Test Essensial Review for the TOEFL

PART II STRUCTURE QUESTIONS STRUCTURE QUESTIONS SKILL 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS. A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. EXERCISE 1 _____ 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake. _____ 2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk. _____ 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available. _____ 4. The new computer program has provides a variaty of helpful application. _____ 5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver. _____ 6. The assigned tex for history class it contains more than twenty chapter. _____ 7. The paper in the wastebasket should be emptied into the tras can outside. _____ 8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor. _____ 9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution. _____ 10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine. SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS. A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object of preposition, it is not the subject. EXERCISE 2. _____ 1. The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station. _____ 2. In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane. _____ 3. At the neighborhoodflower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can be delivered for free. _____ 4. The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scoeres. _____ 5. For the three years at various hospitals in the country has beed practicing medicine. _____ 6. In the past a carer in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles. _____ 7. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years. _____ 8. At the building site the carpenters with the most experience were given the most intricate work. _____ 9. For the fever and headache took two aspirin tablets. _____ 10. The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference. SKILL 3: APPOSITIVES An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject. The following appositive structure are both posible in English. Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car. subject appositive, verb A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car. appositive subject verb EXERCISE 3 _____ 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in management policy. _____ 2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university. _____ 3. Valentine’s day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweat hearts. _____ 4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down. _____ 5. Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did taste any better tonight than last night. _____ 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times. _____ 7. In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on. _____ 8. The new title pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brighttens up the room. _____ 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied for use. _____ 10. A longtime friend and confident, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner. SKILL 4: PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the-ing form of the verb.The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective.It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by soeme form of the verb be. 1. The boy is standing in the corner. 2. The boy standing in the corner was noughty. EXERCISE 4 _____ 1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most adjective verb customers. _____ 2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to verb verb Gate Three. _____ 3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at boots throughout the fair. _____ 4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges. _____ 5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship. _____ 6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously. _____ 7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market. _____ 8. Ayny students desiring official transcrifts should complete the appropriate form. _____ 9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention. _____ 10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive. SKILL 5: PAST PARTICIPLES A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participle. For many verbs, including –ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can be easily confused. The –ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) adjective. 1. She painted this picture. 2. She has painted this picture. 3. She picture painted by Karen is now in a museum. EXERCISE 5 _____ 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted. Verb verb _____ 2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled. adjective verb _____ 3. The chapters were taught by the profrssor this morning will be on next week’s exam. _____ 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at allow temperature for many hours. _____ 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of foreign nation. _____ 6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police. _____ 7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastest in the county. _____ 8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequites. _____ 9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment complex. _____ 10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next day. SKILL ( 1 – 5 ) : Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. EXERCISE (Skills 1 – 5 ) _____ 1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than the maximum number of units can add additional courses. _____ 2. On her punch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift. _____ 3. The fir tree were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November. _____ 4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground. _____ 5. The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the president’s resignation. _____ 6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall. _____ 7. The portrait exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in Dallas. _____ 8. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the other players. _____ 9. Contruction of the housing development it will be underway by the month. _____ 10. Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the highest priority. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES SKILL 6 : COORDINATE CONNECTORS When you have two clauses in an English sentences, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, or yet between the clauses. Coordinate Connectors and, but, or, so, yet S. V. Coordinate Connector S. V. She laughed, but she wanted to cry Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed EXERCISE 6 _____ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, and this computer is laptop. _____ 2. The rain cloud can be seen in the disttance, but no has fallen. _____ 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two month. _____ 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon. _____ 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water. _____ 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today. _____ 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done. _____ 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. _____ 9. Or you can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. _____ 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it. SKILL 7 : ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them. ADVERB TIME