
Table 4.4 explains the data pertaining to the value of NTFP loss for the PAFs projected affected families due to the construction of polavaram irrigation dam. The value of NTFP loss ranges from Rs 1000 to 7000 and ab9ove in a calendar year. About 30.68% of families loose the value of NTFP Rs 1000 to 2000, 48.87% of families loose the value of NTFP Rs 3000 to 4000,5.11% of families loose the value of NTFP Rs 5000/- and 6.25% of families loose the value of NTFP worth Rs 6000 to 7000.
Table 4.5 explains the data pertainity to tribe/caste wise value of plants or trees possessed by the respondent’s families. It is noticed from the table that 36.36% of families do not possess the trees; the remaining 63.64% of families have trees, the value of loss from the plants due to dam construction ranges from Rs 3000 to 21000. About 32.39% of families loose the plant worth of Rs 6000 to 9000 , 10.23% of families loose the plants worth of Rs 12000 to 1500 and 2.28% of families loose the plans worth of Rs 18000 to 21000.
The table 4.6 shows the tribe/caste wise loss of caste wealth by the respondents about 2659 member of cattle including fowls to be lost by the project affected families. Live stock is considered to be one of the source of income and livelihood to the tribal’s.
The table 4.7 explains the data partiality to the awareness of the displacement by the respondents according to tribe and caste from the table tit is noted that 76.14% of them aware of displacement and 23.86% of them unaware of displacement due to polavaram dam.
The table 4.8 shows the Tribe/caste4 wise respondents knowledge about the surrey of polavarem project. From the table it is noted that 24.43% of them do not know about it. The remaining 75.57% of them know the period of survey. Among the survey known respondents 2.84% of them mentioned the survey year was 2005, 6.25% of them mentioned the survey year was 2006, 7.95% of them mentioned the survey year was 2007,and 58.53% of them mentioned the survey year was 2008. The survey of the to be submerged villages was done in four different periods.
The table 4.9 shows the tribe/caste wise name of the information on displacement by the respondents among sample households. From the table it is noticed that 90.91% f the respondents were informed about displacement and rest 9.09% of respondents were not information about displacement due to construction of polavaram dam.
Table 4.10 explains the data pertaining to tribe/caste wise respondents awareness about R.R.Policy. From the table it is noticed that 93.75% of them aware of R.R.Policy and 5.11% of them unaware of R.R.Policy.
The table 4.11shows the Tribe/caste wise respondents knowledge on the salient feature of R R package from the table it is noted the 22.73% of them said the feature of R.R.Package in compensation of land for land, 27.27% of them said the provision of newly constructed houses for the loss of house property, 21.59% of said that the Govt com provide compensation for property loss, 28.4% of them said that the government provide alternate livelihood scheme.
The table 4.12 shows tribe/caste wise respondents views on compensation of R.R. package from the tribal it is noted that 14.2% of them said that RR package cannot compensate the loss of property 31.82% of them said that it can compensate the loss and the remaining 53.18% of them refused to answer for it.
The table 4.13 explains the data pertaining to tribe/caste wise respondents views on protest against polavaram dam,. From the table it is noted that 47.16% of them said that there was protest against it and 52.84% of them said there was no protest against it.
The table 4.14 shows the table/caste wise respondents reasons for protesting against the construction the dam. From the table it is noted that 52.84% of them not given any reason, 2045% said that protest for payment perfect compensation, 26.70% of them said that they loose NTFP and experience with environmental degradation.
The table 4.15 shows the tribe/caste wise awareness of respondents abnout the organizations involved in protesting against polavaram dam. It is noted from the table that 13.07% of said that Rythumitra was involved in protest, 13.64% of them said that village re organization and integrated tribal development agency (NGO) were involved in protest, and 20.45% of them said the samata NGO involvement in protest against the dam construction. The remaining 52.84% of them unaware of it.
The table 4.16 shows the tribe/caste wise respondents views on the benefits of polavaram project. From the table it is noted that 89.77% of them not mentioned the benefits of polavaram dam, 10.23% of them said that it benefits them.
Table 4.17 explains the data pertaining to tribe/caste wise respondents views about the ration benefits of polavaram project from the table 89.77% of them not mentioned any benefit, 7.39% of them said that they will get certain modern facilities of pucca house 2.84% of them sand that they will get education facility in the rehabilitation centre.
