Lecture 2

سنتحدث هذه المرة عن المشكلات التي تواجهنا في ترجمة بعض المصطلحات الإسلامية، والمقصود بالمصطلحات الإسلامية الألفاظ التقنية التي تنتمي إلى مجال دلالي لغوي واحد: الحقل الديني. وهذه الألفاظ إما استحدثها الإسلام بمجيئه، أو كانت معروفة عند العرب من قبل في العصر الجاهلي، لكن القرآن الكريم أضفى عليها دلالات جديدة ذاعت وانتشرت وتنوسيت دلالاتها الجاهلية.وتمتلئ اللغة العربية بالاختلافات الدقيقة وتمتاز كل من الأسماء والأفعال فيها بالمرونة. وتظهر عدم القابلية للترجمة حينما يكون من المستحيل إيجاد خصائص معادلة من الناحية الوظيفية للحالة المعروضة في نص اللغة المصدر كي يمكن نقلها إلى المعنى السياقي في نص اللغة المنقول إليها. والجدير بالذكر أن هذه الصعوبات دفعت مترجمي معانى القرآن إلى اللغة الإنجليزية إلى ابتكار ما يمكن تسميته بلغة إسلامية إنجليزيةIslamic English ، مشيرين إلى أن انتشار المفردات الإسلامية ودخولها إلى اللغة الإنجليزية يؤدي دورًا مهمًا في توحيد المسلمين في العالم على اختلاف لغاتهم. ومن ناحية أخرى مثلًا كلمة: (أعمال) فمن المتعارف أن معناها Actions أو Business وغيرها إلا أنه في النصوص الإسلامية يكون معناها Deeds .ولكن يبقى من الصعب جدًا، فيما يخص ترجمة المصطلح الإسلامي، أن يوفق المترجم في اختيار المقابل المناسب الذي يحمل "نفس الدلالة" التي أشار إليها الكاتب، كل ما يمكن أن ننتظر منه هو تقديم ترجمة تقريبية وجزئية. والسبب، كما سبق ذكره، أن هذه المصطلحات لا يوجد ما يقابلها في اللغة الإنجليزية ولا تحمل تلك الظلال والإيحاءات التي تعبر عنها في اللغة الأصل، نظرًا إلى أن هناك فروق ثقافية وفكرية بين الحضارة العربية الإسلامية والحضارة الإنجليزية المسيحية. لذلك يضطر المترجم، في أغلب الأحيان، إلى تجريد هذا المصطلح من روحه ودلالاته المقصودة في لغة الأصل. ومن الصعوبات أيضًا إيجاد الفرق بين المذكر والمؤنث أو تمييز العدد سواء مفرد، أم مثنى، أم جمع أو إيجاد الصيغة المعادلة للفعل، وتتجلى الصعوبة في كون اللغة ليست قائمة كلمات يكفي استبدال كلمة بأخرى للحصول في اللغة الثانية على المقابل المطلوب، "لو كان الأمر كذلك، كما يقول جورج مونان، لسهلت الترجمة ولأصبح بمقدورنا دائمًا أن نترجم ترجمة حرفية وكلمة كلمة".وسنحاول هنا طرح بعض من العقبات التي قد يواجهها المترجم خلال الترجمة الإسلامية وأسبابها وأفضل ترجمة لها مع ذكر الأمثلة لذلك. إيجاد المعنى الملائم باللغة الإنجليزية وتنشأ الصعوبة في الترجمة في اختيار المعنى المناسب للكلمة عند وجود أكثر من معنى لها. فالمعاني كلها تعتبر صحيحة، فكان المعيار في اختيار أفضل ترجمة للكلمة هو حسب قرب معناها للكلمة. أو حسب ملائمتها للسياق.‏اِرتَدَّ عَن دِينِهِ‏أي خَرَجَ مِنهُ‏To turn apostate: the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes).To renegade: a deserter from one faith, cause, or allegiance to another.Reverts: Those who embrace Islam and become Muslims are referred to as Reverts, not Converts, because all people are born Muslim.‏أَبَاحَ‏أَبَاحَ المَحذورَ أَي جَعَلَهُ حَلالًاً، أَبَاحَ أَي أَذِنَ فِي الفِعلِ‏To permit: To grant (one) express license or liberty to do an act; to authorize; to give leave; -- followed by an infinitive.To allow: permit; enableTo make lawful: to make it legal, legally valid, permitted by law; Constituted or authorized by law.To deem permissible: to hold as allowed; licensed.‏أَثَرٌ رَجعِيٌّ‏Retrospective decree: looking back on or dealing with past events or situations.Retroactive: taking effect from a date in the past.أَجَازَTo permit : an official document giving someone authorization to do something.Legalize: make (something that was previously illegal) permissible by law.أَجمَعَ‏To agree together: mean to concur or to come into or be in harmony regarding a matter of opinion together.To hold consensus: agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole.‏أَقَامَ الدَّلِيلَ عَلَى‏To provide a proof for: evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement.To demonstrate: .clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence.To prove: .clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence.‏أَقَرَّ‏‏اِعتَرَفَ, وَالإِقرَارُ هُوَ المُوَافَقَةُ عَلَى القَولِ أَو الفِعلِ‏To endorse: declare one's public approval or support ofTo approve: officially agree to or accept as satisfactoryTo attest: provide or serve as clear evidence of ‏أَقضِيَةٌ‏Judgments: the act of making considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions.Decisions: the action or process of deciding something or of resolving a question. Adjudications: make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter.‏أَكرَهTo compel: to force or oblige (someone) to do somethingTo force: make a way through or into by physical strength; break open by forceTo oblige: make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of actionTo constrain: compel or force (someone) toward a particular course of action. أَمــــرOrdainment:. In general religious use, ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as clergy to perform various religious.Command: an authoritative direction or instruction to do something.أَمَرَ‏ To ordain: order by virtue of superior authority; decree.To command: give an authoritative order.To enjoin: instruct or urge (someone) to do something.أَوجَبَ‏To ordain: In general religious use, ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination itself varies by religion and denomination.To impose: urge or force (a person) to an action; constrain or motivateTo enjoin: instruct or urge (someone) to do somethingTo decree: an order from one having authority, deciding what is to be done by a subordinate; also, a determination by one having power, deciding what is to be done or to take place; edict, law;To prescribe: To lay down authoritatively as a guide, direction, or rule of action; to impose as a peremptory order; to dictate; to appoint; to direct.‏أُولُو الأَمرِ‏Those in authority: Those who having the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.Rulers: a person exercising government or dominion.إبَاحَةٌ‏ Permissibility: being permissible; allowableness; authorizable. Permission: The act of permitting or allowing; formal consent; authorization; leave; license or liberty granted.Allowance: The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance.إِبرَاءٌهُوَ إِسقَاطُ الحَقِّ الثَّابِتِ فِي الذِّمَّةِ‏Acquittal: act of declaring innocent; act of freeing from a debt or dutyRelease of a debtor from liabilities: the act of freeing the debtor from obligation and responsibility.Remission of debt: Discharge from that which is due; relinquishment of a claim, right, or obligation; pardon of transgression; release from forfeiture, penalty, debt. إِجَازَةٌ‏‏هِيَ الإِذنُ وَالتَّرخِيصُ‏Permission : The act of permitting or allowing; formal consent; authorization; leave; license or liberty grantedAllowance: The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; toleranceAuthorization: The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant.Legalization: authorization; act of making legal.‏إِدَانَةٌ‏‏هِيَ إِلصَاقُ التُّهمَةِ، وَأَدَانَ الشَّخصَ إِذَا حَكَمَ عَلَيهِ‏Conviction: The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense.Condemnation: The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation‏إِظهَارٌ‏‏هُوَ التَّبيِينُ بَعدَ الخَفَاءِ سَوَاءٌ عَلِمَ أَحَدٌ بِالتَّصَرُّفِ المُظهَرِ أَم لَم يَعلَم‏Presentation: a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or viewManifestation: a clear appearance.Exposition: the act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to public view.‏إِفسَادٌ‏Undermining: digging under; slowly or gradually causing weakness or damage.Spoiling: the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it. الإفك‏هُوَ الِافتِرَاءُ وَالإِثمُ‏Falsehood: an untrue statement; OR absence of truth or accuracy.Slander: false and injurious statements made about defamation, calumny.Lying invention: make an intentionally untruthful statement, tell a falsehood; purposefully deceiveMost detestable lying: most hateful lying; A fabrication to deceive; a fiction; a forgery; a falsehood.‏إِقرَارٌ‏‏هُوَ المُوَافَقَةُ عَلَى القَولِ أَو الفِعلِ، وَهُوَ اِعتِرَافُ الشَّخصِ بِحَقٍّ عَلَيهِ لِآخَرَ‏Acknowledgment: act of recognizing or admitting.Confession: Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one's self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime.‏اِستِنَابَةٌ‏‏هِيَ إِقَامَةُ الغَيرِ مَقَامَ النَّفسِ فِي التَّصَرُّفِ‏Deputize: appoint as a representative; delegate authority to a deputyAuthorization: The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant Agency: The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one entrusted with the concerns of another.‏اِشتِرَاطٌ‏Stipulation: act of setting of conditions; condition that must be fulfilledStipulating: specify as a condition or requirement in a contract or agreement; make an express demand or provision in an agreement. اِشتَكَىTo complain: find fault, express displeasure. To grouch: show one's unhappiness or critical attitude.اِعتِرَاضٌهُوَ إِنكَارُ صِحَّةِ الحُكمِ‏Protestation: objection; opposition; formal declaration, solemn assertion.Objection: the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent.Expostulation: The act of protesting or reasoning with a person in opposition to some impropriety of conduct; remonstrance; earnest and kindly protest; dissuasion.‏اِعتَرَفَ‏أقَرَّ بِمَا فَعَلَ‏To confess: Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one's self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime.To acknowledge: act of recognizing or admitting.القَضَاءُ بِالإِقرَارِ‏بِاعتِرَافِ المُتَّهَمِ‏Judgment supported by confession.Judgment based on confession.‏القَضَاءُ بِالبَيِّنَةِ‏الحُكمُ مِن خِلَالِ الأَدِلَّةِJudgment supported by evidence.Judgment based on proof.بَاطِلٌUntrue: Not true; false; contrary to the fact; as, the story is untrue.False: not true; counterfeit; deceitful; wrong; artificial; not faithful.Invalid: cripple, bedridden person; something which is not valid.Null and void: lacking legal validity. بِالإِكرَاهِ Under compulsion: under coercion, use of force.Under coercion: under compulsion, use of force.By force: by bring about through the use of power; impose; compel; oblige.بَايَعَTo pledge allegiance toTo declare loyalty toبَرَاءَةٌ‏‏البَرَاءَةُ مِن الحَقِّ أَي خُلُوُّ الذِّمَّةِ مِنهُ‏Guiltlessness: a state of innocence blamelessness, and being free from guiltInnocence: The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness.بطلانInvalidity: illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premises.Nullity: The quality or state of being null; nothingness; want of efficacy or force.Voidances: The act of voiding, emptying, ejecting, or evacuating the contents of somethingIncorrectness: lack of correctness, erroneousness.‏بَيِّنَاتٌ‏‏دَلائِلُ وَاضِحَةٌ‏Clear signs: clear perceptible indication of something. Evident testimonies: clear and obvious evidences; proof of some fact.‏تَشرِيعٌ‏Legislation: the action of legislating ; specifically : the exercise of the power and function of making rules (as laws) that have the force of authority by virtue of their promulgation by an official organ of a state or other organization.Law making: act of one who makes law.‏تَعرِيضًا‏By insinuation: practice of gaining favor through indirect means .Through indirect suggestion.‏تَمَرُّدٌ‏To transgress: Hence, to overpass, as any prescribed as the limit of duty; to break or violate, as a law, civil or moralTo exceed the limits: go beyond or pass boundary and restrictionTo overstep all bounds :exceed; take something beyond the limit; cross a boundary.‏عِصيَانٌ‏Contumacy: A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders.Mutiny: Insurrection against constituted authority, particularly military or naval authority; concerted revolt against the rules of discipline or the lawful commands of a superior officer; hence, generally, forcible resistance to rightful authority; insubordination.Rebellion: Open resistance to, or defiance of, lawful authority.‏تـَنَازُعٌ‏Disputation: The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, or opinion.Controversy: dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinionsContention: A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife.‏جَـوَازٌ‏Permissibility: being permissible; allowableness; authorizable. Lawfulness: quality of being lawful, legality, state of being permitted by law. ‏حَرَامٌ‏مُكتَسَبٌ بِطُرُقٍ غَيرِ شَرعِيَّةٍUnlawful: contrary to or prohibited by or defiant of lawProhibited: forbidden by lawIll-gotten: acquired illegally, gotten in a dishonest manner‏خَصِيمٌ مُبِينٌ‏‏عَدُوٌّ بَيِّنُ العَدَاوَةِ‏Manifest opponent: a clear adversary; an antagonist; a foeOpen adversary: One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe.‏خُصُومَةٌ‏‏هِيَ اِدِّعَاءُ طَرَفٍ حَقًّا وَإِنكَارُ الطَّرَفِ الآخَرِ عَلَيهِ هَذَا الحَقِّ‏Litigation: (Law) act of legally disputing, process of contesting in a court of law.Disputation: The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words‏خَوَّلَ‏‏أَعطَى‏To authorize: give or delegate power or authority to someone.To entitle: To give a claim to; to qualify for, with a direct object of the personTo entrust: trust someone with a certain responsibility or duty. ‏دَحضٌ‏‏دَحضُ الحُجَّةِ أَي إِبطَالُهَا وَدَفعُهَا‏Invalidation: having no cogency or legal force; To make or render invalid or infirmRefutation :The act or process of refuting or disproving, or the state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error; the overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, by argument or countervailing proof.Confutation: overwhelming in argument : refuting conclusively.Falsification: to prove or declare false; : to prove unsound by experience.‏دَرَأَ‏‏دَفَعَ‏To drive off: force to go away; used both with concrete and metaphoric meaningsTo avert: prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening / To turn aside, or away.‏دَعوَى‏Lawsuit: case in a court of law brought by one party against another, legal claimCase: legal case.Legal proceeding: legal action, legal procedure, suit or claim filed in a court of law.‏شَهَادَةُ زُورٍ‏False testimony: To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive; to say or do that which is intended to deceive another, when he a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representationPerjury: the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under oath : false swearing.‏عُقُوبَةُ الإِعدَامِ‏Capital punishment: putting a condemned person to deathDeath sentence: a sentence condemning a convicted defendant to death.‏عَمدٌ‏‏قَصدٌ‏Intention: A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purposepremeditation the sentence: planning ahead of time, previous deliberation, previous intent.عَهدٌ‏فَترَةُ حُكمٍ‏Reign: period of rule, period of time that a particular government is in controlperiod of rule: period of time that a particular government is in control.‏غَرِيمٌ‏الخَصمُ‏Adversary: One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist themLitigant: Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit‏كَانَ الأَكثَرَ رُجحَانًا‏To be probable: Having more evidence for than against; supported by evidence which inclines the mind to believe.To be likely: Having probability; having or giving reason to expect‏قَدحٌ‏ Defamation: Act of injuring another's reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slanderSlander: false and injurious statements made about another, defamation, calumnyCalumniation: to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about someone.‏قَرِينَةٌ‏‏هِيَ مَا يَقتَرِنُ بِالشَّيءِ لِيَدُلَّ عَلَيهِ‏ Indication: indication, sign; clue; information, instructionPresumption: an assumption that is taken for grantedContexts: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event;Circumstantial evidence: evidence that is drawn not from direct observation of a fact at issue but from events or circumstances that surround it.‏قَيَّدَ‏‏لَم يُطلِق‏To restrain: To limit; to confine; to restrict.To restrict: To restrain within bounds; to limit; to confineTo confine: limit, restrict; imprison‏وَلِيُّ الأَمرِ‏Ruler: governor, sovereign;Governor :one who governs;Legal guardian: One who has, or is entitled to, the custody of the person or property of an infant, a minor without living parents, or a person incapable of managing his own affairs.