Chemistry for 14 -16 year olds: Miscellaneous questions and answers

Slide 1 : 1 GCSE Questions and Answers Miscellaneous Remember that you can search using “edit”! 6 consecutive papers: 2002-7 You can find a video-cast lesson on this here

7 a) Which word best describes each of the following changes?(i) Turning a solid into a liquid ________ [1](ii) Turning a solid into a gas __________ [1](iii) Turning a gas into a liquid _________ [1] : 7 a) Which word best describes each of the following changes?(i) Turning a solid into a liquid ________ [1](ii) Turning a solid into a gas __________ [1](iii) Turning a gas into a liquid _________ [1] 2002, Paper 2

7 a) Which word best describes each of the following changes?(i) Turning a solid into a liquid Melting [1](ii) Turning a solid into a gas Sublimation [1](iii) Turning a gas into a liquid Condensation [1] : 7 a) Which word best describes each of the following changes?(i) Turning a solid into a liquid Melting [1](ii) Turning a solid into a gas Sublimation [1](iii) Turning a gas into a liquid Condensation [1]

(iv) Turning a liquid into a solid ________ [1](v) Turning a liquids into a gas ________ [1] : (iv) Turning a liquid into a solid ________ [1](v) Turning a liquids into a gas ________ [1]

(iv) Turning a liquid into a solid Freezing [1](v) Turning a liquids into a gas Evaporation [1] : (iv) Turning a liquid into a solid Freezing [1](v) Turning a liquids into a gas Evaporation [1]

b) A gas jar was filled with bromine gas and a second (empty) gas jar was inverted on top of the first jar, as shown in the diagram. : b) A gas jar was filled with bromine gas and a second (empty) gas jar was inverted on top of the first jar, as shown in the diagram.

(i) Describe what would be observed after the jars were in contact for some time. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2](ii) Explain your observations in part (b)(i) in terms of particles. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2] : (i) Describe what would be observed after the jars were in contact for some time. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2](ii) Explain your observations in part (b)(i) in terms of particles. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2]

(i) Describe what would be observed after the jars were in contact for some time. The brown [1] colour would be spread [1] through the two gas jars.[2] (ii) Explain your observations in part (b)(i) in terms of particles. The bromine particles move [1] through the combined volume. The air particles also move [1] through the combined volume. An even mixture is formed. example – the bromine particles and the air particles move among each other [2] until an even mixture is formed [1]. Any two from three. : (i) Describe what would be observed after the jars were in contact for some time. The brown [1] colour would be spread [1] through the two gas jars.[2] (ii) Explain your observations in part (b)(i) in terms of particles. The bromine particles move [1] through the combined volume. The air particles also move [1] through the combined volume. An even mixture is formed. example – the bromine particles and the air particles move among each other [2] until an even mixture is formed [1]. Any two from three.

(iii) What name is given to the observation in part (b)(i)? ___________________________ [1] : (iii) What name is given to the observation in part (b)(i)? ___________________________ [1]

(iii) What name is given to the observation in part (b)(i)? Diffusion [1] : (iii) What name is given to the observation in part (b)(i)? Diffusion [1]

c) A small crystal of potassium permanganate was added to a large beaker of water. After some time a purple colour had spread through the water. Explain this observation in terms of particles. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ : c) A small crystal of potassium permanganate was added to a large beaker of water. After some time a purple colour had spread through the water. Explain this observation in terms of particles. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

c) A small crystal of potassium permanganate was added to a large beaker of water. After some time a purple colour had spread through the water. Explain this observation in terms of particles. The water particles move [1] and bombard [1] the solid. The solid breaks up/dissolves [1] and solid particles move [1] through the water. (max [3]/[4]) : c) A small crystal of potassium permanganate was added to a large beaker of water. After some time a purple colour had spread through the water. Explain this observation in terms of particles. The water particles move [1] and bombard [1] the solid. The solid breaks up/dissolves [1] and solid particles move [1] through the water. (max [3]/[4])

d) In a third experiment a gas jar was filled to the brim with water. Salt was added one spatula measure at a time, until the water overflowed. Twenty spatula measures were needed to reach this stage.(i) Why did the water not overflow when the first spatula measure of salt was added? _________________________________ _________________________________ ______________________________ [2] : d) In a third experiment a gas jar was filled to the brim with water. Salt was added one spatula measure at a time, until the water overflowed. Twenty spatula measures were needed to reach this stage.(i) Why did the water not overflow when the first spatula measure of salt was added? _________________________________ _________________________________ ______________________________ [2]

d) In a third experiment a gas jar was filled to the brim with water. Salt was added one spatula measure at a time, until the water overflowed. Twenty spatula measures were needed to reach this stage.(i) Why did the water not overflow when the first spatula measure of salt was added? The salt particles filled [1] the spaces [1] between the water particles. : d) In a third experiment a gas jar was filled to the brim with water. Salt was added one spatula measure at a time, until the water overflowed. Twenty spatula measures were needed to reach this stage.(i) Why did the water not overflow when the first spatula measure of salt was added? The salt particles filled [1] the spaces [1] between the water particles.

(ii) Why did the water eventually overflow? ______________________________ ___________________________ [1] : (ii) Why did the water eventually overflow? ______________________________ ___________________________ [1]

(ii) Why did the water eventually overflow? All the spaces were filled [1] : (ii) Why did the water eventually overflow? All the spaces were filled [1]

e) Using the ideas of the kinetic theory explain why(i) water changes to ice on cooling; __________________________________ _______________________________ [3](ii) a metal expands on heating; __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] : e) Using the ideas of the kinetic theory explain why(i) water changes to ice on cooling; __________________________________ _______________________________ [3](ii) a metal expands on heating; __________________________________ _______________________________ [3]

e) Using the ideas of the kinetic theory explain why(i) water changes to ice on cooling; When the liquid is cooled, the particles lose energy [1] and slow down [1]. Eventually they stop moving about [1] accept – come closer together except for tiny vibrations, forming a solid – greater attractive forces (ii) a metal expands on heating; When the metal is heated, its particles gain energy [1] and vibrate more [1] move further from their fixed position [1] makes the metal expand. : e) Using the ideas of the kinetic theory explain why(i) water changes to ice on cooling; When the liquid is cooled, the particles lose energy [1] and slow down [1]. Eventually they stop moving about [1] accept – come closer together except for tiny vibrations, forming a solid – greater attractive forces (ii) a metal expands on heating; When the metal is heated, its particles gain energy [1] and vibrate more [1] move further from their fixed position [1] makes the metal expand.