The table 4.18 shows the Tribe/caste wise respondents requirements for sustainable live hood. From the table it is noted that 68.18% of them required all infrastructural facilities at rehabilitation centre.31.82% of them required better livelihood samples of rehabilitation centre.
Table 4.19 shows the Tribe/ caste wise respondents needs due to the construction of polavaram dam. From the table it is noticed that 27.84% of them mentioned the needs is drinking water and electricity,32.95% of them mentioned of emphyment, 37.50% of them mentioned the need of employment in civil works of dam construction
The table 4.20 explains the data pertaining to Tribe/caste wise respondent’s choice of rehabilitation place. From the table it is noted that 80.68% of them said the displacement should be done in the same forest environment,6.82% of them said that it should be decided by the village committee, 12.50% of them said it should be decided by the government
The table 4.21 shows the Tribe/caste wise respondents choice of land for alternate land from the table it is noted that 72.16% of them mentioned that same kind of land to be provided nearby the rehabilitation centre 17.04% of them send it can be decided by the government, 10.80% of them not replied for it.
The table 4.22 shows the Tribe/caste wise grievances of PAF/PDF. From the table it is noted had 67.61% of them unable to answer 20.46% of them mentioned there are pending cases in law court 11.93% them made employment to local M.L.A/and to them chief minister of A.P.
The table 4.23 explains the data pertaining to Tribe/caste wise compensation recovered by the PAF due to construction of polavaram dam. It is noted from the table that and of sample households 31 families received compensation, 145 families are not yet received the compensation. Out of the compensation received families 6.82% of families received an amount of Rs 1,70,200, 9.66% of families received an amount of 1,20,000. And 1.14 of families received an amount of Rs 80,000 in addition to the allotment of agricultural land for the extent of land loss in original habitation the data cleanly reveals that majority of the affected tribal families may lose livelihood samples due to the construction of polavaram project.
CHAPTER-5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The study was carried out in fourteen tribal villages to be submerged under polavaram irrigation project. Out of fourteen villages,13 villages are located in west Godavari district and one village is located in east Godavari district. About 176 project affected families were selected for collection of empirical data by using conventional anthropological methods like schedule, interview, case study, observation and focus group discussion (F.G.D). Ethic and emic approaches were also followed to collect the qualitative data. Out of the total 176 sample households, 105 households belong to koya Dora, 65 households belong to konda reddy, I family belong to scheduled caste, one family belong to golla caste, and the rest four families belong to phalli caste. Except phalli caste the other social groups mainly depending in agriculture and forest resources (NTFP collection) the phalli caste traditional occupation is fishing. This community is found in the villages, located by the side of Godavari River. Fish in the other since of food material available to almost all the communities, inhabiting nearby the banks of Godavari River. The major tribal groups in habiting in the field villages are koya Dora and konda reddy.
Koya Dora tribe is mainly depending on settled cultivation and non-Timber forest produce collection, whereas the konda reddy tribe is still at pre-agricultural slope of economy. Majority is the konda reddy tribal families Longley depending on shifting (podu) cultivation non-Timber forest produce collection. Konda reddy tribal settlements are mostly found in interior forest areas and on hill tops. This tribe is considered as one of the most vulnerable Tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh state.
The survey data on polavaram project reveals that 1,17,034 people will be affected with the submergence of this project, around 276 villages to be submerged due to the construction of this dam. But of total villages to be submerged, 205 villages are in khammam district, 42 villages are in East Godavari district and 29 villages in west Godavari district. About 47.1% of scheduled tribal permutation will be affected with the construction of this dam and 14.4% of scheduled castes formation will be affected with this project together with scheduled communities the scheduled Tribes people make up some 61.5% of total displaced this dam.
