Slide 1 : It is the study of the physiological mechanisms that helps the body to identify materials as foreign objects and to
Neutralize (inactivate)
Eliminate (remove) or
Metabolize (destroy)
without injuring the host tissue Basic Immunology
Slide 2 : INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ABILITY OF THE BODY TO FIGHT AGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS TYPES OF IMMUNITY IMMUNOLOGY
White blood cells : White blood cells neutrophil eosinophil basophil monocyte lymphocyte Granulocytes Intravascular Cells
Host Defence : Host Defence The body is under constant attack by microorganisms (bacteria viruses etc) in the environment.
Pathogen : an infectious agent that causes disease
Infection or disease occurs when a microorganism (pathogen) manages to overcome host defenses to make a local site of infection and multiplication.
In order for a pathogen to enter the body it must first overcome the epithelium and then the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response.
BARRIERS OF INNATE IMMUNITY : BARRIERS OF INNATE IMMUNITY Unbroken SKIN
MUCOSAE
SECRETIONS
First Line of Defence : First Line of Defence Epithelial Tissue
Covers the whole surface of the body
Made up of closely packed cells
Can be divided into simple or stratified epithelial cells
Interior epithelium covered with a mucus layer
Slide 7 : Bacterial invasion (tissue damage) Histamine release from Mast cells Local arteriolar vasodilatation Inc local vascular permeability Inc blood flow to injured tissue Local fluid accumulation Inc leakage of
clotting factors in tissues Inc leakage of
Phagocytes in tissues Phagocytic secretions Tissue repair Systemic responses (FEVER etc) Redness Heat Swelling Pain Steps during inflammation
Inflammatory Response : Inflammatory Response Pathogen recognition and tissue damage begin an inflammation response. This is characterized by :
SWELLING
PAIN
REDNESS
HEAT
Phagocytosis Movie : Phagocytosis Movie Engulfing (eating) and degradation (digestion) of the foreign object is called as PHAGOCYTOSIS
Slide 10 : INNATE IMMUNITY Characteristic of invertebrates Usually present since birth Non specific and stereotyped Slow and not very intense
Slide 11 : ADAPTIVE OR ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Mediated by Lymphocytes T–lymphocytes mediated called as Cell Mediated Immunity B–lymphocytes mediated called as Blood Borne or Humoral Immunity
Slide 12 : lymphocytes are formed in lymphoid organs There are two types of lymphoid organs:
Central lymphoid organs
Thymus (that produce T-lymphocytes)
Bursa of Fabricus or Bone marrow in humans(that produce B-lymphocytes)
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Slide 13 : FUNCTIONAL DIVISION OF
IMMUNE RESPONSE Blood borne or Humoral immunity
Mediated by antibodies formed by plasma cells Antibodies are of five types
Ig-G
Ig-m
Ig-D
Ig-A
Ig-E Cellular Immunity
Mediated by T-Lymphocytes
Summary : Summary The immune system consists of :
biological barriers
the phagocytic cells within tissues
proteins in circulation called complement
the lymphatic system
lymphocytes such as B and T cells
antibodies