(iii) Ethanol mixes completely with water. __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] : (iii) Ethanol mixes completely with water. __________________________________ _______________________________ [3]

(iii) Ethanol mixes completely with water. The ethanol (particles) move [1] into the spaces [1] between the water (particles) and the water (particles) move into the spaces between the ethanol (particles) [1] : (iii) Ethanol mixes completely with water. The ethanol (particles) move [1] into the spaces [1] between the water (particles) and the water (particles) move into the spaces between the ethanol (particles) [1]

f) The volume of a sample of carbon dioxide is 150cm3 at 293k. What is its volume at 353k if the pressure remains constant? _________________________________ _________________________________ Volume = _______cm3 [3] : f) The volume of a sample of carbon dioxide is 150cm3 at 293k. What is its volume at 353k if the pressure remains constant? _________________________________ _________________________________ Volume = _______cm3 [3]

f) The volume of a sample of carbon dioxide is 150cm3 at 293k. What is its volume at 353k if the pressure remains constant? P1V1 = constant or P1V1 = P2V2 or V1 = V2 T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 150 = V2 293 353 [1] 150 x 353 = Volume 180.7 cm3 [1] 293 Accept 180 – 181 : f) The volume of a sample of carbon dioxide is 150cm3 at 293k. What is its volume at 353k if the pressure remains constant? P1V1 = constant or P1V1 = P2V2 or V1 = V2 T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 150 = V2 293 353 [1] 150 x 353 = Volume 180.7 cm3 [1] 293 Accept 180 – 181

2 The table below shows the reactants and products of six different types of chemical reaction. : 2 The table below shows the reactants and products of six different types of chemical reaction. 2003, Paper 1

a) Reaction A occurs in the leaves of plants. (i) What is the name given to the process represented by reaction A? ___________________________ [1](ii) What external factor is needed for a higher rate of reaction in reaction A? ___________________________ [1] : a) Reaction A occurs in the leaves of plants. (i) What is the name given to the process represented by reaction A? ___________________________ [1](ii) What external factor is needed for a higher rate of reaction in reaction A? ___________________________ [1]

a) Reaction A occurs in the leaves of plants.(i) What is the name given to the process represented by reaction A? Photosynthesis [1](ii) What external factor is needed for a higher rate of reaction in reaction A? (sun) light [1] : a) Reaction A occurs in the leaves of plants.(i) What is the name given to the process represented by reaction A? Photosynthesis [1](ii) What external factor is needed for a higher rate of reaction in reaction A? (sun) light [1]

b) Without using the terms endothermic or exothermic, state the type of reaction represented by:(i) B _________________________ [1](ii) C _________________________ [1](iii) D _________________________ [1] : b) Without using the terms endothermic or exothermic, state the type of reaction represented by:(i) B _________________________ [1](ii) C _________________________ [1](iii) D _________________________ [1]

b) Without using the terms endothermic or exothermic, state the type of reaction represented by:(i) B neutralisation [1](ii) C combustion/burning/oxidation [1](iii) D displacement/redox [1] : b) Without using the terms endothermic or exothermic, state the type of reaction represented by:(i) B neutralisation [1](ii) C combustion/burning/oxidation [1](iii) D displacement/redox [1]

c) Explain why reaction E could be described as oxidation. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]d) Reaction C is exothermic. Using the letters A, B, D and F show which of these reactions are: exothermic _________________ [1] endothermic ________________ [1] : c) Explain why reaction E could be described as oxidation. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]d) Reaction C is exothermic. Using the letters A, B, D and F show which of these reactions are: exothermic _________________ [1] endothermic ________________ [1]

c) Explain why reaction E could be described as oxidation. Iron gains oxygen [1] and gain of oxygen is oxidation [1] or iron loses electrons [1] loss of electrons is oxidation d) Reaction C is exothermic. Using the letters A, B, D and F show which of these reactions are: exothermic B[1], D[1], F[1] endothermic A[1] : c) Explain why reaction E could be described as oxidation. Iron gains oxygen [1] and gain of oxygen is oxidation [1] or iron loses electrons [1] loss of electrons is oxidation d) Reaction C is exothermic. Using the letters A, B, D and F show which of these reactions are: exothermic B[1], D[1], F[1] endothermic A[1]

e) Explain in terms of bonds, why reaction C is exothermic. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [5] Quality of written communication [2] : e) Explain in terms of bonds, why reaction C is exothermic. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [5] Quality of written communication [2]

e) Explain in terms of bonds, why reaction C is exothermic. More [1] energy is released when bonds are made [1] in products/CO2 and H2O [1] than energy used when bonds are broken [1] in reactants/natural gas and oxygen [1] (must be a link between energy/bonds/products) Quality of written communication [2] : e) Explain in terms of bonds, why reaction C is exothermic. More [1] energy is released when bonds are made [1] in products/CO2 and H2O [1] than energy used when bonds are broken [1] in reactants/natural gas and oxygen [1] (must be a link between energy/bonds/products) Quality of written communication [2]

f) Name three different methods used to prevent the formation of rust. Method 1 _____________________ Method 2 _____________________ Method 3 _____________________ [3] : f) Name three different methods used to prevent the formation of rust. Method 1 _____________________ Method 2 _____________________ Method 3 _____________________ [3]

f) Name three different methods used to prevent the formation of rust. Painting / greasing / oiling / galvanising / suitable metal plating. Any three suitable methods. [3] : f) Name three different methods used to prevent the formation of rust. Painting / greasing / oiling / galvanising / suitable metal plating. Any three suitable methods. [3]

g) What is the correct chemical name for rust? _________________________ [2] : g) What is the correct chemical name for rust? _________________________ [2]

g) What is the correct chemical name for rust? Hydrated [1] iron (III) oxide [1] : g) What is the correct chemical name for rust? Hydrated [1] iron (III) oxide [1]

2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product. : 2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product. 2003, Paper 2

2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product. : 2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product. Hydrogen [1] Water [1] Water [1] Carbon Dioxide [1] Water [1]

(i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5](ii) write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B _______________________ [2] D _______________________ [2] : (i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5](ii) write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B _______________________ [2] D _______________________ [2]

(i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5](ii) Write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B ZnO + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O [2] D ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2 [2] : (i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5](ii) Write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B ZnO + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O [2] D ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ? ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2 [2]

(iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. _____________________________ __________________________ [2] : (iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]

(iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. Gas production stops/fizzing stops [1] No more solid reacts/solid remaining [1] : (iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. Gas production stops/fizzing stops [1] No more solid reacts/solid remaining [1]

b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid.(i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? __________________________ [1] : b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid.(i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? __________________________ [1]

b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid.(i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? 0 – 2 [1] : b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid.(i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? 0 – 2 [1]

(ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis. : (ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis.

(ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis. : (ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis.

(iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. __________________________ [2] : (iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. __________________________ [2]

(iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. H+ + OH- ? H2O [2] : (iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. H+ + OH- ? H2O [2]

c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid.(i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. __________________________________ _______________________________ [6] Quality of written communication [2] : c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid.(i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. __________________________________ _______________________________ [6] Quality of written communication [2]

c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid.(i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. Filter [1] heat [1] to evaporate some water/to concentrate the solution [1] allow to cool [1] and recrystallise [1] filter [1] dry between two sheets of filter paper / dessicator / low temp oven [1] Quality of written communication [2] : c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid.(i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. Filter [1] heat [1] to evaporate some water/to concentrate the solution [1] allow to cool [1] and recrystallise [1] filter [1] dry between two sheets of filter paper / dessicator / low temp oven [1] Quality of written communication [2]

(ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: ______________________ Result: ______________________ ___________________________ [3] : (ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: ______________________ Result: ______________________ ___________________________ [3]

(ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: barium chloride (sodium) [1] Result: white [1] precipitate [1] : (ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: barium chloride (sodium) [1] Result: white [1] precipitate [1]

d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution.(i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? ___________________________ [1] : d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution.(i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? ___________________________ [1]

d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution.(i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? Amphoteric [1] : d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution.(i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? Amphoteric [1]

(ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. ___________________________ [3](iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? ___________________________ [1] : (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. ___________________________ [3](iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? ___________________________ [1]

(ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. [3] Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH ? Na2ZNO2 + 2H2O Allow: Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH ? Na2ZN(OH)4 And: Zn(OH) 2 + 2OH- ? Zn(OH)2-4 (iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? Aluminium (hydroxide) [1] : (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. [3] Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH ? Na2ZNO2 + 2H2O Allow: Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH ? Na2ZN(OH)4 And: Zn(OH) 2 + 2OH- ? Zn(OH)2-4 (iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? Aluminium (hydroxide) [1]

2 There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.a) The table below gives some of the physical properties of three common compounds. Complete the table. [3] : 2 There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.a) The table below gives some of the physical properties of three common compounds. Complete the table. [3] 2004, Paper 1

2 There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.a) The table below gives some of the physical properties of three common compounds. Complete the table. [3] : 2 There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.a) The table below gives some of the physical properties of three common compounds. Complete the table. [3]

b) Describe in detail the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3] Quality of communication [2] : b) Describe in detail the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3] Quality of communication [2]

b) Describe in detail the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas. The particles/molecules are far apart [1] and move at very high speeds [1] in a random/disordered [1] Quality of communication [2] : b) Describe in detail the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas. The particles/molecules are far apart [1] and move at very high speeds [1] in a random/disordered [1] Quality of communication [2]

c) The following diagram illustrates the changes in state which can occur. : c) The following diagram illustrates the changes in state which can occur.

(i) Name the changes of state represented by the letters B, D and E. B _________________________ D ________________________ E _________________________ [3](ii) Name one substance that changes directly from a solid to a gas on heating. _________________________ [1] : (i) Name the changes of state represented by the letters B, D and E. B _________________________ D ________________________ E _________________________ [3](ii) Name one substance that changes directly from a solid to a gas on heating. _________________________ [1]

(i) Name the changes of state represented by the letters B, D and E. B is freezing [1] D is condensation [1] E is sublimation [1](ii) Name one substance that changes directly from a solid to a gas on heating. Dry/ice/iodine/ammonium chloride/accept carbon dioxide [1] : (i) Name the changes of state represented by the letters B, D and E. B is freezing [1] D is condensation [1] E is sublimation [1](ii) Name one substance that changes directly from a solid to a gas on heating. Dry/ice/iodine/ammonium chloride/accept carbon dioxide [1]

d) When ice cubes are left out of the freezer they eventually melt. Explain in terms of particles what happens when a solid melts. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3] : d) When ice cubes are left out of the freezer they eventually melt. Explain in terms of particles what happens when a solid melts. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3]

d) When ice cubes are left out of the freezer they eventually melt. Explain in terms of particles what happens when a solid melts. The particles gain energy [1] vibrate more vigorously [1] and move further apart/less attraction/can move around each/other/bonds break [1] : d) When ice cubes are left out of the freezer they eventually melt. Explain in terms of particles what happens when a solid melts. The particles gain energy [1] vibrate more vigorously [1] and move further apart/less attraction/can move around each/other/bonds break [1]

e) The kinetic theory helps to explain the way in which matter behaves. Use the kinetic theory to explain the following observation. You can smell hot coffee from a distance of several metres, yet you have to be near cold coffee to smell it. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] : e) The kinetic theory helps to explain the way in which matter behaves. Use the kinetic theory to explain the following observation. You can smell hot coffee from a distance of several metres, yet you have to be near cold coffee to smell it. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [3]

e) The kinetic theory helps to explain the way in which matter behaves. Use the kinetic theory to explain the following observation. You can smell hot coffee from a distance of several metres, yet you have to be near cold coffee to smell it. Hot coffee particles have greater energy [1] particles have enough energy to evaporate [1] and they diffuse/move at a faster rate or converse [1] : e) The kinetic theory helps to explain the way in which matter behaves. Use the kinetic theory to explain the following observation. You can smell hot coffee from a distance of several metres, yet you have to be near cold coffee to smell it. Hot coffee particles have greater energy [1] particles have enough energy to evaporate [1] and they diffuse/move at a faster rate or converse [1]

f) The volume of a gas is related to the temperature of the gas.(i) How does the volume of a gas change as its temperature is increased? (Assume that the pressure is constant). ___________________________ [1] : f) The volume of a gas is related to the temperature of the gas.(i) How does the volume of a gas change as its temperature is increased? (Assume that the pressure is constant). ___________________________ [1]

f) The volume of a gas is related to the temperature of the gas.(i) How does the volume of a gas change as its temperature is increased? (Assume that the pressure is constant). It increases [1] : f) The volume of a gas is related to the temperature of the gas.(i) How does the volume of a gas change as its temperature is increased? (Assume that the pressure is constant). It increases [1]

(ii) A bubble of methane gas was trapped at the bottom of the North Sea. The volume of the bubble was 25cm3. At the bottom of the North Sea the pressure was 1100kPa and the temperature was 260k. : (ii) A bubble of methane gas was trapped at the bottom of the North Sea. The volume of the bubble was 25cm3. At the bottom of the North Sea the pressure was 1100kPa and the temperature was 260k.