As per R.R. policy compensation package also estimated by the government by Andhra Pradesh under compensation package all money has been earmarked for new houses and forming land. the total package in for Rs 2,05%/corers, where Rs.25/corers in for land acquisition and Rs1,668 corers resettlement. The compensation package in allocated under various headings, such as resettlement an amount of Rs 1,668 corers, for land compensation rupees 251 corers and for standing crops and other compensation rupees 132 corers. In addition to this, the alternative view on compensation package includes, total compensation per village estimated around 74,311,594 rupees, total compensation per family is around 7,32,500 rupees, rehabilitation money per family is around 5,95,714 rupees. Total compensation per person is around 1,46,500 rupees, compensation per acre of land is around 3.141 rupees, and other compensation per family is around 47,143 rupees.
Since it is not known how many people are actually eligible for compensation it seems quite likely that a lower member of families will receive more money than estimated or earmarked whereas those with no land or appropriate papers will receive less also compensation. give problem common to compensation packages is that they do not take into account access to common resources such as rivers, forests, lakes or grasslands. Most of the landless tribals and even many of the ones with land depend on NTFP (Non-Timber Forest Produce) for their livelihood and once displaced they would find it difficult to stake a balance in the new environment. The survey data cleanly shows that 3.223hectares of land has been identified for compensatory forestation of submerged forest from the project but where this land is and whether tribes will have access to it remains unknown. Give issue of potentially significant value would be for displaced people to secure exclusive fishing rights from the dam. This empirical study data cleanly indicates all the project affected families are losing the livelihood sources like land, fruit bearing trees, or other plants, live stock and non-timber forest produce items and also about employment the families which are received the compensatory amount in specific to deveragondi and mammchigondi villages, already spent the amount to meet the food requirement and other necessities the residents of these four village are literally facing the problem of unemployment and spending their time ideally which creating socio- psychological problem to them. In the study villages most of the tribal families belonging to konda reddy and koya dora are to be worst affected and marginalized due to construction of polavaram dam.
Ignoring the sacrifices, done by the tribes toward development is a negative gesture to replace this tribes contribution in the development process should be acknowledged, make them as joint partners in all the initiatives proposed for the welfare of the nation, only them fall social justice is done to the different tribes in this nation. The R.R. package to be strictly implemented in total by providing alternative livelihoods to all the project effected families, a permanent energy source should be created to all the affected families due to the construction of polavaram dam.
Ethnography of Indihar sagar project effected tribes
A brief culture background is provided for the two different tribes affected under the indera sagar reservoir construction project. This Ethnographic will give an insight about their living conditions, their relationship with natural resources.
Konda Reddy
Konda Reddy population is distributed in the hilly and forest areas of East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Konda reddy are also known “HILL REDDIES” and “PANDAVA REDDIES”. They are predominately found in the East Godavari district. Their mother tongue is “Telugu” also, they are considered as the original tribe of Andhra Pradesh. It is noticed that even they inhabits in the interior forest areas and cut off from main centers of civilization. As they speak chaste, Telugu. This tribe does not have totemic clans like koyas. The surnames or intiperlu only regulate marital relations. It is interesting to note some of their surnames as they have some totemic connection. The most common surnames found among them are 1.Kakuri, 2.Sagina 3.Gatred, 4.Kondla, 5.Pallala, 6.Tammala 7. Gogula, 8.Jampa, 9.Chedala, 10.Sakura, 11.Andala, 12.Vinela, 13.Madi, 14.Pitla, 15.Poteri, 16.Kurla etc…
Konda Reddy is one of the primitive tribes of Andhra Pradesh, characterized by pre-agricultural stage of economy, low literacy and stagnant population. They still lives relatively in isolation. The name “KondaReddy” denotes their habitation in hills. Once they were included among reddi kings. Historically most of the traditional muttadars belong to this tribe they eat pork and abstain from beef. They are religious, as they worship Mutyalamma “Village deity” Bhudevata (Earth goddess) Gangamma (River goddess) and Saralamma. The mythological linkage, as they clime their descent from pandavas. Their celebrate the festivals like mamidikotha, Bhudevi ponduga, gangamma panduga, and vandevata Pondera during which they offer sacrificial blood to these deities. With regard to their economic activities, they were shifting (podu) cultivators. At present some of the konda reddy families are following settle cultivation and horticulture additionally, they collect the non timber forest produce items. Now and then they participate in small hunting games and fishing. They take Toddy from ( Borassas flabelliform). The pulmya palm and coryota, they collect the edible fruits like bacchanalia, latifolia, zizyplums jujube, zizy plums oenoplia. Semoarpas amar cardium, Diospyros, Melanoxylon, mimusops Hexandra and Hard wickia binnata. They eat tubers like relisheanda gedda, nalla sheanda gadda, viamugadda, naraduma, and teana, dumpa.
