Slide 1 :
Fundamentals of Computer : Fundamentals of Computer Introduction
History of Computer
Types of Computer
Function & Task of Computer
Computer with Block Diagram
Memory
Input Devices
Output Devices
Management of Computer
Programming Language
Operating System Booting
Virus & Antivirus
Characteristics of PC
Multimedia Computer
Communication & Computer
Networking
Types of Network
Internet
Working of WAN in Haryana Police
Fundamentals of Computer : Fundamentals of Computer Introduction
History of Computer
Types of Computer
Functions & Main Tasks of Computer
Computer with Block Diagram
Memory
Input Devices
Output Devices
Management of Computer
Programming Languages
Operating System Booting
Virus & Antivirus
Characteristics of PC
Multimedia Computer
Communication & Computer
Networking
Types of Network
Internet
Working of WAN in Haryana Police
WAN Equipment
Introduction : Introduction Definition of Computer : Computer is a man made electronic machine that converts data into information at very high speed.
It can store data in its memory, can make tables, charts, graphs & result sheets etc. It can also control functioning of complicated & intelligent machine like Robots and satellites.
Characteristics of Computer : Characteristics of Computer Speed :- Computer works at very high speed. Its speed is measured in MIPS (millions of instructions per second)
Accuracy :- It never makes mistake until wrong Data/ Instructions are given to it.
Consistency :- It never tires
Versatility :- Memory in the computer makes a Computer versatile. (It can be used as voice recorder CD Player, Game Player, Type writer )
Automation :- It performs dangerous and complex tasks automatically.
Storage :- It can store data in its memory and retrieve it as and when required.
Some Drawbacks of Computer : Some Drawbacks of Computer It has no its own brain.
Lack of common sense.
Doesn't learn from experience.
History & Development of Computer : History & Development of Computer History :- 3-4 thousand years ago, in China a toy was made named ABACUS (which now stands in computer category), is considered as starting of computer era. In 1833 CHARLES BABBAGE a English mathematician (who is called father of computers) made a computer namely Analytic Engine. In 1911 IBM PC (International Business Machine) was made by IBM Corporation. In 1950 computers were sold commercially.
Development of Computer : Development of Computer Development of computers may be divided in five generations.
1st Generation : 1946 to 1959
2nd Generation : 1959 to 1964
3rd Generation : 1964 to 1971
4th Generation : 1971 to 1980 & Onwards
5th Generation : Yet to come.
1st Generation (1946 to 1959) : 1st Generation (1946 to 1959) Vacuum tubes were used as main components and these were Dinosaurs of Computer Era. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, IBM 1954, LEO are some examples of computers of this generation.
ENIAC :- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, Made by USA
in 1946. It had:
18000 Vacuum tube
70000 Resistance
10000 Capacitor
60000 Switches
Weight 27 Ton
Its 2 hour’s numeric calculation was = calculation made by100 Engineers in one year.
Based on Decimal Number System.
No Memory System.
Consumption of Power 150 KW.
Occupied Two Rooms.
Limitations of 1st Generation : Limitations of 1st Generation Slow operating speed.
Restricted computing capacity.
High power consumption.
Short life span.
Large space required.
Limited programming capabilities.
Only trained scientists could use it.
Generated high amount of heat so more cooling was required.
2nd Generation (1959 to 1964) : 2nd Generation (1959 to 1964) In 1948 transistor was invented.
Superior performance.
Miniature size than ENIAC.
Lesser power consumption & Heat production rate.
Higher reliability.
Expensive: only large commercial organization can afford.
In these computers, transistor circuit called flip-flop formed base of its circuit & computer started working on Binary. So the memory was introduced in the computers. Execution time reduced to a few microseconds. ( One Microsecond = 1/1000000 Seconds)
Examples : - IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600, UNIWAC 1108, LEO MK-III, ICL 1901.
3rd Generation 1964-1971 : 3rd Generation 1964-1971 In 3rd Generation of computers, ICs were used as main components. Higher speed, larger storage capacity and lower price was its characteristics. These were called Mini Computer.
Example:- IBM 360 series, KL 900 series, ICL 2900, Honey well 6000
ICL - Information Computer Limited
CDC - Control Data Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
4TH Generation 1971-1980 and onwards : 4TH Generation 1971-1980 and onwards 4TH Generation used chips having entire computer circuitry on a single silicon chip, called microchips. These processors are called microprocessor and computer having Microprocessor is called Microcomputer. We are now using these Microcomputers/ PCs of 4th Generation. In 1971 Intel Corporation of USA invented micro processors and in 1974 Microcomputer came into existence. Almost 80% of personal computers are based on IBM PC design.
5TH Generation – Yet to come : 5TH Generation – Yet to come ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated) chip will be used.
One chip having 10 Millions of components.
Will use Intelligent programming.
Knowledge based problem solving will be there
Multi processor system will be used and it will provide improved human machine interface.
Input and output will be speech, graphics and images.
Will understand languages like English, Japanese, Chinese, Hindi and there will be no need of programming languages, it will take decisions by seeing its surroundings.
AI (Artificial Intelligence) will be used.
Its operating system language will be PROLOG( Programming in Logic)
Types of Computing : Types of Computing Analog Computing: We compare given quantity with a standard quantity like meter, foot, Kg etc. Measurement is done analogously and counting is done digitally.
Digital Computing: We physically count quantity of a given material or entity one by one using standard number system. Decimal number system is famous and most widely used number system.