(ii) The bubble was dislodged and rose to the surface. At the surface the pressure was 100kPa and the temperature was 288k. Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface. State the units. (To obtain full marks in this question, all steps in the calculation must be shown) [4] : (ii) The bubble was dislodged and rose to the surface. At the surface the pressure was 100kPa and the temperature was 288k. Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface. State the units. (To obtain full marks in this question, all steps in the calculation must be shown) [4]

(ii) The bubble was dislodged and rose to the surface. At the surface the pressure was 100kPa and the temperature was 288k. Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface. State the units. (To obtain full marks in this question, all steps in the calculation must be shown) [4] = [1] = [1] V2 = = 304.62 [1] cm3 [1] : (ii) The bubble was dislodged and rose to the surface. At the surface the pressure was 100kPa and the temperature was 288k. Calculate the volume of the bubble at the surface. State the units. (To obtain full marks in this question, all steps in the calculation must be shown) [4] = [1] = [1] V2 = = 304.62 [1] cm3 [1]

4a) Zinc is used in the manufacture of coins. The two pound coin shown below contains a mixture of metals. It is 70% copper, 24.4% zinc and 5.5% nickel. : 4a) Zinc is used in the manufacture of coins. The two pound coin shown below contains a mixture of metals. It is 70% copper, 24.4% zinc and 5.5% nickel. 2004, Paper 1

(i) What is the word used for a substance made up of a mixture of metals? _________________________ [1](ii) Copper, zinc and nickel are malleable. What is meant by the word malleable? ______________________________ _________________________ [1] : (i) What is the word used for a substance made up of a mixture of metals? _________________________ [1](ii) Copper, zinc and nickel are malleable. What is meant by the word malleable? ______________________________ _________________________ [1]

(i) What is the word used for a substance made up of a mixture of metals? Alloy [1](ii) Copper, zinc and nickel are malleable. What is meant by the word malleable? Hammered into shape [1] : (i) What is the word used for a substance made up of a mixture of metals? Alloy [1](ii) Copper, zinc and nickel are malleable. What is meant by the word malleable? Hammered into shape [1]

b) To find out the order of reactivity of copper, nickel and zinc, an excess of each metal was placed into the same concentration of different metal salt solutions. The table below illustrates the results. v = reaction occurred x = no reaction : b) To find out the order of reactivity of copper, nickel and zinc, an excess of each metal was placed into the same concentration of different metal salt solutions. The table below illustrates the results. v = reaction occurred x = no reaction

Write down the order of reactivity of these three metals from most to least reactive. Most reactive = ________________ ________________ Least reactive = ________________ : Write down the order of reactivity of these three metals from most to least reactive. Most reactive = ________________ ________________ Least reactive = ________________

Write down the order of reactivity of these three metals from most to least reactive. Most reactive = Zinc Nickle Opposite order [1] Least reactive = Copper : Write down the order of reactivity of these three metals from most to least reactive. Most reactive = Zinc Nickle Opposite order [1] Least reactive = Copper

c) Zinc reacts with copper(II) sulphate solution producing zinc sulphate and copper.(i) Describe what would be observed in the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate solution. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3] : c) Zinc reacts with copper(II) sulphate solution producing zinc sulphate and copper.(i) Describe what would be observed in the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate solution. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3]

c) Zinc reacts with copper(II) sulphate solution producing zinc sulphate and copper.(i) Describe what would be observed in the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate solution. Brown/red [1] grey metal [1] zinc disappears [1] coating/solid [1] blue colour [1] warms up heat [1] fades/green/colourless solution [1] (max [3] from [7]) : c) Zinc reacts with copper(II) sulphate solution producing zinc sulphate and copper.(i) Describe what would be observed in the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate solution. Brown/red [1] grey metal [1] zinc disappears [1] coating/solid [1] blue colour [1] warms up heat [1] fades/green/colourless solution [1] (max [3] from [7])

(ii) The reaction in (c)(i) is a redox reaction. Explain in terms of electrons what this means as applied to this reaction. (You may use ionic equations to help answer this question). ______________________________ ______________________________ ___________________________ [7] : (ii) The reaction in (c)(i) is a redox reaction. Explain in terms of electrons what this means as applied to this reaction. (You may use ionic equations to help answer this question). ______________________________ ______________________________ ___________________________ [7]

(ii) The reaction in (c)(i) is a redox reaction. Explain in terms of electrons what this means as applied to this reaction. (You may use ionic equations to help answer this question). Zinc [1] loses electrons [1] to form zinc ions or Zn ? Zn2+ + 2e [1] and is oxidised/ions [1] gain electrons [1] to form copper atoms or Cu2 + + 2e ? Cu [1] and is reduced/gain of electrons is reduction [1] reduction and oxidation is redox [1] : (ii) The reaction in (c)(i) is a redox reaction. Explain in terms of electrons what this means as applied to this reaction. (You may use ionic equations to help answer this question). Zinc [1] loses electrons [1] to form zinc ions or Zn ? Zn2+ + 2e [1] and is oxidised/ions [1] gain electrons [1] to form copper atoms or Cu2 + + 2e ? Cu [1] and is reduced/gain of electrons is reduction [1] reduction and oxidation is redox [1]

d) Zinc can be obtained in the laboratory from zinc sulphate solution by displacement with a metal X according to the equation: X + ZnSO4 ? XSO4 + Zn(i) What is the valency of metal X? __________________________ [1] : d) Zinc can be obtained in the laboratory from zinc sulphate solution by displacement with a metal X according to the equation: X + ZnSO4 ? XSO4 + Zn(i) What is the valency of metal X? __________________________ [1]

d) Zinc can be obtained in the laboratory from zinc sulphate solution by displacement with a metal X according to the equation: X + ZnSO4 ? XSO4 + Zn(i) What is the valency of metal X? 2 (allow +2) [1] : d) Zinc can be obtained in the laboratory from zinc sulphate solution by displacement with a metal X according to the equation: X + ZnSO4 ? XSO4 + Zn(i) What is the valency of metal X? 2 (allow +2) [1]

(ii) Suggest one metal which could be used as metal X. ___________________________ [1](iii) Why should sodium not be used in this displacement reaction? ___________________________ [1] : (ii) Suggest one metal which could be used as metal X. ___________________________ [1](iii) Why should sodium not be used in this displacement reaction? ___________________________ [1]

(ii) Suggest one metal which could be used as metal X. Calcium/magnesium [1](iii) Why should sodium not be used in this displacement reaction? Too reactive/dangerous [1] : (ii) Suggest one metal which could be used as metal X. Calcium/magnesium [1](iii) Why should sodium not be used in this displacement reaction? Too reactive/dangerous [1]

e) Heated zinc reacts with steam to produce a gas can be collected using the apparatus shown below. : e) Heated zinc reacts with steam to produce a gas can be collected using the apparatus shown below.

