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MODERN PHYSICAL EDUCATION : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. MODERN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1893—Thomas Wood—“The great thought in physical education is not the education of the physical nature, but the relation of physical training to complete education, and then the effort to make the physical contribute its full share to the life of the individual, in environment, training, and culture.”

LUTHER GULICK : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. LUTHER GULICK YMCA Training School (1887-1900) Director of Physical Training for the New York City Public Schools (1903-1908) 1903—Public Schools Athletic League in New York Class athletics—track and field; basketball; baseball Athletic badge tests—dash; broad jump; pull-ups Interschool athletics—Madison Square Garden

LUTHER GULICK : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. LUTHER GULICK Jesse Bancroft served as Assistant Director for Physical Training for the New York City Public Schools Elizabeth Burchenal directed the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League, which featured folk dancing 1906—Playground Association of America 1913—Campfire Girls Play was the most importanteducational aspect

THOMAS WOOD : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. THOMAS WOOD 1891-1901—Stanford—physical education and health undergraduate curricula established 1901-1932—Teachers College—physical education and health undergraduate and graduate curricula (1927—moved into health education) Emphasized educational goals through “natural activities”—sports, games, dances, aquatics, arts, and recreation 1927—The New Physical Education with Rosalind Cassidy

CLARK HETHERINGTON : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. CLARK HETHERINGTON Stanford under Wood (1893-1896—student and instructor) Clark University under G. Stanley Hall—child-study and developmentalism 1900-1910—Missouri—rid athletics of abuses (supported women’s activities) 1923-1929—New York University—physical education curriculum 1929-1938—Stanford

CLARK HETHERINGTON : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. CLARK HETHERINGTON Play was a child’s chief business in life Stressed attainment of educational goals in physical activities 1910—Four phases of the educational process Organic education Psychomotor education Character education Intellectual education

JAY NASH : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. JAY NASH New York University (1926-1953) Influenced by Hetherington Recreation—part of total life experiences for all ages Emphasis on carry-over sports

JESSE WILLIAMS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. JESSE WILLIAMS Teachers College of Columbia University (1919-1941) Expanded Wood’s ideas of physical education as part of education, i.e., social education (John Dewey), unified whole, and living in a democratic society “Education through the physical” Physical development is a means toan end (emphasized educational objectives)

CHARLES McCLOY : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. CHARLES McCLOY YMCA—22 years of service athome and abroad University of Iowa (1930-1954) Organic unity—physical dimension—the major aspect of the whole being “Education of the physical” Educational objectives—secondary to the development of the physical Measurement—to demonstrate the development of skill and strength

PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT Colonial amusements—Protestant work ethic First playgrounds in urban settings 1880s—Boston—sand boxes—later in schools 1890s—New York (Central Park), Boston, and Chicago provided green space for the upper class; opened playgrounds for others 1894—Chicago—Jane Addams’ Hull House—one of several settlement houses where play opportunities were provided for children

PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT Commonalities of early playgrounds Preadolescent children Summer months initially Outdoor equipment In urban (populated) areas Philanthropic support (donated land); later cities financed Supervisors were mothers and police

: © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. South Park in Chicago—fields, gymnasium, and other activity spaces Sport was used as a means of social controland for the assimilation and socialization of immigrant youth into the American culture Began with playgrounds for children and transitioned into recreation for all 1906—Playground Association of America 1906—Boys’ Clubs of America PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT

PLAYGROUNDS TO RECREATION : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PLAYGROUNDS TO RECREATION 1910—Boy Scouts of America 1911—Playground and Recreation Association of America 1912—Girl Scouts 1913—Campfire Girls 1930—National Recreation Association 1965—National Recreation and Park Association Clark Hetherington—The Normal Course in Play—to train recreation workers

RECREATION MOVEMENT : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. RECREATION MOVEMENT Depression—increased leisure time—softball and bowling Industrial Recreation—1940s— facilities and equipment provided for leisure time usage by workers—softball, bowling, and basketball 1950s—beginning of outdoor education movement—hiking, camping, and backpacking

FITNESS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. FITNESS 1965—Lifetime Sports Foundation—carry-over sports to play throughout life Archery Bowling Badminton Golf Tennis 1970s—Fitness boom—jogging; tennis; racquetball; aquatic sports