Types of Computer : Types of Computer According to principal of operation the computers are of following types: -
Analog Computer : It compares given data with a standard quantity. In it given data is converted as current & voltage, then they are compared with a standard quantity of current and voltage. It is used mainly in scientific and engineering tasks.
Slide 17 : Digital Computer: In this type of computer, data is firstly converted into digits & then computer processes the data to give results. Mainly used in scientific & commercial tasks.
Hybrid Computer: This types of computers have the features of both the computers (analog & digital). Mainly used in Machines & Big Plants to control the process work.
Types of computer according to size, efficiency & speed of Processor. : Types of computer according to size, efficiency & speed of Processor. Super Computer: A super computer is the most powerful computer. These machines are built to process huge amounts of information & to do so very quickly. Scientists build models of complex processes & simulate the process on a super computer. For example a trainee pilot can’t be allowed to fly a airplane on the first day. He is trained on simulators prior to actual flight.
Examples: Param (made in India), Cray-3, SX-2 etc.
Uses:
In seismology.
In Research & development.
In defence
In weather forecasting.
In rocketing, Air Traffic Control.
In Atomic Programme
In Nuclear Programme.
Mainframe Computer : Mainframe Computer This computer is smaller than super computer. In general it is very big computer which can handle large amount of input & output data. For example, the air line reservation system. One can get his/her air ticket booked at one of the various reservation counters, each of which has many employees working at computer terminals.
Terminal: A terminal is a special kind of computer that does not have its own CPU or storage.
Features of Mainframe Computer : Features of Mainframe Computer The storage capacity of these computers is very vast with many hard discs in several gigabytes range.
Many printers can be used at a time.
It needs a separate computer room.
The security should be very tight.
A false floor for under-floor cabling.
Examples: IBM-4300 series, IBM 308X series
Mini Computer : Mini Computer The best way to describe a minicomputer is that its capabilities lie somewhere between those of mainframes and those of personal computers. Like mainframe, minicomputer can handle a great deal more input & output than PC can. Minicomputers are relatively inexpensive and ideal for academic institutions & small business houses.
Examples: VAX (Virtual Address Extension) 8842, IBM AS – 400/BGO
Microcomputer or PC : Microcomputer or PC The terms personal computer & microcomputer are interchangeable and generally refer to the small computers that are commonly found in offices, class-rooms & homes. PCs come in all shapes and sizes, although most models reside on desktops, others stand on the floor, and some are even portable. These computers are small, simple & inexpensive. E.g. Acer, HCL Infinite, HP, Compaq etc
Types of computer according to size of CPU Case/Box : Types of computer according to size of CPU Case/Box Desktop Computer: A desktop model is the most common style of PC & it is small enough to fit on desk but a little big to carry around with you.
Tower Top Computer: The CPU of these computers are standing like a tower on the desk.
Laptop Computer: These computers are like a notebook, and are used by those people who need the power of full computer wherever they go.
Palmtop Computer: These are the smallest of portable computer & generally used for displaying important telephone numbers & addresses or keeping track of dates & agendas. These computers are also called PDA (Personal Digital Assistants)
Main Functions/Tasks of Computer : Main Functions/Tasks of Computer Functions:
Arithmetic Operation. add, subtract, multiply and divide i.e +,-,* and /)
Logical Operations. (Comparison, True/False, equals or not, less than-greater than).
Storage & Retrieval operation.
Tasks:
Accepting data as input.
Storing data and instructions in its memory and retrieving back as & when required.
Processing the data to convert it into information.
Outputting the result
Block Diagram of Computer : Block Diagram of Computer CPU
CU+ALU
Registers
Cache Primary Memory Input Unit Output Unit
Slide 26 : According to the block diagram there are four main units of Computer:
Input Unit.
Output Unit.
Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.).
Primary Memory.
Besides these units, the secondary memory is also included in it & the name given is Peripheral Devices.
Slide 27 : Input Unit: It provides man to machine communication, with the help of this unit user can enter data/instructions in to the computer. Input of any form firstly converted into binary electronic signals that can be understood by C.P.U. There are a lot of input devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick & trackball etc.
CD, DVD, Pen Drive etc. memory devices may also be used as input device.
Slide 28 : Output Unit: This unit works in the reverse manner of input unit, with the help of this unit user can get information/results from C.P.U. The output of C.P.U. is in binary form which is converted by output unit in human understandable language. Some output devices are Monitor or V.D.U., Printer, Plotter & speaker etc.
CD, DVD, Pen Drive etc. memory devices may also be used as output device.
Central Processing Unit : Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU):- It is totally electronic based unit. The main tasks are:
Accepting data.
Store it into memory.
Control the sequence of work.
Give commands to all parts of the computer system.
Carry out data processing and outputting the result.
CPU can be of different sizes, such as CPU of mainframe computer is like a cupboard and the CPU of PC is in a small chip. It is called brain-cum-heart of the computer. CPU processes the data according to programs (which gives directions).
Processing means: : Processing means: 1. Making arithmetic calculations (add, subtract, multiply and divide) .
2. Logical decision (Comparison, True/False, equals or not, less than-greater than).
3. Manipulating text data, word processing letter writing, tables, sorting, searching and editing etc. Data (Through
Input Unit) Processing
(Through CPU) Information
(Through Output
Unit)
Slide 31 : CPU does everything in the binary form (0 and 1, 0 means no electronic pulse and 1 means presence of electronic pulse).
There are three main units of CPU:
ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit)
CU (Control Unit)
Primary memory