Traditional political body usually settles the disputes among them. They have a highly democratic institution of social control called panchayat which is an informal political body. Each village has a traditional headman called as “Pedda kapu”. The position of headman is hereditary and the headman is also the pujari (priest) of the village deities. The younger brother or nearest male relative pedda kapu acts as his assistant and substitutes incase of his absence from the village and he is called as pinna pedda.
KOYADORA:
It is one of the major tribal group in Andhra Pradesh. The koya population is distributed mainly in the hilly and forest areas of khammam, East Godavari, west Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. However their population is sparsely found in Warangal, Adilabad and Kharimnagar districts. The Godavari and Sabari rivers flowing through, in the areas were koyas reside exercise profound influence in koyas economic social and cultural life. Koyas popularly called themselves as DORA, SATTAM (Lords group) Putta Dora (original lord) and they are believed to be a section of Gondi speaking a reface. They are also referred as “koyadoras”. They also speak the regional language “Telugu”. They called themselves as koitur in their dialect like gonds. Racha koyas who inhabit in the Warangal district clime their descent from the legendary king Pagidida Raju and his wife Sammakha.
This tribe is socially divided into several functional endogamous groups who are inturu, sub divided into a number of exogamous parties. Among these sub groups Racha Koyas (ruling class) clime superiority over the other functional groups. Now this kind of distinction is disappearing and even respective groups are not strictly following their traditional occupation. The major parties found among the koyas are 1.Mudava gattam 2. Nalugava Gattam 3. Idava Gattam 4.Arava Gattam 5. YedavaGattam, the main function of phartry is to regulate marital alliances and other familial relations each phartry is further divided into a number of clans with different gods and goddess. Monogamy is the accepted form of marriage and they prefer cross cousin marriages. Marriage by negotiation, marriages by love and elopement, marriage by capture and marriage by service are the ways of acquiring their mate. Among these marriages by negotiation is becoming more popular in modern times.
Divorce is permissible with genuine reason or cause. The Kula panchayat and Poie (village headman) play an important role in approval of divorce. Widow Remarriage (maru manuvu) is allowed among koyas. Levirate marriages are also in Vogue koya follow the patriarchal system. Incidentally women have no right over their ancestral property, but they participate in the decision making of family, social and religious matters. They have rich socio- cultural life, as they observe all life cycle ceremonies and consider, birth, puberty and death. Populations are more precarious. The practice of disposing of the dead bodies is either they burrier or cremate. They worship their dead ancestors and have belief in superstition.
At the economic front, koyas are settled cultivations. They grow small millets like ‘bajra (ragi) some and korra. At present they raise, the paddy crop in wet lands during kharif season .most of the koya formers may be affected with the polavaram project if it is materialized in due course of time, some of the Koya families collect the Non-timber Forest Produce items (NTFP) in the forest. There is an advantage in this region as large no: of Mohva trees are found in koyas settlements, which is considered as their life supporting plant. They consume Mohwa liquor, fruits and the oil extracted with mohwa seed which is used as cooking material by the koyas.
Traditional village council settles the disputes among them. The village council consists by Poyi (headman). PINNA PEDDA assistant to headman and vyapar (messenger) Poyi is also otherwise known as in Khammam and Warangal districts.
Religion is inter wined with many activities as they worship lord Bhīma, Mamidikorra raju and Pothu Raju. They attend the important fair of Sammaka Sarramma once in two years on full moon day of the Magha Masam (January & February) held at Medaram village in Maluku taluk of Warangal district. Koyas of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra also attend this Jatara (fair). They have a number of religious functionaries like 1.linga vadde (idol carrier), 2.Jalakapu vadde sprinkles water in front of shrines,4. Jalapathri, 5.vejju or kattabot medicine man who place evil spirits and 6.Pujari (priest) who officiates festivals. Over a period of time non-tribels encroached into koya region and grabbed the lands ,this has lead koyas marginisation. They find it different to sustain without these support systems.