SECTION ONE New Media | Design Process Chapter One: Graphic & Web Designer design fundamentals Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process new media designer My name is Mary E Hoffmann and I will be your instructor for this course. This is an important foundation course that will introduce you to key concepts of the design process. This is a great course to take if you are thinking about going into graphic or web design, but are not sure if to are ready to enroll into a program. This is also a good course to take if you want to have a good foundation course that will help you to get started in designing. I hope you are as excited about being in this class as I am about teaching you. I have always loved art. As a small child everything I touched I used to create a design. I took art all through grammar school and high school. I went to Shoreline School of Art 02 of 23 when my children were young and received a diploma in Fine Art. I won several awards for my artwork and photography throughout the Shoreline area in CT. I later went back to school and graduated with a BFA in Graphic Design from Paier College of Art. I found the application of design so exciting and fascinating that I went back to college to obtain my MA in Graphic and Web design from Savannah College of Art and Design. I have been working as a graphic designer for over a decade, I am the owner and Creative Director of Hoffmann’s Design. I do free lance work from logo designs, small business start-ups, photography, web design and art. As part of my business I offer private lessons in Photoshop, Illustrator and Web design. I have helped design and implement learning packages for the new nurses orientation program and done numerous design projects for Yale Hospital. I hope you will find designing as exciting and rewarding as I do. We will work together to help you understand these new concepts and successfully complete this course. If you have any questions about the material please email. welcome to design fundamentals Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process new media designer With the advances made in technology, new methods of communication developed. Some of these new methods of communication were photography, the telegraph and recorded sound. Each relied on a single medium to communicate a message. Innovations in sound and film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures on April 1923 in New York City. With the introduction of motion pictures, the single-medium barrier was broken, motion pictures use several mediums to communicate a message. In the 1920's, John Logie Baird patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television. Television sets first appeared on the market in 1939. Due to World War II, television was delayed because no available stations were established at that time. By the late 1940s, television begun to make known its presence to the American viewing audience. The first electronic computers were developed in 1940– 1945. These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal comput-Cave Painting from Lascaux. Image FromWikipedia. evolution of design New media is a term that is used to describe different forms of electronic communication made possible through the use of computer technology. New media evolved from old media. Old media refers to materials or techniques that were used for communication. Artistic styles developed from a single medium of communication as early as the paintings on the cave walls. From the early Paleolithic to the Neolithic period from 35,000B.C. to 4,000 B.C., early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves including the famous Lascaux Caves in Southern France. 02 of 23 Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®ers. One early success was the Harvard Mark I computer which was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944. This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S. The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long. Personal computers entered the market in 1977 and started to become increasingly common during the 1980s. These computers typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented desktop personal computers of the time. Home computers were less powerful in terms of memory and expendability but had better graphics and sound than business personal computer. At that time, computers Medium to Media Paintings: • Oldest example of a single medium used to communicate. Photography, Telegraph & Recorded Sound: • Revolutionized communication, single mediums. Motion Picture: • Used several different mediums simultaneously. Television: • Motion picture, sound and broadcast to viewer. Computer: • Production tool for media, became available to the general public. “ ” The Harvard Mark I. Image From Wikipedia. new media designer New Media | Design Process 03 of 23 were purchased mostly for education, game play and personal productivity use such as word processing. Computers became affordable to the general public with the mass production of the microprocessor. Computers have transformed the way we think, work and communicate. Technology has taken us, in less than a generation, to a place where instant communication and information pro-Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer New Media | Design Process Amstrad CPC464 Computer 1988. Image From Wikipedia. cessing are ordinary events. The transformation from the Industrial Age to the Informational Age is now complete. synchronous vs. asynchronous Synchronous communication uses the same time but different place. This can involve a conference system such as video/web conference and requires equipment to deliver and to receive