(i) Complete the missing labels A, B and C on the diagram above. [3](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of zinc with steam. ___________________________ [2] : (i) Complete the missing labels A, B and C on the diagram above. [3](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of zinc with steam. ___________________________ [2]

(i) Complete the missing labels A, B and C on the diagram above. [3](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of zinc with steam. Zn + H2O ? ZnO + H2 [2] : (i) Complete the missing labels A, B and C on the diagram above. [3](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of zinc with steam. Zn + H2O ? ZnO + H2 [2]

f) Zinc chloride solution is used to preserve wooden fences. Describe a chemical test that you would carry out to confirm that a sample of wood preservative contained zinc ions. State the observations for a positive test. : f) Zinc chloride solution is used to preserve wooden fences. Describe a chemical test that you would carry out to confirm that a sample of wood preservative contained zinc ions. State the observations for a positive test.

f) Zinc chloride solution is used to preserve wooden fences. Describe a chemical test that you would carry out to confirm that a sample of wood preservative contained zinc ions. State the observations for a positive test. Add sodium hydroxide/ammonia (solution)/ammonium hydroxide [1] white [1] ppt [1] excess [1] ppt redissolves/solution [1] : f) Zinc chloride solution is used to preserve wooden fences. Describe a chemical test that you would carry out to confirm that a sample of wood preservative contained zinc ions. State the observations for a positive test. Add sodium hydroxide/ammonia (solution)/ammonium hydroxide [1] white [1] ppt [1] excess [1] ppt redissolves/solution [1]

1 The Periodic Table shows all known elements.a) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph In 1863 an English scientist called ___________ arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and on noting that there was some similarity between each eighth element he organised them into horizontal rows of eight elements. He called this arrangement his law of ___________. In 1869 the Russian scientist ___________ arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, in horizontal rows so that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical column. He left gaps for ___________ elements. Today the elements of the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing ___________ . [5] : 1 The Periodic Table shows all known elements.a) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph In 1863 an English scientist called ___________ arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and on noting that there was some similarity between each eighth element he organised them into horizontal rows of eight elements. He called this arrangement his law of ___________. In 1869 the Russian scientist ___________ arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, in horizontal rows so that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical column. He left gaps for ___________ elements. Today the elements of the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing ___________ . [5] 2005, Paper 1

1 The Periodic Table shows all known elements.a) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph In 1863 an English scientist called Newlands arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and on noting that there was some similarity between each eighth element he organised them into horizontal rows of eight elements. He called this arrangement his law of Octaves. In 1869 the Russian scientist Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, in horizontal rows so that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical column. He left gaps for undiscovered elements. Today the elements of the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. [5] : 1 The Periodic Table shows all known elements.a) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph In 1863 an English scientist called Newlands arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass and on noting that there was some similarity between each eighth element he organised them into horizontal rows of eight elements. He called this arrangement his law of Octaves. In 1869 the Russian scientist Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, in horizontal rows so that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical column. He left gaps for undiscovered elements. Today the elements of the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. [5]

b) The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table divided into five sections A, B, C, D and E. Select from A – E the section in which you would find the following: : b) The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table divided into five sections A, B, C, D and E. Select from A – E the section in which you would find the following:

(i) A gas which forms no compounds _______________________________ [1](ii) A metal which reacts with cold water _______________________________ [1] : (i) A gas which forms no compounds _______________________________ [1](ii) A metal which reacts with cold water _______________________________ [1]

(i) A gas which forms no compounds E [1](ii) A metal which reacts with cold water A [1] : (i) A gas which forms no compounds E [1](ii) A metal which reacts with cold water A [1]

(iii) A coloured gas _______________________________ [1](iv) a metal used in galvanising. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) A coloured gas _______________________________ [1](iv) a metal used in galvanising. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) A coloured gas D [1](iv) A metal used in galvanising. B [1] : (iii) A coloured gas D [1](iv) A metal used in galvanising. B [1]

c) The melting point of the first eighteen elements of the Periodic Table are shown in the graph below. Use the graph and your knowledge of the Periodic Table to answer the following questions : c) The melting point of the first eighteen elements of the Periodic Table are shown in the graph below. Use the graph and your knowledge of the Periodic Table to answer the following questions

(i) Name the element with the highest melting point and state the group to which it belongs. [2] Name _____________ Group _____________ : (i) Name the element with the highest melting point and state the group to which it belongs. [2] Name _____________ Group _____________

(i) Name the element with the highest melting point and state the group to which it belongs. [2] Name Carbon Group IV : (i) Name the element with the highest melting point and state the group to which it belongs. [2] Name Carbon Group IV

(ii) Complete the table below(iii) Give the electronic structure of the element with melting point 1380°C _______________________________ [1] : (ii) Complete the table below(iii) Give the electronic structure of the element with melting point 1380°C _______________________________ [1]

(ii) Complete the table below(iii) Give the electronic structure of the element with melting point 1380°C 2, 8, 4 [1] : (ii) Complete the table below(iii) Give the electronic structure of the element with melting point 1380°C 2, 8, 4 [1]

d) Some of the elements in part of the Periodic Table are shown below. Use the elements, given in the table above, to answer the following questions : d) Some of the elements in part of the Periodic Table are shown below. Use the elements, given in the table above, to answer the following questions

(i) Name the element in period 3 and group 2. _______________________________ [1](ii) Name two elements which form basic oxides. _______________________________ [2] : (i) Name the element in period 3 and group 2. _______________________________ [1](ii) Name two elements which form basic oxides. _______________________________ [2]

(i) Name the element in period 3 and group 2. Magnesium [1](ii) Name two elements which form basic oxides. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper. Any two. [2] : (i) Name the element in period 3 and group 2. Magnesium [1](ii) Name two elements which form basic oxides. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper. Any two. [2]

(iii) Name two semi-metals. _______________________________ [1](iv) Write the symbol for the most reactive element in group 7. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Name two semi-metals. _______________________________ [1](iv) Write the symbol for the most reactive element in group 7. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) Name two semi-metals. Silicon [1] germanium [1] [2](iv) Write the symbol for the most reactive element in group 7. F [1] : (iii) Name two semi-metals. Silicon [1] germanium [1] [2](iv) Write the symbol for the most reactive element in group 7. F [1]

e) Element X has two electrons in its outer shell. It will form a chloride when reacted with chlorine.(i) To which group does element X belong? _______________________________ [1](ii) Predict the formula of the chloride formed. _______________________________ [1] : e) Element X has two electrons in its outer shell. It will form a chloride when reacted with chlorine.(i) To which group does element X belong? _______________________________ [1](ii) Predict the formula of the chloride formed. _______________________________ [1]

e) Element X has two electrons in its outer shell. It will form a chloride when reacted with chlorine.(i) To which group does element X belong? Group II [1](ii) Predict the formula of the chloride formed. XCl2 [1] : e) Element X has two electrons in its outer shell. It will form a chloride when reacted with chlorine.(i) To which group does element X belong? Group II [1](ii) Predict the formula of the chloride formed. XCl2 [1]

2 Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic or endothermic. a) What is the meaning of the term exothermic? _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : 2 Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic or endothermic. a) What is the meaning of the term exothermic? _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

2 Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic or endothermic. a) What is the meaning of the term exothermic? Heat [1] given out [1] [2] : 2 Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic or endothermic. a) What is the meaning of the term exothermic? Heat [1] given out [1] [2] 2005, Paper 1

b) Study the table below : b) Study the table below

(i) Classify the reactions A, B, C and D as exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic _____________________ [2] Endothermic ____________________ [2] : (i) Classify the reactions A, B, C and D as exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic _____________________ [2] Endothermic ____________________ [2]