and CAUSE CONNECTORS TIME CAUSE after as soon as once when as now that as before since whenever because since as long as by the time until in as much as while S. V. adverb connector S. V. Teresa went inside because it was raining adverb connector S. V. S. V. Because It was raining, Teresa went inside EXERCISE 7 _____ 1. Since the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need tobe tallied immediately. _____ 2. Their backgrounds are throughly investigated before are admitted to the organization. _____ 3. The citizen s are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection. _____ 4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted. _____ 5. We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. _____ 6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. _____ 7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room. _____ 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifts. _____ 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much. _____ 10. In as much as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot be announced. SKILL 8 : OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE if although as where in case even though in that wherever provided though providing while unless whereas whether S V. adverb connector S. V. Bob went to school even though he felt sick Adverb connector S. V. S. V. Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school. NOTE: (A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector). The Simth family arrived at 2.00, (while) the Jones family arrived an hour later. EXERCISE 8 _____ 1. It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a teacher. _____ 2. The commandant left strict orders about the passers, several soldiers left the post anyway. _____ 3. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. _____ 4. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. _____ 5. I will take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures. _____ 6. I will wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. _____ 7. Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable. _____ 8. As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. _____ 9. This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of one. _____ 10. Though snow had been failling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the wedding. SKILL ( 6 – 8 ) : Underline the subjects once and the verb twice in each of the following sentences. Circle the connectors. EXERCISE (Skills 6 – 8 ) _____ 1. Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified category. _____ 2. Or the bill can be paid by mail by the first of the month. _____ 3. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sister in case a problem with the children. _____ 4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for. _____ 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it. _____ 6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his homeland. _____ 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized. _____ 8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight. _____ 9. It is impossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard. _____ 10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have prefered not to cook. SKILL 9 : NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS Noun Clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence. Noun Clause Connectors What, when, where, why, how / whatever, whenever / whether, if / that S. V. Noun Connector S. V. I know what you did Noun Clause as Subject ( Noun Connector ) S. V. V. what you did was wrong EXERCISE 9 _____ 1. When the season starts is determined by the weather. _____ 2. The manual how the device should be built. _____ 3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game. _____ 4. He refused to enter a plea could not be determained by the lawyer. _____ 5. Talked about where we should go for lunch. _____ 6. Why the condition of the patient determained so rapidly it was not explained. _____ 7. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be deteramained at the meeting. _____ 8. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due. _____ 9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting. _____ 10. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted. noun clause as object of verb *additional Items: I know when he will arrive Noun Clause as Object of Preposition I am concerned about when he will arrive. Noun Clause as Subject When he will arrive is not important. SKILL 10 : NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR / SUBJECTS In this skill we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is just a connector: a noun clause connector can be also the subject of the clause at the same time. Noun Clause as Object of Verb I do not know what is in the box. Noun Clause as Object of Preposition We are concerned about who will do the work. Noun Clause as Subject of Sentence Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. Noun Clause Connector / Subjects Who what which Whoever whatever whichever Noun Clause as Object S. V. noun connector / subject V. I know what happened. Noun Clause as Subject noun connector / subject V. V. What happened was great. EXERCISE 10 _____ 1. The game show contestant was able to respond to whatever was asked. _____ 2. you should find out which the best physics department. _____ 3. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description. _____ 4. Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office. _____ 5. The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car. _____ 6. The voters should elect whichever of the candidates seems best to them. _____ 7. It was difficult to distinguish what was on sale and what was merely on display. _____ 8. You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable. _____ 9. What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief. _____ 10. You can spend your time with whoever important to you. SKILL 11 : ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS An adjective Clause is a clause that describe a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that is describes. The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table. adjective clause The glass that she put on the table contains milk. adjective clause Adjective Clause Connectors whom which that ( for people ) ( for things ) ( for people or thing ) S. V. adjective connector S. V. I like the book which you recommended S. adjective connector S. V. V. The book which you recommended was interesting. NOTE: The adjective connectors can be omitted. This omission is very common in spoken English or casual written Englsih. It is not as common in formal English or in structure questions on the TOEFL test. EXERCISE 11 _____ 1. It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed. _____ 2. The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price. _____ 3. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report. _____ 4. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed. _____ 5. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frigtening. _____ 6. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended. _____ 7. The enthusiasm with which he greeted me made me feel welcome. _____ 8. The story that you told me about Bob. _____ 9. The men with whom were having the discussion did not seem very friendly. _____ 10. I’m not really sure about taking a part in the plans that we made last night. SKILL 12 : ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNCTOR / SUBJECTS In SKILL 11 we saw that adjective clause connectors were usedto introduce clauses that describe nouns. In SKILL 12 we see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. The woman is filling the glass that is on the table. adjective clause The glass that is on the table contains milk. adjective clause Adjective Clause Connector / Subjects who which that ( for people ) ( for things ) ( for people / things ) S. V. adjective connector / subject V. She needs a secretary who types fast. S. adjective connector / subject V. V. A secretary who types fast is invaluable EXERCISE 12 _____ 1. The ice cream that is served in restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture. _____ 2. The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for block. _____ 3. I vahe great respect for everyone who on the Dean’s list. _____ 4. It is going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here. _____ 5. The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked. _____ 6. The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police. _____ 7. These plants can only survive in an environment is extremely humid. _____ 8. The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotas. _____ 9. The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store. _____ 10. The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale. _____ 11. No one explained to me whether was coming or not. _____ 12. The part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down. _____ 13. The girl who she just joined the softball team is a great short-stop. _____ 14. I have no idea about when the meeting is supposed to start. _____ 15. We have been told that we can leave whenever want. SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES The two types of clauses that can reduce in English are: ( 1 ) adjective clause and ( 2 ) adverb clauses. My friend should be on the train which is arriving at the station now. Although it was not really dificult, the exam took a lot of time. SKILL 13 : USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adjective clause connector and the be – verb that directly follow in are omitted. The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide. The letter which was written last week arrived today. The pitcer that is on the table is full of iced tea. I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper. appearing in addition: When an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced adjective clause can appear at the front of the sentence. The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president. The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president. Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president. The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. Now preparing to give a speech, the president is meeting with his advisors. Reduced Adjective Clauses with a be – verb in the ( adjective connector / subject ) be adjective clause ( who which that ) with no be – verb in the adjective clause ( adjective connector / subject ) ( verb – ing ) ( who which that ) EXERCISE 13 _____ 1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway. _____ 2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave. _____ 3. Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year. _____ 4. The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident. _____ 5. The fan who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers. _____ 6. The suspect can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police. _____ 7. The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of files. _____ 8. Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up for it. _____ 9. The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the canceled flight, grouned audibly. _____ 10. Dissatified with the service at the restaurant, the meal really was no enjoyable. SKILL 14 : USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES In the reduced form, the adverb connector remains, but the subject and be – verb are omitted. Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar. When you are ready, you can begin your speech. If there is no be – verb in the adverb clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be – verb in the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed into the – ing form. Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. feeling When you give your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly. giving REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES with a be – verb ( Adverb Connector ) ( Subject ) ( Be ) in the adverb clause with no be – verb ( Adverb Connector ) ( Subject ) ( Verb - ing ) in the adverb clause Time Condition Contrast Place Manner reduced in before if although ACTIVE after unless though since whether reduced in once if although where as PASSIVE until unless though whenever When whether whenever To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be – verb form the adverb clause. If there is no be – verb, then omit the subject and changed the verb to the – ing form . EXERCISE 14 _____ 1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer. _____ 2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home. _____ 3. The ointment can be applied where needed. _____ 4. Tom began to look for a job after completing his master’s degree in engineering. _____ 5. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games. _____ 6. When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items. _____ 7. The medicine is not effective unless taken as directed. _____ 8. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car. _____ 9. Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned. _____ 10. Though located near the coast, the town does not get much of an ocean breeze. SKILL 15 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS The subject and verb after question words such as what, when, where, why, and how. First, they can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and verb that following are inverted. What is the homework ? When can I leave ? Where are you going ? These words can join together two clauses, and in this case the subject and verb that following are not inverted. I do not know what the homework is. When I can leave, I will take the first train. Do you know where you are going ? INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH QUESTION WORDS WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE WHY HOW When the question word introduces a question, the subject and verb are inverted Question word V. S. ? What are they ? When the question word connects two clauses, the subject and verb that following are not inverted. S. V. Question word V. V. I know what they are. EXERCISE 15 _____ 1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready. _____ 2. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly om the exam. _____ 3. Now new students can get information about parking ? _____ 4. Where is it cheapest to get typeset copies printed ? _____ 5. Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane to on one tank of fuel. _____ 6. What type of security does he prefer for his investments ? _____ 7. Not even the bank president knows when the vault will be opened. _____ 8. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States ? _____ 9. The jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination. _____ 10. Do you know why he wants to take an extanded leave of absence. SKILL 16 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSION After ideas expressing place, the subject and the verb sometimes invert in Englsih. This can happen with single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere. Here are the books that you lent me. There are the keys that I thought I lost. Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather. The subject and verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrases expressing place. In the closet are the clothes that you want. Around the corner is Sam’s house. Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live. INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH PLACE EXPRESSION When a place expression at front of the sentence is necessary to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are inverted. Place ( necessary ) V. S. In the classroom, were some old desks. When a place expression at the front of the sentence contains extra information that is not needed to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted. Place ( extral ) S. V. In the classroom, I studied very hard. EXERCISE 16 _____ 1. In the front of the house were some giant trees. _____ 2. There a big house is on the corner. _____ 3. In the cave was a vast treasure of germs and jewels. _____ 4. To the north the stream is that the settlers will have to cross. _____ 5. Around the corner are the offices that you are trying to find. _____ 6. At the Italian restaurant was the food too aspicy for my taste. _____ 7. Nowhere in the world farmers can grow such delicious food. _____ 8. In the backyard the two tree are that need to be pruned. _____ 9. Around the recreation hall and down the path are the tents where we will be staying this week. _____ 10. In the apartment next to mine a man and a woman were having a heated discussion. SKILL 17 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES The subject and verb can also be inverted after certain negatives and related expressions. When negative expressions, such as no, not, or never, come at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted. Not once did I miss a question. Never has Mr. Jones a vacation. At no time can the woman talk on the telephone. Certain words in English, such as hardly, barly, scarcely, and only, act like negatives. If one of these words comes at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are also inverted. Hardly ever does he take time ( this means that he almost never takes time off. ) Only once did the manager issue overtime paychecks. ( this means that tne manager almost never issued overtime paychecks. ) When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb in the middle of a sentence, the subject and verb are also inverted. This happens often with the negative world neither and nor. I do not want to go, and neither does Tom. The secretary is not attending the meeting, nor is her boss. INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH NEGATIVES no not never neither nor seldom barely hardky only rarely scarcely when a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb ( at the beginning of a sentenece or in the middle of a sentence ) the subeject and verb are inverted. negative expression V. S. Rarely were they so happy. EXERCISE 17 _____ 1. Never the boy wrote to his sisters. _____ 2. On no occasion did they say that to me. _____ 3. Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so. _____ 4. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City. _____ 5. Did he go out of the house at no time. _____ 6. Seldom their secretary has made such mistakes. _____ 7. No sooner had she hung up the phone than it rang again. _____ 8. Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor she left early. _____ 9. Barely had he finished the exam when the graduate assitant collected the papers. _____ 10. The police did not arrive in time to save the girl, and neither did the paramedics. SKILL 18 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS In certain conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted. This can occur when the helping verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, and the conditional connector if is omitted If he had taken more time, the results would have been better. Had he taken more time, the results would have been better. I would help if I were in a position to help. I would help you were I in a position to help. If you should arrive before 6.00, just give me a call. Should you arrive before 6.00, just give me a call. INVERTED SUBEJECTS AND VERBS WITH CONDITIONALS HAD SHOULD WERE When the verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, it is possible to omit if and invert the subject and verb. ( omitted if ) V. S. were he here, he would help. It is also possible to keep if. Then the subject and verb are not inverted. if S. V. If he were here, he would help. EXERCISE 18 _____ 1. Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them. _____ 2. There are plenty of blankests in the closet if should you get cold during the night. _____ 3. Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in December. _____ 4. Had we been informated of the decision, we might have had something to say about it. _____ 5. I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes. _____ 6. He would have been in big troublw had not he remembered the asignment at the last minute. _____ 7. If your friends come to visit, will they say in a hotel or at your house ? _____ 8. He might be a little more successful today were he a little more willing to do some hard work. _____ 9. Should you ever visit this town, I would be delighted to show you around. _____ 10. Do you think that she would give the speech were she asked to do so ? SKILL 19 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS An inverted subject and verb may also occure after a comparison. The inversion of a subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is a rather formal structure. There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL tests, so you shouldbe familiar with this structure. My sister spends more hours in the office than John. My sister spends more hours in the office than John does. My sister spends more hours in the office than does John. INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH COMPARISONS The subject and verb may invert after a comparison. The following structures are both possible. S. V. comparison S. V. We were more prepared than the other performers were. S. V. comparison V. S. We were more prepared than were the other performers. NOTE: A subject-verb inversion after a comparison sounds rather formal. EXERCISE 19 _____ 1. This candidate has received more votes than has any other candidate in previous years. _____ 2. Obviously we were much more impressed with the performance than did the other members of the audience. _____ 3. The film that saw last night at the festival was far better than any of the other films. _____ 4. The vegerables at the market this morning were far fresher than were those at the market yesterday. _____ 5. I am afraid that is the condition of these tires as bad as the condition of the others. _____ 6. We firmly believed that our team could achieve a much faster time than any of the others. _____ 7. This apple pie is not as good as the last one that you