information. Students learn the course content at the same time and are in sync with each other. This type of learning can take place in a remote classroom instruction environment or online. Asynchronous communication is the opposite and involves learning that takes place at different times and different places. Students can participate in the course according to their own schedule. This is often done through self-paced classes, either online or by using a computer based training CD. Synchronous: Communication at the same time but different place and the transfer of information is without delay. (e.g.,audio and/or video transmitted "live" among instructors students via TV or Internet) Asynchronous: The sender and receiver do not have to be communicating at the same time. Communication takes place at a different time and a different place. (e.g., CD-ROM, web pages, email, fax, videotape and a self-paced class). “ ” 04 of 23 Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer New Media | Design Process global accessibility The internet, or Information Highway, is an emerging global source of mass communication in cyberspace. The Internet is a communication network, a means of linking remote computers. The Internet was developed by the United States Defense in1968 for emergency military communication. The World Wide Web (WWW) or Web is a subset of the Internet. It is a source of accessible systems and databases via the Internet. The Web was developed in 1989 to give scientists the ability to exchange information through the Internet. As a result, countless applications developed in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet. approach of the media designer The job of a media designer is to communicate ideas through a multimedia design, Website or graphical-user interface design. With new media, a variety of presentation Various Routes Through the Internet. Image From Wikipedia. methods are available to use in a single experience. A Website may include a video that has sound. Online gaming is is an example of a global communication system. The user receives information through sights and sounds and in some games players can communicate with each other by speech or written text. As a media designer, you will learn when and when not to include these methods. 05 of 23 Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer 06 of 23 The media designer will plan his/her arrangement of elements to form a final visual design. The arrangement of the elements may vary according to the project and the target audience, but the end result is always a visual organization. The media designer will need to seek solutions to complete a project, this is know as the design process.There is no predetermined correct answers to the final solution to completing a project. Infinite variations in individual interpretations and applications are possible. It is up to the media designer to choose which design solution is the best fit and what type of technology should be used. When choosing the correct technology for visual communication, the process can be thought of as a system that is divided into three distinct areas. The first part of the process is called the creation. The media designer will have to make the image and convert it to a digital format. This will be different depending upon the project. The media designer will use different programs to create a Website, presentation or video game. The next area is how the project will be delivered. In this process you are concerned about how the viewer will see the final files. A presentation may be done in Power Point and the files would be saved to a CD or a laptop. A Website would be made for the Internet, Web browser, PC or Mac computer. A video game would be designed for a CD-ROM and home gaming system. The final process is how the presentation will be displayed. A presentation may be displayed on a computer screen or a LCD projector. The Website would be seen on a computer monitor. A video game could be seen on a computer monitor or a television set. It is up to the media designer to choose the right tools for the right job. Media Designer: • Are imaginative, creative and problem solvers. • Create, choose and organize elements to communicate a message to their target audience. • Create work that will be used where artists create work to be presented. “ ” New Media Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved | Design Process ®Resolution is the number of pixels in a linear inch, pixels per inch or ppi. Image resolution describes the detail an image holds. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. Resolution is sometimes identified by the width and height of the image as well as the total number of pixels in the image. More pixels means higher resolution, which creates better image quality because you end up with more realistic representations of color, better gradations of both individual colors and gray tones, and crisper images in general. new media designer New Media | Design Process 07 of 23 raster (bitmap) graphics Bitmaps images are also know as raster graphics. Bitmap images are composed of one or more layers of tiny squares on a grid, called pixels, that form an image. The image consists of a matrix of individual pixels and each have their own color. Bitmap data can take up a lot of room but compression can help to reduce the size of the file. When a bitmap image is enlarged it will show one of the main disadvantages of bitmap images: once the image is enlarged too much it looks blocky. By reducing a picture too much it also looses its sharpness. Bitmaps programs such as Adobe Photoshop are great for creating soft, painterly effects. Use bitmap programs for continuous