(i) Classify the reactions A, B, C and D as exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic A [1] B [2] D [1] [2] Endothermic C [1] [2] : (i) Classify the reactions A, B, C and D as exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic A [1] B [2] D [1] [2] Endothermic C [1] [2]

(ii) Without using the terms exothermic or endothermic, state the type of reaction represented by Reaction A. _______________________________ [1] : (ii) Without using the terms exothermic or endothermic, state the type of reaction represented by Reaction A. _______________________________ [1]

(ii) Without using the terms exothermic or endothermic, state the type of reaction represented by Reaction A. Neutralisation [1] : (ii) Without using the terms exothermic or endothermic, state the type of reaction represented by Reaction A. Neutralisation [1]

c) Reaction D is a displacement reaction. Explain in terms of electrons why is may also be described as a redox reaction. Ionic equations may be used to help answer this question. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ [7] : c) Reaction D is a displacement reaction. Explain in terms of electrons why is may also be described as a redox reaction. Ionic equations may be used to help answer this question. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ [7]

c) Reaction D is a displacement reaction. Explain in terms of electrons why is may also be described as a redox reaction. Ionic equations may be used to help answer this question. Magnesium [1] loses electrons [1] (or Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- [2]) oxidation is loss of electrons / magnesium is oxidised [1]. Copper ions [1] gain electrons (or Cu2+ + 2e- ? Cu [2]) reduction is gain of electrons / copper ions reduced. Redox is simultaneous oxidation and reduction [1] [7] : c) Reaction D is a displacement reaction. Explain in terms of electrons why is may also be described as a redox reaction. Ionic equations may be used to help answer this question. Magnesium [1] loses electrons [1] (or Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- [2]) oxidation is loss of electrons / magnesium is oxidised [1]. Copper ions [1] gain electrons (or Cu2+ + 2e- ? Cu [2]) reduction is gain of electrons / copper ions reduced. Redox is simultaneous oxidation and reduction [1] [7]

d) Reaction B is the combustion of methane. During this reaction some chemical bonds are broken and some are made. CH4 + 2O2 ? CO2 + 2H2O Complete the table below to show which bonds are broken and which are made. One has been completed for you. : d) Reaction B is the combustion of methane. During this reaction some chemical bonds are broken and some are made. CH4 + 2O2 ? CO2 + 2H2O Complete the table below to show which bonds are broken and which are made. One has been completed for you.

d) Reaction B is the combustion of methane. During this reaction some chemical bonds are broken and some are made. CH4 + 2O2 ? CO2 + 2H2O Complete the table below to show which bonds are broken and which are made. One has been completed for you. : d) Reaction B is the combustion of methane. During this reaction some chemical bonds are broken and some are made. CH4 + 2O2 ? CO2 + 2H2O Complete the table below to show which bonds are broken and which are made. One has been completed for you.

e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide. _______________________________ [2] : e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide. _______________________________ [2]

e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide. S + O2 ? SO2 [2] : e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide. S + O2 ? SO2 [2]

Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid rain. (ii) What are the three main harmful effects of acid rain? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3] : Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid rain. (ii) What are the three main harmful effects of acid rain? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3]

Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid rain. (ii) What are the three main harmful effects of acid rain? Trees damaged/killed [1], fish killed/harmed, buildings/statues corroded [1] [3] : Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid rain. (ii) What are the three main harmful effects of acid rain? Trees damaged/killed [1], fish killed/harmed, buildings/statues corroded [1] [3]

(iii) Give two measures which can be taken to reduce the formation of acid rain. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : (iii) Give two measures which can be taken to reduce the formation of acid rain. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

(iii) Give two measures which can be taken to reduce the formation of acid rain. Burn less fossil fuels [1], remove sulphur from fuels [1], alternative energy forms [1], remove acidic gases from power station emissions [1], catalytic converters in cars [1] (Max [2]) [2] : (iii) Give two measures which can be taken to reduce the formation of acid rain. Burn less fossil fuels [1], remove sulphur from fuels [1], alternative energy forms [1], remove acidic gases from power station emissions [1], catalytic converters in cars [1] (Max [2]) [2]

1a) Complete the blanks in the paragraph below about the Periodic Table. In 1869, a Russian chemist called __________ produced a Periodic Table very similar to the one we use today. The elements of the modern Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing __________ number. In the Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns of elements are called __________. Moving across a period the size of the atoms __________ and the non-metallic character of the elements __________ . [5] : 1a) Complete the blanks in the paragraph below about the Periodic Table. In 1869, a Russian chemist called __________ produced a Periodic Table very similar to the one we use today. The elements of the modern Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing __________ number. In the Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns of elements are called __________. Moving across a period the size of the atoms __________ and the non-metallic character of the elements __________ . [5] 2006, Paper 2

1a) Complete the blanks in the paragraph below about the Periodic Table. In 1869, a Russian chemist called Mendellev produced a Periodic Table very similar to the one we use today. The elements of the modern Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing Atomic number. In the Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns of elements are called Groups Moving across a period the size of the atoms Decrease and the non-metallic character of the elements Increases. [5] : 1a) Complete the blanks in the paragraph below about the Periodic Table. In 1869, a Russian chemist called Mendellev produced a Periodic Table very similar to the one we use today. The elements of the modern Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing Atomic number. In the Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns of elements are called Groups Moving across a period the size of the atoms Decrease and the non-metallic character of the elements Increases. [5]

b) Sodium and potassium are both in Group I of the Periodic Table.(i) Give another name for the Group I element _______________________________ [1] : b) Sodium and potassium are both in Group I of the Periodic Table.(i) Give another name for the Group I element _______________________________ [1]

b) Sodium and potassium are both in Group I of the Periodic Table.(i) Give another name for the Group I element Alkali Metals [1] : b) Sodium and potassium are both in Group I of the Periodic Table.(i) Give another name for the Group I element Alkali Metals [1]

(ii) Name another element found in Group I. _______________________________ [1](iii) Which element in Group I is least reactive? _______________________________ [1] : (ii) Name another element found in Group I. _______________________________ [1](iii) Which element in Group I is least reactive? _______________________________ [1]

(ii) Name another element found in Group I. Lithium/Rubidium/Caesium/Francium [1](iii) Which element in Group I is least reactive? Lithium [1] : (ii) Name another element found in Group I. Lithium/Rubidium/Caesium/Francium [1](iii) Which element in Group I is least reactive? Lithium [1]

(iv) In terms of electronic configuration, what do the elements of Group I have in common? Illustrate your answer giving the full electronic configuration of sodium and potassium. Electronic configuration of sodium: __________________________________ Electronic configuration of potassium: __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] : (iv) In terms of electronic configuration, what do the elements of Group I have in common? Illustrate your answer giving the full electronic configuration of sodium and potassium. Electronic configuration of sodium: __________________________________ Electronic configuration of potassium: __________________________________ _______________________________ [3]