made. _____ 8. On the fishing trip, Bobby caught twice as many fish as anyone else did. _____ 9. The final speaker gave us more details than had any of the previous speakers. _____ 10. Do you know why does he need to sleep so many more hours than do the others ? SKILL ( 15 – 19 ) : Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ). EXERCISE ( Skills 15 – 19 ) _____ 1. The town council is not sure why have the land developers changed their plans. _____ 2. Never in the world I believed that this would happen. _____ 3. The day might have been a little more enjoyable had the sun been out a little more. _____ 4. Only once did the judge take the defense lawyer’s suggestion. _____ 5. Down the hall to the left the offices are that need to be painted. _____ 6. Did the scientistexplain what he put in the beaker ? _____ 7. Hardly ever it snows in this section of the country. _____ 8. Elijah scored more points in yesterday’s basketball final than had any other player in history. _____ 9. In the state of California, earthquakes occur regularly. _____ 10. He should ever call again, please tell him that I am not at home. THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT SKILL 20 : MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb. The key ( to the doors ) are* in the drawer. Singular Plural The keys ( to the door ) is* in the drawer. Plural Singular (* indicates an error ) SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES S ( prepostional phrase ) V When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject. EXERCISE 20 __C_ 1. The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain need to be rescued. __ I__ 2. The interrogetion, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours. _____ 3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening. _____ 4. The president, surrounded by secret service agents, is trying to make his way to the podium. _____ 5. The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers’ expense. _____ 6. Because of the seriousness of the company’s financial problrms, the board of directors have called an emergency meeting. _____ 7. Manufacture of the items that you requested have been discontinued because of lack of profit on those items. _____ 8. Further development of any new ideas for future products has to be approved in advance. _____ 9. The scheduled departure time of the trams, posted on panels throughout the terminal buildings, are going to be updated. _____ 10. Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgrade to meet current standards. SKILL 21 : MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY A particular agreement problrm occurs when the subject is an expression of quantity, such as all, most, or some, followed by the preposition of. In this situation, the subject ( all, most, or some ) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of. All ( of the book ) was interesting. singular All ( of the books ) were interesting. plural All ( of the information ) was interesting. uncountable SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY all most OF THE ( OBJECT ) V same half When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the object. EXERCISE 21 _____ 1. The witnesses saw that most of the fire in the hills was extinguisthed. _____ 2. Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserve. _____ 3. All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts is required to turn in their term papers next Monday. _____ 4. Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are still in the refrigrator. _____ 5. We believe that some of the time of the employees is going to be devoted to quality control. _____ 6. All of the witnesses in the jury trial, which lasted more than two weeks, have indicated that they believed that the defendant was guilty. _____ 7. She did not know where most of the people in the room was from. _____ 8. In spite of what was decided at the meeting, half of procedures was not changed. _____ 9. I was sure that all of the questions on the test were correct. _____ 10. Most of the trouble that the employees discussed at the series of meetings was resolved within a few weeks. SKILL 22 : MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE In English the subject sometimes comes after the verb. This can occur after question word (see Skill 15), after place expressions (see Skill16), after enegative expressions (see Skill 17), after omitted conditionals (see Skill 1 ), and after some comparisons (see Skill 19). ( Behind the house) were the bicycles I wanted. ( Behind the house) was the bicycle I wanted. SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT AFTER INVERTED VERBS question negative place V S condition ( no if ) comparison After question words, negative expressions, place expressions, conditions without if, and comparisons, the vetb agrees with the subject, which may be after the verb. EXERCISE 22 _____ 1. Only once this morning were the letters delivered by the campus mail service. _____ 2. Around the corner and to the right is the rooms that have been assigned to that program. _____ 3. What in the wolrd id the children trying to do. _____ 4. John would be studying the chapters were he able to get hold of the book. _____ 5. This chapter has many more exercises than do the next one. _____ 6. The computer programmer was unware that there was so many mistakes in the program he had written. _____ 7. Seldom in the history of televisionhas two new comedies been so successful in one season. _____ 8. How many huge mistakes have the teacher actually found in the research paper? _____ 9. The new phone system is able to hold far more messages than was the phone system that had previously ben used. _____ 10. In the parking lot south of the stadium was the cars that were about to be towed. SKILL 23 : MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS Certain words in English are always grammatically singular, even though they might have plural meanings. Everybody is going to the theater. SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs: anybody everybody nobody somebody each ( + noun ) anyone everybody no one someone every ( + noun ) anything everything nothing something EXERCISE 23 _____ 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man. _____ 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area. _____ 3. The presidents felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff advicor. _____ 4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by 8:00. _____ 5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now. _____ 6. Every time someone take unnecessary breaks, precious moments of production time are lost. _____ 7. Anybody who goes to the top of Empire State Building is impressed with the view. _____ 8. Every man, woman, and child in this line are required to sign the forms in order to complete the regestration process. _____ 9. It is nice to believe that anything is possible if a person tries hard enough. _____ 10. The company reiterated to reporters that nobody have been dismissed because of the incedent. SKILL ( 20 – 23 ) : Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. EXERCISE 20 – 23 _____ 1. The contracts signed by the company has been voided because some stipulations were not met. _____ 2. Ten miles beyond the river was the farmlands that they had purchased with their life savings. _____ 3. Each package that is not properly wrapped have to be