ORGANIZED YOUTH SPORTS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. ORGANIZED YOUTH SPORTS 1920s—American Legion baseball 1930—Pop Warner Football—Joe Tomlin 1939—Little League Baseball—Carl Stoltz 1950—Biddy Basketball—Joe Archer 1950—AAU age-group swimming; later wrestling, skiing, and track and field 1967—AAU Junior Olympics

PHYSICAL FITNESS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PHYSICAL FITNESS 1953—Results of the Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test: 58% of U.S. youthfailed one or more items, while 9% of the European youth failed (tested flexibility) On stomach—raise legs (10 seconds each) On stomach—raise upper body On back—raise legs Straight leg sit-up Bent-knee sit-up Touch toes

PHYSICAL FITNESS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PHYSICAL FITNESS 1956—President Eisenhower through an Executive Order established the President’s Council on Youth Fitness as an outgrowth of the President’s Conference on Physical Fitness 1956—AAHPER Fitness Conference June 1 -7, 1958—National Fitness Week

PHYSICAL FITNESS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PHYSICAL FITNESS 1957—AAHPER’s National Research Council developed the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test Pull-ups (boys) Flexed-arm hang (girls) Sit-ups Shuttle run Standing broad jump 50-yard dash 600-yard run-walk Softball throw

PHYSICAL FITNESS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PHYSICAL FITNESS 1958—Operation Fitness sponsored by AAHPER to stimulate fitness nationally 1958—Results of the AAHPER Fitness Youth Test showed poor performance by youth (8,500 boys and girls tested in grades 5-12)

Slide 30 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1961—President’s Council on Youth Fitness published the “Blue Book” with suggestions for a school-centered program Identify the physically underdeveloped student and work to improve Provide at least 15 minutes ofvigorous activity daily for all Use valid fitness tests to determine abilities and evaluate progress PHYSICAL FITNESS

Slide 31 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1963—President Kennedy changed the name tothe President’s Council on Physical Fitness 1965—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed improvement in students’ fitness levels 1968—Aerobics (Kenneth Cooper) male = 30 points per week female = 24 points per week 1974—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed no overall improvement in fitness levels since 1965 PHYSICAL FITNESS

Slide 32 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1981—AAHPERD Lifetime Health-Related Physical Fitness Test Body composition using skin-fold measures Function of heart and circulatory system using a 1.5 mile or 12-minute run Strength using bent-knee sit-ups in60 seconds (number done) Flexibility using straight leg witharm extension PHYSICAL FITNESS

Slide 33 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1994—Physical Best (AAHPERD’s educational materials) combined with the FITNESSGRAM developed by the Cooper Institute Aerobic capacity in a one-mile walk/run or pacer for young children Body composition Muscular strength and endurance using curl-ups, push-ups, or alternatively pull-ups, modified pull-ups, or flexed-arm hand and trunk lift Flexibility using sit-and-reach PHYSICAL FITNESS

ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION Adapted physical education is for exceptional students who are so different in mental, physical, emotional, or behavioral characteristics that, in the interest of quality of educational opportunity, special provisions must be made for their proper education.

Slide 35 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Physical limitations Deaf Blind Hard of hearing Orthopedically impaired Speech impaired Visually handicapped Injured Low skilled CATEGORIES

Slide 36 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Mental limitations Mentally challenged Learning disabled Behavioral limitations Attention-deficit disorder Emotionally disturbed Interrelated (multiple handicaps) CATEGORIES

HISTORICALLY : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. HISTORICALLY Excused Corrective or remedial Individualized Mainstreaming Inclusion—integration of children with special needs with students in regular classes Least restrictive environment

REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, SECTION 504—INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES IN EDUCATION : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, SECTION 504—INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES IN EDUCATION “No otherwise qualified handicapped person shall,on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program which receives or benefits from Federal financial assistance.”

PUBLIC LAW 94-142 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PUBLIC LAW 94-142 The Education of all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 Required the development of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for every child with special needs, including specifically for physical education

INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT (IDEA) : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT (IDEA) Has fostered significant changes in the lives of children with disabilities and their families and in the roles of schools and teachers in the education of children with disabilities. The basic tenets of IDEA have remained intact since the original passage of the law in 1975. Each set of amendments, however, has strengthened the original law.

