Slide 1 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 1 Online Bioscience Course for IT Professionals
Spring 2010
Slide 2 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 2 Class mechanics… View online video lecture every Monday (1-2 hour)
Comment on video lecture using website discussion
board
Attend the online Office Hour on Wednesday at 12 NOON
online using WizIQ.com and webcam
Online Final Exam given 7/7/2010
Slide 3 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 3 Lecture 5: Higher cells
Slide 4 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 4 Take Homes: Higher cells are very complex, highly compartmentalized
and not streamlined…
II. The DNA genome of higher cells is packaged in linear
chromosomes…
III. The genes of higher cells are in pieces
IV. Higher cells move in ways mediated via their
cytoskeletons…
V. Higher cells communicate via small molecules and proteins
which regulate their behaviors…
Slide 5 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 5 The basic structure of higher cells
(eukaryotes): plant animal
Slide 6 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 6 Eukaryotic animal cell structure:
Slide 7 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 7 Tour of an animal cell: http://www.mybiology.com/bioflix.html
Slide 8 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 8 Eukaryotic plant cell structure:
Slide 9 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 9 Tour of a plant cell: http://www.mybiology.com/bioflix.html
Slide 10 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 10 Compartmentalization of the
eukaryotic cell…
Slide 11 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 11 Compartmentalization of the
eukaryotic cell nucleus…
Slide 12 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 12 Endocytosis:
Slide 13 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 13 Cell membrane, exocytosis and
endocytosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7yku3sa4Y8
Slide 14 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 14 Amoeba Feeds! An example
of endocytosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU
Slide 15 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 15 Higher cells also have an internal
cytoskeleton:
Slide 16 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 16 Actin and Tubulin proteins in the
cytoskeleton in higher cells:
Slide 17 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 17 Tagging a gene with GFP:
Slide 18 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 18 The cytoskeleton is dynamic in
higher cells: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DA8DvDE_nZo
Slide 19 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 19 The cytoskeleton controls
movement inside higher cells: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDWoOOd_VHo
Slide 20 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 20 DNA in higher cells is packaged in
linear chromosomes:
Slide 21 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 21 Higher cell chromosome structure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OStI5pniHPA
Slide 22 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 22 Take Home I From their complex membrane structure, their internal cytoskeleton to their chromosomal DNA, higher cells are extremely complex and versatile… Higher cells are very complex, highly compartmentalized and
not streamlined…
Slide 23 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 23 Genes in higher organisms are in
pieces-introns and exons:
Slide 24 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 24 Chromosomes, Chromatids,
Chromatin, etc… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9HPNwXd9fk
Slide 25 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 25 The ends of linear chromosomes
(telomeres) cause a problem: unlike bacterial circular chromosomes, linear chromosomes
shorten with each round of DNA replication because of the
way DNA polymerase works…
Slide 26 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 26 Telomeres and telomerase: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJNoTmWsE0s
Slide 27 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 27 Mitosis:
Slide 28 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 28 Mitosis-animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
Slide 29 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 29 The centriole: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole
Slide 30 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 30 GFP tagged tubulin-role of
microtubules in mitosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBfFJlKMyPA
Slide 31 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 31 The cell cycle:
Slide 32 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 32 Take Home II Unlike bacterial chromosomes, which are circular, the chromosomes of higher cells are divided-up into collections of single linear DNA molecules…this created unique challenges in replication…and the chromosomes interact with the cytoskeletal microtubules during cell division…cell division is controlled by a clock-like mechanism called the cell cycle… The DNA genome of higher cells is packaged in linear
chromosomes…
Slide 33 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 33 Introns splices from mRNAs, often
generating alternative products:
Slide 34 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 34 Gene expression in higher cells…: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bk7PW1FKMTI
Slide 35 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 35 Take Home III Genes in higher cells are often broken-up into exons and introns, with the introns being spliced-out of RNA before it is translated by the ribosomes…genes in turn are controlled by DNA binding regulatory proteins… The genes of higher cells are in pieces and are highly regulated
and processed…
Slide 36 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 36 Movement in higher cells-
pseudopodia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
Slide 37 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 37 Role of actin in cell movement
via pseudopodia: http://dictybase.org/Multimedia/motility/motility.htm
Slide 38 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 38 Mechanism behind pseudopodia :
Slide 39 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 39 Movement in higher cells-
flagella and cilia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
Slide 40 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 40 Structure of higher cell flagellum :
Slide 41 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 41 Take Home IV Actin, myosin, tubulin and a number of other protein components of the cellular cytoskeleton effect the movement of cells via several different mechanisms… Higher cells move in ways mediated via their
cytoskeletons…
Slide 42 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 42 Higher cell communication I: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGd5kg9JqoM
Slide 43 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 43 Higher cell communication II: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12QHDoSiEWM
Slide 44 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 44 Take Home V Small molecules such as cyclic AMP and proteins such as growth factors regulate cellular activities and behaviors through the regulation of genes… Higher cells communicate via small molecules and proteins
which regulate their behaviors…
Slide 45 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 45 Next Week:
Organs, tissues and organisms How higher cells interact and cooperated to form the tissues and organs of organisms…
Slide 46 : 6/9/2010 Lecture 5: Higher Cells 46 instructor
Mark E Minie PhD
mark@meminie.com