returned to the sender. _____ 4. She would not have to enterthe house trhough the bedroom window were the keys where they were supposed to be. _____ 5. The proposal brought so much new work to the partnership that there was not enough hours to complete all of it. _____ 6. The box of disks for the computer have been misplaced. _____ 7. It is disconcerting to believe that every possible candidate has been rejected for one reason or another. _____ 8. Only once have there been more excitement in this city about a sporting event. _____ 9. Bobby has a bigger bicycle than does the other children in the neighborhood. _____ 10. If nobody have bought that car from the dealer, then you should return and make another offer. TOEFL EXERCISE ( Skills 20 – 23 ): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. Among bees _______ a highly elaborate form of communication. (A) occur (B) occurs (C) it occurs (D) they occur 2. _____ heated by solar energy have special collectors on the roofs to trap sunlight. (A) A home is (B) Home are (C) A home (D) Homes Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct. _____ 3. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols. A B C D. _____ 4. Scientists at the medical centre is trying to determine if there is a relationship A B C between saccharine and cance D _____ 5. On the rim of the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands are a hotel A B C called the Volcano Hotel. D _____ 6. The great digital advances of the electric age, such as integrated circuitry A B and a microcomputer, has been planted in tiny chips. C D _____ 7. There are many frequently mentioned reasons why one out of four arrests A B C involve a juvenile D _____ 8. Kepler’s Laws, principles outlining planetary movement, was formulated A B based on observations made without a telescope. C D _____ 9. Only with a two-thirds vote by both houses are the U.S. Congress able to A B C override a presidential veto D _____ 10. Of all the evidence that has piled up since Webster’s paper was published, A there is no new ideas to contradict his original theory B C D TOEFL REVIEW (Skills 1 – 23 ) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. _____ several unsuccessful attempts, Robert Peary reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. ( A ) After ( B ) He made ( C ) When ( D ) His 2. The musical instrument ______ is six feet long. ( A ) is called the bass ( B ) it is called the bass ( C ) called the bass ( D ) calls the bass 3. One problrm with all languages _____ they are full of irregularities. ( A ) when ( B ) so ( C ) is that ( D ) in case 4. _____ of economic cycle been helpful in predicting turning points in cycle, they would have been used more consistently. ( A ) Psychological theories ( B ) Psychological theories have ( C ) Had psychologist theories ( D ) Psychologist have theoiries 5. Hospital committees _____ spent weeks agonizing over which artificial kidney candidate would receive the treatments now find that the decision is out of their hands. ( A ) once ( B ) that once ( C ) have ( D ) once had Choose the letter of the underlined word of group of words that is not correct. _____ 6. More than half of the children in the 1.356-memberdistrict qualifies for A B C reduced-price or free lunches. D _____ 7. Five miles beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching up to the sky. A B C D _____ 8. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, we incorporated into the A B C D orchestra in the eighteenth centry. _____ 9. When is a flag hung upside down, it is an internationally recognized symbol A B C D of distress. _____ 10. The Museum of the Confederation in Richmond hosts an exibition which A documenting the origins and history of the banner that most Americans think B C of as the Confederate flag. D SKILL 24 : USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNTIONS The job of the coordinate conjundtions ( and, but, or ) is to join together equal expressions. In other words, what is on on one side of these words must be parallel to what is on the order side. These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or adjectives, or phrases, or subordinate clauses, or main clauses; they just must join together two of the same thing. Here are examples of two nouns joined by a coordinate conjunction : I need to talk to the manager or the assitant manager. She is not a teacher but a lawyer. You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking. Here are examples of two verbs joined by a coordinate conjunction : He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation. She invites us to her home but never talks with us. You can stay home or go to the movies with us. Here are examples of two adjectives joined by a coordinate conjunction : My boss is sincere and nice. The exam that he gave was short but difficult. Class can be interesting or boring. Here are examples of two phrases joined by a coordinate conjunction : The are students in the classroom and in front of the building. The paper are on my desk or in the drawer. The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1:00. Here are examples of two clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction : They are not interested in what you say or what you do. I am here because I have to be and because I want to be. Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay late. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS and ( same structure ) but ( same structure ) or and ( same structure ), ( same structure ), but ( same structure ) or EXERCISE 24 __I__ 1. She held jobs a typist, a housekeper, and in a restaurant. _____ 2. The report you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk. _____ 3. She works very hard but usually gets below-average grades. _____ 4. The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes, and finishing with an emotional plea. _____ 5. You should know when the program starts and how many units you must complete. _____ 6. The term paper he wrote was rather short but very impressive. _____ 7. She suggested taking the plane this evening or that we go by train tomorrow. _____ 8. The dean or the assistant dean will inform you of when and where you should apply for your diploma. _____ 9. There are papers to file, reports to type, and those letters should be answered. _____ 10. The manager needed a quick but through response. SKILL 25 : USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS The paired conjunctions both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . .nor, and not only . . . but also require parallel structures. I know both where you went and what you did. Either Mark or Sue has the book. The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse. He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS both and either ( same structure ) or ( same structure ) neither nor not only but also EXERCISE 25 _____ 1. According to the syllabus, you can either write a paper or you can take an exam. _____ 2. It would be both noticed and appreciated if you could finish the work before you leave. _____ 3. She would like neither to see a movie or to go bowling _____ 4. Either the manager or her assistant can help you with your refund. _____ 5. She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but she also would like to travel to Asia. _____ 6. He could correct neither what you said nor you wrote. _____ 7. Both the tailor or the laundress could fix the damage to the dress. _____ 8. He not only called the police department but also called the fire department. _____ 9. You can graduate either at the end of the fall semester or you can graduate at the end of the spring semester. _____ 10. the movie was neither amusing nor was it interesting. SKILL 26 : USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS When you make a comparison, you point out the similarities or deffrences between two things. And those similarities or diffirences must be in parallel form. You can recognize a comparison showing how two things are defferent from the -er . . . than or the more . . . than. My school is farther than your school. To be rich is better than to be poor. What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken. A comparison showing how two things are the same might contain as . . . as or espressions such as the same as or similar to. Their car is as big as a small house. Renting those apartments cost about the same as leasing them. The work that I did is similar to the work that you did. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS more . . . than -er . . . than (same structure) less . . . than (same structure) the same . . . as similar . . . to EXERCISE 26 _____ 1. His research for the thesis was more useful than hers. _____ 2. Dining in a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home. _____ 3. I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous one. _____ 4. What you do today should be the same as did yesterday. _____ 5. This lesson is more difficult than we had before. _____ 6. You have less homework than they do. _____ 7. What you do has more effect than what you say. _____ 8. Music in your country is quite similar to my country. _____ 9. The collection of foreign journals in the university library is more extensive than the high school library. _____ 10. How to buy a used car can be as difficult as buying a new car. SKILL ( 24 – 26 ): Circle the word or words that indicate that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. EXERCISE ( Skills 24 – 26 ) _____1. After retirement he plans on traveling to exotic locations, dine in the finest restaurants, and playing a lot of golf. _____ 2. She was both surprised by and pleased with the seminar. _____ 3. What came after the break was even more boring than had come before. _____ 4. He would find the missing keys neither under the bed or behind the sofa. _____ 5. Depending on thw perspective of the viewer, the film was considered laudable, mediocrity, or horrendous. _____ 6. He exercised not only in the morning, but he also exercised every afternoon. _____ 7. Working four days per week is much more relaxing than working five days per week. _____ 8. Sam is always good-natured, generous, and helps you. _____ 9. Either you have to finish the project, or the contract will be canceled. _____ 10. The courses that you are required to take are more important than the courses that you choose. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 24 – 26 ): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood is neither journalistically accurate ______ ( A ) a piece of fiction ( B ) nor a fictitious work ( C ) or written in a fictitious way ( D ) nor completely fictitious 2. Vitamin C is necessary for the prevention and _____ of scurvy. ( A ) it cures ( B ) cures ( C ) cure ( D ) for curing 3. A baby’s development is influenced by by both heredity and _____ ( A ) by environmental factors ( B ) environmentally ( C ) the infuence of the envirinment ( D ) environment 4. Because bone loss occurs earlier in women than _____, the effects of osteoporosis are more apparent in women. ( A ) men do ( B ) in men ( C ) as men ( D ) similar to men Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of word that is not correct. _____ 5. Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery. A B C D _____ 6. The U.S. Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the A B C D House of Representatives. _____ 7. The prison population in this state, now at an all time high, A B Is higher than any state. C D _____ 8. A well-composed baroque opera achieves a delicate balance by A B focusing alternately on the aural, visual, emotional, and C philosophy elements. D _____ 9. Manufacturers may use food additives for preserving, to color, to A B flavor, or to fortify foods. C D _____ 10. A bankruptcy may be either voluntary nor involuntary. A B C D TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE ( Skill 1 – 26 ) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The growth of hair _____ cyclical process, with phases of activity and inactivity. ( A) it is ( B ) is a ( C ) which is ( D ) a regular 2. The fire _____ to have started in the furnace under the house. ( A ) is believed ( B ) that is believed ( C ) they believe ( D ) that they believe 3. In Roman numerals, _____ symbols for numeric values. ( A ) are letters of the alphabet ( B ) letters of the alphabet are ( C ) which uses letters of the alphabet ( D ) in which letters of the alphabet are 4. The legal systems of most countries can be classified _____ common law or civil law. ( A ) as either ( B ) either as ( C ) either to ( D ) to either 5. One differene between mathematics and language is that mathematics is precise _____ ( A ) language is not ( B ) while language is not ( C ) but language not ( D ) while is language 6. Your criticismof the three short stories should not be less than 2.000 words, nor _____ more than 3.000. ( A ) should it be ( B ) it should be ( C ) it is ( D ) should be it Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct. _____ 7. In 1870, the attorney general was made head of the Department A of Justice, given an enlarged staff, and endow with clear-cut B C law-enforcement functions D _____ 8. The General Sherman Tree, the largest of all the giant sequoias, A are reputed to be the world’s largest living thing. B C D _____ 9. The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilage rather than A B C having bone D _____ 10. At least one sample of each of the brands contains measurable A B amounts of aflatoxin, and there is three which exceed the maximum. C D SKILL 27 : FORM COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY The comparative is informed with either -er or more and than. In the comparative, -er is used with adjectives such as tall, and more is used with longer adjectives such as beautiful. Bob is taller than Ron. Sally is more beautiful than Sharon. The superlative is formd with the, either -est or most, and sometimes in, of, or a that-clause. In superlative, -est is used with short adjectives such as tall, and most is used with longer adjectives such as beautiful. Bob is the tallest man in the room. Sally is the most beatufiful of all the women at the party. The spider over there is the langest one that I have ever seen. The fastest runner wins the race. ( no in, of, or that ) THE FORM OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES COMPARATIVE more ( long adjective ) than ( short adjective ) + er SUPERLATIVE the most ( long adjective ) maybe in, of, that ( Short adjective ) + est EXERCISE 27 _____ 1. Oxygen is abundanter than nitrogen. _____ 2. The direction to the exercise say to choose the most appropriate response. _____ 3. The lesson you aere studying now is the most importantest lesson that you will have. _____ 4. Fashions this year