Slide 41 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Statement of the child’s current levels of educational performance Statement of measurable annual goals, including short-term objectives or benchmarks Statement of the specific special education and related services to be provided to the child Statement of the extent (if any) to which the child will not participate with non-disabled children in regular class and other school activities Statement of any individual modifications in the administration of statewide or district wide assessment of student achievement INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM

Slide 42 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Statement of when services will begin, how often they will be provided, where they will be provided, and how long they will last Statement of transition services needs (beginning at age 14) and transition services needed to prepare for leaving school (beginning at age 16) Statement of any rights that will transfer to the child at the age of majority (at least one year prior) Statement of how the child’s progress will be measured and how parents will be informed of the progress INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM

MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Students promoted, financed, and controlled athletics—faculty and administrators did not want to be involved (no standard rules or eligibility regulations) Rowing—1852—Harvard over Yale Baseball—1859—Amherst over Williams Football—1869 (actually rugby)—Rutgers over Princeton

MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Social function Newspaper coverage Winning=fans=money=winning=fans=money Graduate managers Recruiting Professional coaches Walter Camp controlled the collegiate football rules committee (1879-1925)

Slide 45 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Control established in colleges Injuries; property damage; class absences; rule confusion; gambling; drunkenness; professionalism; commercialism; loss of values Benefits—improved health; taught values such as fair play and teamwork; diminished use of tobacco and alcohol; reduced rowdyism; improved discipline; enhanced school spirit MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Slide 46 : Late 1800s—students unified various rules of sports Harvard faculty attempted to control class absences and to regulate athletic abuses 1882—Harvard model with three faculty 1885—added two students and one alumnus 1888—three faculty; three students; three alumni © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

Slide 47 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1895—Midwestern colleges (Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives—today’s Big Ten) Required to be students Six months’ residence for transfers Must remain eligible academically MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Slide 48 : Representatives from 13 colleges attended the initial meeting in December, 1905, called by President MacCracken of New York University, to investigate the future of football due to deaths and injuries, dishonesty, gambling, and eligibility; in January, 1906, a second meeting led to the establishment of the NCAA and the reform of football to prevent injuries and deaths; legalized the forward pass. 1906—National Collegiate Athletic Association was established by 28 colleges. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved.

Slide 49 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. 1929—Carnegie Foundations study of college athletics found problems as reported in American College Athletics Commercialism Loss of educational values PROBLEMS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Slide 50 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Faculty control—institutional or home rule Conferences—save money; fewer classes missed; equal philosophy and size; rivalry No seasonal coaches—in departments of physical education to gain faculty status Rules of sports standardized and provide national tournaments (track and field—1921) Recruitment and scholarship policies—Sanity Code (1948-1951) SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Slide 51 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. National Junior College Athletic Association—1938 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics—1940 (only basketball until 1952) ORGANIZATIONS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Slide 52 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Activities among participants “within the walls” of an institution Begun in 1913 at the University of Michigan under Elmer Mitchell Initially organized and funded by athletics Later administered through departments of physical education Today, comprehensive campusrecreation opportunities areprovided within student affairs INTRAMURALS

Slide 53 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Constructive use of leisure time Opportunity to experience success Physical fitness Mental and emotional health Social interaction and contacts Esprit de corps Promote permanent participant interest Practice skills learned in physical education classes Training ground for future varsity athletes PURPOSES OF INTRAMURALS

Slide 54 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Traditional intramurals—competitions in traditional team and individual sports; usually a fairly narrow offering of activities; league competition is well structured and organized; requires a solid commitment from participants Campus recreation includes non-athletic activities (games, crafts, dances, movies, etc.); special programs and workshops; open recreation; club sports; free play; faculty-staff programs; and co-recreation INTRAMURALS TO CAMPUS RECREATION

Slide 55 : © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Club sports—groups of students, faculty, and staff who get together to share a mutual interest in a particular sport or activity; European concept that spread to this country, clubs are self-organized, administered, funded, coached, and otherwise maintained Funding State appropriations (withinphysical education) Student fees CLUB SPORTS AND FUNDING