(iv) In terms of electronic configuration, what do the elements of Group I have in common? Illustrate your answer giving the full electronic configuration of sodium and potassium. Electronic configuration of sodium: Sodium: 2, 8, 1 [1] Electronic configuration of potassium: Potassium: 2, 8, 8, 1 [1] They all have one electron [1] in their outer shell [3] : (iv) In terms of electronic configuration, what do the elements of Group I have in common? Illustrate your answer giving the full electronic configuration of sodium and potassium. Electronic configuration of sodium: Sodium: 2, 8, 1 [1] Electronic configuration of potassium: Potassium: 2, 8, 8, 1 [1] They all have one electron [1] in their outer shell [3]

c) Use your Periodic Table to answer the following questions.(i) Give the symbol of a noble gas. _______________________________ [1](ii) Give the symbol of an element which has five electrons in its outer shell. _______________________________ [1] : c) Use your Periodic Table to answer the following questions.(i) Give the symbol of a noble gas. _______________________________ [1](ii) Give the symbol of an element which has five electrons in its outer shell. _______________________________ [1]

c) Use your Periodic Table to answer the following questions.(i) Give the symbol of a noble gas. He/Ne/Ar/Kr/Xe/Rn [1](ii) Give the symbol of an element which has five electrons in its outer shell. N/P/As/Sb/Bi [1] : c) Use your Periodic Table to answer the following questions.(i) Give the symbol of a noble gas. He/Ne/Ar/Kr/Xe/Rn [1](ii) Give the symbol of an element which has five electrons in its outer shell. N/P/As/Sb/Bi [1]

(iii) Give the symbol of a non-metal which is solid at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1](iv) Give the symbol of an element which forms an ion with a charge of 2+. _______________________________ [1](v) Give the symbol of an element in Period 3 which is best described as a semi-metal. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Give the symbol of a non-metal which is solid at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1](iv) Give the symbol of an element which forms an ion with a charge of 2+. _______________________________ [1](v) Give the symbol of an element in Period 3 which is best described as a semi-metal. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) Give the symbol of a non-metal which is solid at room temperature and pressure. B/C/P/S/I/As/Se/Te/At (accept Si) [1](iv) Give the symbol of an element which forms an ion with a charge of 2+. Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba/Ra/Fe/Cu/Zn/Be or any other suitable transition metal [1](v) Give the symbol of an element in Period 3 which is best described as a semi-metal. Si [1] : (iii) Give the symbol of a non-metal which is solid at room temperature and pressure. B/C/P/S/I/As/Se/Te/At (accept Si) [1](iv) Give the symbol of an element which forms an ion with a charge of 2+. Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba/Ra/Fe/Cu/Zn/Be or any other suitable transition metal [1](v) Give the symbol of an element in Period 3 which is best described as a semi-metal. Si [1]

2a) Some football boots and leather bags have a small packet of silica gel included in the packaging. : 2a) Some football boots and leather bags have a small packet of silica gel included in the packaging. 2006, Paper 2

(i) What is the purpose of the silica gel? _______________________________ [1](ii) Name another solid compound used in the laboratory for the same purpose as the silica gel. _______________________________ [1] : (i) What is the purpose of the silica gel? _______________________________ [1](ii) Name another solid compound used in the laboratory for the same purpose as the silica gel. _______________________________ [1]

(i) What is the purpose of the silica gel? To absorb moisture [1](ii) Name another solid compound used in the laboratory for the same purpose as the silica gel. (anhydrous) calcium chloride (accept magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, calcium sulphate, sodium sulphate, sodium hydroxide) [1] : (i) What is the purpose of the silica gel? To absorb moisture [1](ii) Name another solid compound used in the laboratory for the same purpose as the silica gel. (anhydrous) calcium chloride (accept magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, calcium sulphate, sodium sulphate, sodium hydroxide) [1]

b) When a fish is caught in a river and put into a jar of water, it survives for a long time if the jar is kept cool. However, if the water in the jar is allowed to warm up, the fish soon dies. Explain why this happens. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [2] : b) When a fish is caught in a river and put into a jar of water, it survives for a long time if the jar is kept cool. However, if the water in the jar is allowed to warm up, the fish soon dies. Explain why this happens. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [2]

b) When a fish is caught in a river and put into a jar of water, it survives for a long time if the jar is kept cool. However, if the water in the jar is allowed to warm up, the fish soon dies. Explain why this happens. Solubility of oxygen [1] decreases as temperature increases [1]. Idea that without oxygen fish cannot respire [1] [3] Quality of written communication [2] : b) When a fish is caught in a river and put into a jar of water, it survives for a long time if the jar is kept cool. However, if the water in the jar is allowed to warm up, the fish soon dies. Explain why this happens. Solubility of oxygen [1] decreases as temperature increases [1]. Idea that without oxygen fish cannot respire [1] [3] Quality of written communication [2]

c) Sugar is soluble in water. It has a high solubility.(i) What is meant by the term solubility? _______________________________ _______________________________ [4](ii) How does the solubility of sugar vary as the temperature of the water increases? _______________________________ [1] : c) Sugar is soluble in water. It has a high solubility.(i) What is meant by the term solubility? _______________________________ _______________________________ [4](ii) How does the solubility of sugar vary as the temperature of the water increases? _______________________________ [1]

c) Sugar is soluble in water. It has a high solubility.(i) What is meant by the term solubility? The mass [1] of solute which saturates [1] 100g of water [1] at a particular temperature [1] or Maximum [1] mass [1] of solute which dissolves in 100g of water [1] at a particular temperature.[4](ii) How does the solubility of sugar vary as the temperature of the water increases? Increases [1] : c) Sugar is soluble in water. It has a high solubility.(i) What is meant by the term solubility? The mass [1] of solute which saturates [1] 100g of water [1] at a particular temperature [1] or Maximum [1] mass [1] of solute which dissolves in 100g of water [1] at a particular temperature.[4](ii) How does the solubility of sugar vary as the temperature of the water increases? Increases [1]

d) Potassium chloride and potassium nitrate are both soluble in water. The solubilities of the two salts at specific temperatures are given in the table below. : d) Potassium chloride and potassium nitrate are both soluble in water. The solubilities of the two salts at specific temperatures are given in the table below.

The solubility curve for potassium nitrate has been plotted on the graph on the next slide(i) Using your graph, find the solubility of potassium nitrate at 45°C. _______________________________ [1](ii) Using your graph, find the temperature at which 19g of potassium nitrate saturates 50g of water. _______________________________ [2] : The solubility curve for potassium nitrate has been plotted on the graph on the next slide(i) Using your graph, find the solubility of potassium nitrate at 45°C. _______________________________ [1](ii) Using your graph, find the temperature at which 19g of potassium nitrate saturates 50g of water. _______________________________ [2]

Slide 148 : solubility of potassium nitrate at 45°C. temperature at which 19g of potassium nitrate saturates 50g of water.