tone images such as photographs, glows, soft edges and blur. . Vector Image Raster Image High Resolution Picture 300 pixels/square inch Low Resolution Picture 30 pixels/square inch Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer New Media | Design Process 08 of 23 vector graphics Vector graphics, also know as object-oriented. Programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw and Macromedia Freehand are drawing programs that use vector graphics. These programs use mathematical equations to represent images in computer graphics. Each individual line is made up of many points with lines interconnecting all of them or just a few control points that are connected using bezier curves. With vector graphics the objects can be recolored, reshaped and resized without loosing their sharpness or smoothness. Objects can be moved around an restacked without disturbing other objects on the art board. Vector files are relatively small so the documents do not take up a lot of disk space. Because vector graphics have smooth, sharp edges regardless of their size, the higher the resolution of the printer, the sharper and finer the image will print. Object graphics are called resolution independent. TIME Vector Image Created in Illustrator Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer New Media | Design Process 09 of 23 file formats There has been a number of files formats developed over the years. As a new media designer, it is may be difficult to decide which format is the best solution. The choice will depend on a number of factors which will vary according to how you intend to use the file. jpeg format JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPEG’s are best suited for continuous-tone images, therefore they are the best file format to use for the web when handling photographic images. JPEGs store the information of the image by keeping track of color changes. The advantage of JPEG is that it can carry a smaller file size than GIF when used in storing photographs and images with a wide variety of shading. With the use of JPEG file, images can be compressed to around five percent of their original size, though some details are lost during compression. JPEG is described as a lossy compression method. In a lossy file compression, to save file size some of the information about the image is throw out. JPEG is best at compressing areas of low contrast, subtle variations and slight tonal shifts. It does not do well with flat, graphic-style work. JPEG images can be created by using software programs such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Image Ready. JPEG High-12 JPEG Medium-7 JPEG Low-2 Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ® new media designer New Media | Design Process 10 of 23 gif format GIF stands for Graphic Interface designed by Compu-Serve for using images online. Gifs are best used for flat or simple graphics that use solid areas of color such as logos, illustrations, cartons and line art. Gifs are also used for animations. Bit Depth refers to the number of colors in an image. A Gifs uses an 8-bit file format and a palette of up to 256 colors. A GIF uses lossless file compression to reduce file size. In lossless compression the file size is reduced without throwing away visual information. A GIF file format uses the LZW or Lempel Zev Welch file compression, which is a basic form of file compression. The LZW compression reduces the number of colors in the GIF image to the minimum. A GIF can not have more than 256 colors, but a GIF can have as little as two color. Images that have fewer colors will compress more efficiently using the LZW compression. Gif File with 64 Colors Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®new media designer New Media | Design Process 11 of 23 PNG Format: PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics, it is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG is a lossless image format that is both cross-platform and application independent. It will support 24-bit color, using a lossless compression approach. PNG has the capability for both binary transparency (like GIF) and variable transparency, more commonly referred to as alpha transparency or translucency. PNG makes smaller file sizes and has advanced image blending. It does not support other color spaces such as CMYK. PSD Format: PSD stands for Photoshop Document and is the file format created by Adobe for their imaging editing program Adobe Photoshop. This file format can be read by both Macintosh and Windows computers. In the PSD file format, the layers and channels are retained. When a PSD format is converted into a TIFF, JPEG or a GIF, the layering effect become a flattened bitmapped image. “ ” EPS Format: EPS stands for Encapsulated PostScript format which is based on the PostScript printing language. EPS files can be made by all drawing applications as well as most layout applications. The primary use for saving an image as an EPS file is that it allows you to make selections with channels, stores information about halftones and allows you to create clipping paths for graphics, bitmap images and type. EPS files can contain any combination of text, graphics and images, this file supports both vector and bitmap images. TIFF Format: TIFF stands for The Tagged Image File Format. This format was designed to eliminate those problems seen with cross file formats. TIFF works well with both IBM and Macintosh computers. TIFF files can store images in a wide variety of resolutions, colors and grayscale. TIFF files don’t lose image file information in compression like JPEGs do, but the file is much larger. When TIFFS are compressed, the compression is lossless, where no information is lost. Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®SECTION ONE New Media | Design Process 12 of 23 Chapter Two: The Design Process Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 13 of 23 design considerations Jumping into any design project before examining the problem or task at hand might spin the wheels, but won’t get you very far. Any project, no matter how big or small, can benefit from research and planning before the work begins. Any new media project will be concerned about communication, communicating to your target audience.The media designer uses visual elements in his/her design project to convey ideas to their target audience. Being clear about what you want to achieve will help you to achieve your final results. Always be clear on your goals before you start to design a media project. Think of a new media project as a working progress, you are solving design problems to meet specific needs and goals. the design process Before beginning any project, the media designer must get prepared for the job. It is like looking for directions before leaving to an unfamiliar place. There are steps a media designer must take before beginning any design project. Design Process: 1. Information Phase: • Determine Goal of the Project • Research Information on the Target Audience • Select Content for the Project 2. Interaction Phase: • Determine Content Flow • Plan Control Allowed Viewer • Map Navigation Structure 3. Presentation Phase: • Create Layout Thumbnails • Design the Look of the Project • Build Prototype 4. Develop Final Project “ ” Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 14 of 23 the information phase 1. Determining the Goal of the Project: The information phase is a very important step for all new media projects. The first part of this phase is to determine the purpose of the design. In this phase research should be done to gather information. There are many goals to consider, projects can have more than one goal. Too many goals can be confusing to the user. One question to ask yourself is “What is the design suppose to do?” Using a Website for an example, you would want to define the purpose of the site. Some questions you may ask yourself are, what are the business goals, is the site a commercial site to sell products, is the site only to provide information about the company, is this an entertainment site, educational site, reference site or a site for online ordering? Determining the purpose of the site will greatly influence the final look and feel of the Website. An art educational site for teenagers would be designed much differently than a site designed for a child daycare center. Art Web Site Design Goals of Website: • Provide Company Information • Provide Customers Information • On-line Ordering Site • Provide Reference Information • Educational Site • Entertainment Site • Government Site • Non-profit Organizational Site “ ” Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 15 of 23 2. Collecting Data on the Target Audience: As a media designer, it is important for you to know as much as you can about your target audience before you begin your design project. If you are designing a Website, you may ask the question: “Why is the user coming to this site?” You would want to know about your target audience’s profile such as social, economic and technical skills. If you are preparing a site for older adults, you would have to research tips and guidelines for making your site users friendly to work well for older adults. Data on your target au-Researching for a Senior Website • Break information into short sections. • Give instructions clearly and number each step. • Minimize the use of jargon and technical terms. • Use single mouse clicks. • Allow additional space around clickable targets. • Use 12-or 14-point type size, and make it easy for users to enlarge text. • Use high-contrast color combinations, such as black type against a white background. • Provide a speech function to hear text read aloud. dience can be collected using various direct and indirect techniques. Direct techniques include interviews and focus groups. Indirect techniques would be gathering information by surveys, support lines and e-mails. In most cases, this information will be given to you before you begin your project, but if it is not, it will be up to you to do the research. You would also want to think about how the target audience will access your information. How your final design project will be delivered will greatly influenced how you design Senior Web Site AARP. Image From Internet your media project. “ ” Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 16 of 23 3. Selecting Content for the Project: In this phase of a media design you have to decide what content should be included in the design. Content may include documents, data, applications, e-services, images, audio files, video files, archived e-mail messages, and more. Writing and preparing content for the a media design requires a different approach from writing and preparing content for print documents and publications. There are many things to consider when deciding upon what content to place into a media design. The first question is: “Does the content achieve the goal of the media design and will it further the purpose of the design?” If you are designing a Flash presentation to provide information on how to use new equipment to staff, your content would be different than if you were trying to promote sales for the same equipment to perspective buyers. The staff would not be interested in the same information as the buyers. Including this information serves them no purpose. If the information does not serve any purpose in the design, it is best to not include it. Information Phase: 1. Determine Goal of the Project 2. Gather Data on the Target Audience • Collected data using various direct and indirect techniques. 