are shorter and more colorful than they were last year. _____ 5. The professor indicated that Anthony’s research paper was more long than the other students’ papers. _____ 6. Alaska is the coldest than all the states in the United States. _____ 7. The workers on the day shift are more rested than the workers on the night shift. _____ 8. She was more happier this morning than she had been yesterday. _____9. The quarterback on this year’s football team is more versatile than the quarterback on last year’s team. _____ 10. She always tries to do the best and most efficient job that she can do. SKILL 28 : USE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY The comparative and superlative have different uses and you should understand these different uses to amswer such questions correctly. The comparative is used to compare two equal things. The history class is larger than the math class. Mary is more intelligent than Sue. Superlative is used when there are more than two items to compare and you want to show the one that is the best, the biggest, or in some way the most outstanding. The history class is the largest in the school. Mary is the most intelligent of all the students in the class. THE USES OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES The COMPARATIVE is used to compare two equal things. The SUPERLATIVE is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding. EXERCISE 28 _____ 1. Harvard is probably the most prestigious university in the United States. _____ 2. Rhonda is more hard working of the class. _____ 3. The engineers hired this year have more experience than those hired last year. _____ 4. The graduate assistant informed un that the first exam is the most difficult of the two. _____ 5. He bought the more powerful stereo speakers that he could find. _____ 6. The afternoon seminar was much more interesting than the morning lecture. _____ 7. The food in this restaurant is the best of the restaurant we visited last week. _____ 8. The plants that have been sitting in the sunny window are far healthier than the other plants. _____ 9. The photocopies are the darkest that they have ever been. _____ 10. The first journal article is the longest of the second article. SKILL 29 : USE THE IRREGULAR -ER, ER STRUCTURE CORRECTLY An irregular comparative structure that has been appearing frequently on the TOEFL test consists of two parallel comparatives introduced by the. The harder he tried, the further he fell behind. The older the children are, the more their parents expext from them. In this type of sentence, the and and the comparison can be followed by a number of different ctructures. The more children you have, the bigger the house you need. The harder you work, the more you accomplish. The greater the experience, the higher the salary. THE -ER, -ER STRUCTURE THE -er THE -er More (same structure), more (same structure) This type of sentence may or may not include a verb. EXERCISE 29 _____ 1. The hotter the food is, harder it is to eat. _____ 2. The warmer the weather, the greater the attendance at the outdoor concert. _____ 3. The more you say, the worst the situation will be. _____ 4. The more time they have to play, the happier the children are. _____ 5. The thicker the walls, the noise that comes through is less. _____ 6 If you run faster, the more quickly you’ ll arrive. _____ 7. The more you use the phone, the higher the billwill be. _____ 8. The harder you serve, the easier it is to win the point. _____ 9. The earliest you send in your tax forms, the sooner you will receive your refund. _____ 10. The more people there are at the party, you’ll have a good time. EXERCISE ( Skill 27 – 29 ) : Circle the comparatives and superlatives in the fillowing sentences. _____ 1. The coffee is more stronger today than it was yesterday. _____ 2. The tree that was struck be lightening had been the tallest of the two trees we had in the yard. _____ 3. He will buy the most fuel-efficient car that he can afford. _____ 4. The closest it gets to summer, the longer the days are. _____ 5. The business department is bigger of the department in the university. _____ 6. I really do not want to live in the Southeast because it is one of the most hot areas in the United States. _____ 7. It is preferable to use the most effcient and most effective method that you can. _____ 8. Tonight’s dinner was more filling than last night’s. _____ 9. The sooner the exam is scheduled, the less time you have to prepare. _____ 10. The house is now the cleanest that it has ever been. TOEFL EXERCISE ( Skill 27 – 29 ) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The speed of light is _____ the speed of sound. ( A ) faster ( B ) much faster than ( C ) the fastest ( D ) as fast 2. The use of detail is _____ method of developing a controlling idea, and almost all students employ this method. ( A ) more common ( B ) common ( C ) most common ( D ) the most common 3. _____ in Steveson’s lanscapes, the more vitality and character the paintings seem to possess. ( A ) The brushwork is loose ( B ) The looser brushwork ( C ) The loose brushwork is ( D ) The looser the brushwork is Choose the letter of the underlined word of group of words that is not correct. _____ 4. Certain types of snakes have been known to surve fasts more as a A B C D year long. _____ 5. The grizzly bear, which can grow up to eight feet tall, has been called A B C a more dangerous animal of North America. D _____ 6. Climate, soil type, and availability of water are the most critical factors A B than selecting the best type of grass for a lawn. C D _____ 7. Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian, was the controversialest A B C teacher of his age. B _____ 8. Protein molecules are the most complex than the molecules of A B C D carbohydrates. _____ 9. The leek, a member of the lily family, has a mildest taste than the onion. A B C D _____ 10. The widely used natural fiber of all is cotton. A B C D TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE ( 1 – 29 ) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1._____ a liberal arts college specifically for deaf people, is located in Washington, D.C. ( A ) Gallaudet College ( B ) Gallaudet College is ( C ) About Gallaudet College ( D ) Because of Gallauder College 2. _____ varieties of dogs at the show, including spaniels, poodles, and collies. ( A ) The several ( B ) Those ( C ) Several ( D ) There were several 3. Whike the discovery that many migratory songbirds can thrive in deforested wintering spots _____ , the fact remains that these birds are dying at unusual rates. ( A ) it is heartening ( B ) hearten ( C ) heartening ( D ) is heartening Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct. _____ 4. The coyote is somewhat smaller in size that a timber wolf. A B C D _____ 5. The weather reports all showed that there were a tremendous storm front A B C moving in. D _____ 6. Seldom cactus plant are found outside of North America. A B C D _____ 7. In basketball game a player what is fouled receives one or two free throws. A B C D _____ 8. Until recently, California was largest producer of oranges in the United A B C D States. _____ 9. An understanding of engeering theories and problems are impossible until A B basic aritmetic is fully mastered. C D _____ 10. The earliest the CVS (chorionic villus sampling) procedure in the pregnancy, A B C the greater the risk to the baby. D 58