3. Content Achieves the Goal of the Design • Will it further the Purpose of the Design? • Are the Needs of the Target Audience Meet? • Can the Intended Audience Understand the Content? “ ” The second question to ask is; “Does the information present itself in a way that the intended audience can understand the content?” If you are designing a presentation to provide medical information to patients, your content would be designed different than information you would design for medical personal. Lay people would not be able to understand medical terminology and the information would only confuse them and be useless to them. Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 17 of 23 the interaction phase 1. Determining the Flow of the Content: In this phase the media designer will need to determine the order in which the content will be presented. The designer first needs to determine how much control the target audience should have. Should the media project be designed to flow in a specific order like a slide show presentation? Or should the user have full control of the design as seen in most Websites? There are several ways to establish content organization. The media designer can create mock-ups using the story board system. Using a story board system will help you to organize the content, make necessary changes and establish the navigational design. Flash Cards are another way to layout a media design, especially a small website. Information can be placed on flash cards and you can physically arrange and rearrange them to determine your final structure. Which ever way you chose, you will be able to get a pretty good idea as to how the user will see each section. Index Page About Page Ordering Page Login Page Product Page Contact Page Catalog Page Feature Items Site Nav Home Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Orders Home Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Site Nav Site Nav Home Items Product Contact Items Order Contact About Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Products About Contact About Orders ProductsFlash Cards for Website Design Story Board for Website Design Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 18 of 23 2. Planning the Control of the Viewer: You may have designed a well thought-out media project in regards to the layout, graphics and content, but without clear and logical navigation, the most visually appealing project will fall short. It is crucial that your users can easily get around. You have to determine if the user should or should not be able to enter and exit the presentation at any time. You will need to determine the type of presentation of your project before you start designing. When designing for a website, there are many different navigation models or schemes for different kinds of projects. When designing navigation on the Web, make it as easy as possible to be sure that the user can easily find his/her way around your site. Make sure your site creates location awareness for the user. As the user goes through your site he/she should be able to answer these questions: • Where am I? • Where can I go? • How do I get there? • How do I get back? A B C Menu A B C A B C ABCD B Basic Navigation Models Hierarchical Drill Down The user moves from one level to another based on a hierarchy of information. This model moves from broader categories to the more specific ones. Sequential The user moves in a stepby-step procedure. Used for online shopping carts. Persistent Menus The user has primary options at all times. This model is used when there are fewer topics that the user has to choose from. Persistent List Menus This should be used when there are a lot of topics. This type is helpful since it provides context by highlighting selected sections. Notebook Tabs Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 19 of 23 3. Using a Map Navigation: This is the final step in the Interaction phase. The site map or flow chart is an outline of your project’s structure presented visually as a diagram. This diagram shows the various sections and pages of your site and how they will interact and reference each other. The site map is a visual representation of the content, depth and connectivity of your project. Users should be able to find information easily. Poor navigation does not help users and often, your site can Home About Alice 1970s 1980 1990-Now Her Art Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Brower Window Contact Brower WindowExample Site Map Interaction Phase: 1. Determine Content Flow: • Story Boards • Flash Cards 2. Determine Control Allowed Viewer: • Determine Type of Presentation • Plan Entrance and Exit Points. • Navigation Models or Schemes 3. Map Navigation Structure: • Visual Representation of Site • Site Map or Flow Chart “ ” prove to be less accessible than others. If the navigation is not easy to use or intuitive, users will quickly go elsewhere in search of information. Creating a good Website navigation is a very important task of a designer. By mapping out the entire project, this will also help you to detect any weak areas that may be present in your content or interaction. Designing a good navigation design is an essential ingredient for any successful Website. Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 20 of 23 the presentation phase 1. Creating Layout Thumbnails: In this phase the media designer will be concern with the appearance and general layout of the project. The arrangement of the navigation, content and other elements will be determined. There are a number of ways to approach this phase. A series of thumbnails can be created using a pencil and paper or the designer can create them in a computer drawing program. How the elements look together and function on the page is the main emphasis rather than the visual design. Using thumbnails will give you a good idea of many ways in which to approach the final layout of the design. This method can be thought of like storytelling. At this time, you would want to design your home page and a few other pages that would represent the different style of pages in your site. You can use gray boxes to represent sections for color or images, text could be represented by lines and the navigational bar with buttons. This is a great way to make design decisions before implementing the final design and could save a lot of time and effort in the end. Doggie Daycare Doggie Daycare Doggie Daycare Doggie Daycare Site Nav CONTENT Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Site Name and Logo CONTENT Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Site Site Navigational Bar Navigational Bar CONTENT Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Mail Reply Form and Copyright Notice Logo Image Back/Home Logo Examples of Different Thumbnails Approaches Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 21 of 23 2. Designing the Look of the Project: In this phase you will create the style of your media design. It is important to remember the target audience as you design your project. A good way to work on your project is to create a series of roughs in a program like Photoshop. Developing different designs from your thumbnails will give you a good working idea as to how your final design will look. When developing professional Website design, consistency is the most important thing to keep in mind. Nothing is more unprofessional in Website design than a different colored background for every page. Backgrounds, colors, fonts and navigation buttons all need to represent your target audience with a uniform appearance. A consistent Website not only lets users know where they are, but can also help build a brand so your site is recognizable. It can not be stressed enough that your site needs to be clean, simple, and well-structured. The best Website design includes informative content, simple layout, easy navigation bars and fast loading graphics. This will allow your users to search for and locate the information they desire in the quickest and most convenient manner possible. If there are sound or animation used in navigation, the sound and animated effect should stay the same in all pages. Consistency in any media design project provides an enhanced user experience for your target audience. Photoshop Roughs Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®Presentation Phase: 1. Create Layout Thumbnails: • Storytelling 2. Design the Look of the Project: • Create Roughs • Keep Everything Consistent 3. Build a Prototype • Functional Model “ ” New Media | Design Process the design process 22 of 23 3. Building the Prototype: Creating a prototype is the last process before developing the final Website. A Website prototype is a functional model of your Website created for testing purposes. Web prototyping shows you how your Website will function so you can easily make changes before development. Once you’ve developed the visual design for the application, you will start building the HTML prototype. An HTML implementation of your design will help point out possible problems with your interface design. For example, what happens when users resize their font or the size of their browser window? How will the design look across multiple browsers? You may find something that doesn’t quite work right and you’ll have to go back to the design stage to redo certain elements. You can start with a prototype of the home page and a few navigation pages to find out if the information architecture you planned will work for your target audience. When developing your prototype, think about how you want your users to interact with your site? What works well? What is difficult or easy to use and do? What are the strengths and weaknesses of your site. It is at this phase that the designer can work out the technical problems. Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®New Media | Design Process the design process 23 of 23 bibliography Bennett, James, Design Fundamentals New Media, Clifton Park, NY, Delmar Cengage Learning. 2005. Garo Green, DreamweaverMX 2004, Indianapolis, IN, Peachpit Press. 2004. Graphic design Dictionary. retrieved 2010. Glossary of Printing & Graphic Design Terms. retrived 2010. Hashimoto, Alan, Visual Design Fundamentals: A Digital Approach, Charles River Media Inc., MA. 2004. Holtzschue, Linda and Noriega, Edward, Design Fundamentals for the Digital Age, John Wiley & Sons inc., NY. 1997. Krug, Steve, Don’t Make Me Think, Berkely, California, new Riders Peachpit. 2000. Lauer, David, and Pentak, Design Basics, Wadswoth Thomas Learning. Belmont, CA. 2005. Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer, Graphic Design the New Media, Princeton Architectural press, NY. 2008. Nielsen, Jakob, Designing Web Usability, Berkely, California, New Riders Peachpit. 2000. Sarah Horton and Patrick J. Lynch, Web Style Guide, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. 2001. Samara, Timothy, Design Evolution,Theory Into Practice, Rockport Publishers, MA. 2008. Tanya Staples, Photoshop CS/Image Ready CS for the Web,Indianapolis, IN, Peachpit Press. 2004. Tech File Format. retrieved 2010. The Design Process . retrieved 2010. Wikipedia. retrived 2010. Copyright 2010 by Mary E Hoffman: All Rights Reserved ®