The solubility curve for potassium nitrate has been plotted on the graph opposite.(i) Using your graph, find the solubility of potassium nitrate at 45°C. 40.5 ± 1 [1](ii) Using your graph, find the temperature at which 19g of potassium nitrate saturates 50g of water. 19 x 2 = 38g [1] 36.5 [2] : The solubility curve for potassium nitrate has been plotted on the graph opposite.(i) Using your graph, find the solubility of potassium nitrate at 45°C. 40.5 ± 1 [1](ii) Using your graph, find the temperature at which 19g of potassium nitrate saturates 50g of water. 19 x 2 = 38g [1] 36.5 [2]

(iii) On the same axes plot the solubility curve for potassium chloride. [3] (iv) At what temperature do the two salts have the same solubility? _______________________________ [1] : (iii) On the same axes plot the solubility curve for potassium chloride. [3] (iv) At what temperature do the two salts have the same solubility? _______________________________ [1]

(iii) On the same axes plot the solubility curve for potassium chloride. [3] 6/7 points correctly plotted = [2] 4/5 points correctly plotted = [1] less than 4 points plotted = [0] Smooth curve [1] (iv) At what temperature do the two salts have the same solubility? 21 (°C) [1] : (iii) On the same axes plot the solubility curve for potassium chloride. [3] 6/7 points correctly plotted = [2] 4/5 points correctly plotted = [1] less than 4 points plotted = [0] Smooth curve [1] (iv) At what temperature do the two salts have the same solubility? 21 (°C) [1]

Slide 152 :

(v) What mass of potassium chloride will crystallise from a saturated solution containing 1000g of water, if the solution is cooled from 58°C to 24°C? : (v) What mass of potassium chloride will crystallise from a saturated solution containing 1000g of water, if the solution is cooled from 58°C to 24°C?

(v) What mass of potassium chloride will crystallise from a saturated solution containing 1000g of water, if the solution is cooled from 58°C to 24°C? Solubility at 58°C = 101g/100g H2O [1] 101±1 Solubility at 24°C = 37g/100g of H2O [1] 37 1 101 – 37 = 64g [1] for 100g H2O 64 x 10 = 640g [1] : (v) What mass of potassium chloride will crystallise from a saturated solution containing 1000g of water, if the solution is cooled from 58°C to 24°C? Solubility at 58°C = 101g/100g H2O [1] 101±1 Solubility at 24°C = 37g/100g of H2O [1] 37 1 101 – 37 = 64g [1] for 100g H2O 64 x 10 = 640g [1]

4 Lignite is a young coal which is brown in colour and has a high moisture and carbon content.a) A sample of lignite was heated in a boiling tube. Drops of water were formed at the top of the boiling tube and the lignite changed colour from brown to grey. : 4 Lignite is a young coal which is brown in colour and has a high moisture and carbon content.a) A sample of lignite was heated in a boiling tube. Drops of water were formed at the top of the boiling tube and the lignite changed colour from brown to grey. 2007 Paper 1

(i) What piece of equipment is used to heat the sample of lignite? _______________________________ [1](ii) State one safety precaution you would take when carrying out this experiment. _______________________________ [1] : (i) What piece of equipment is used to heat the sample of lignite? _______________________________ [1](ii) State one safety precaution you would take when carrying out this experiment. _______________________________ [1]

(i) What piece of equipment is used to heat the sample of lignite? Bunsen burner [1](ii) State one safety precaution you would take when carrying out this experiment. Safety glasses / use safety screen / do not heat the lignite to dryness [1] : (i) What piece of equipment is used to heat the sample of lignite? Bunsen burner [1](ii) State one safety precaution you would take when carrying out this experiment. Safety glasses / use safety screen / do not heat the lignite to dryness [1]

(iii) Explain how the drops of water at the top of the boiling tube have formed. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](iv) Describe a chemical test for water and state the result for a positive test. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [2] : (iii) Explain how the drops of water at the top of the boiling tube have formed. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](iv) Describe a chemical test for water and state the result for a positive test. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3] Quality of written communication [2]

(iii) Explain how the drops of water at the top of the boiling tube have formed. Water evaporates [1] condenses [1] on cool surface [1]. Max [2] (iv) Describe a chemical test for water and state the result for a positive test. Test: Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate [1] or anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride [1] or cobalt(II) chloride paper [1]. Result: White [1] ? blue [1], pale blue [1] to pink [1] correct colours wrong way round Quality of written communication [2 : (iii) Explain how the drops of water at the top of the boiling tube have formed. Water evaporates [1] condenses [1] on cool surface [1]. Max [2] (iv) Describe a chemical test for water and state the result for a positive test. Test: Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate [1] or anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride [1] or cobalt(II) chloride paper [1]. Result: White [1] ? blue [1], pale blue [1] to pink [1] correct colours wrong way round Quality of written communication [2

b) Major deposits of lignite have been found at three different sites in Northern Ireland. Lignite develops underground through bacterial action on peat. Peat is cut from peat bogs and dried, whereas lignite, like coal, must be mined. Both lignite and peat are used as fuels. : b) Major deposits of lignite have been found at three different sites in Northern Ireland. Lignite develops underground through bacterial action on peat. Peat is cut from peat bogs and dried, whereas lignite, like coal, must be mined. Both lignite and peat are used as fuels.

(i) Explain why peat is dried after being cut from the bog. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) Describe one negative effect of peat extraction on the local environment. _______________________________ [1] : (i) Explain why peat is dried after being cut from the bog. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) Describe one negative effect of peat extraction on the local environment. _______________________________ [1]

(i) Explain why peat is dried after being cut from the bog. Remove water, to enable it to burn [1] [2](ii) Describe one negative effect of peat extraction on the local environment. Destroys landscape / destroys habitat / depletes resources / flooding / eyesore [1] : (i) Explain why peat is dried after being cut from the bog. Remove water, to enable it to burn [1] [2](ii) Describe one negative effect of peat extraction on the local environment. Destroys landscape / destroys habitat / depletes resources / flooding / eyesore [1]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why local residents would be opposed to lignite mining in their area. 1. _____________________________ [1] 2. _____________________________ [1](iv) Suggest one positive effect of a lignite mine for the local community. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Suggest two reasons why local residents would be opposed to lignite mining in their area. 1. _____________________________ [1] 2. _____________________________ [1](iv) Suggest one positive effect of a lignite mine for the local community. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why local residents would be opposed to lignite mining in their area. Increases traffic / noise pollution / subsidence risk. Max [2] (iv) Suggest one positive effect of a lignite mine for the local community. Increases employment / more money in local economy [1] : (iii) Suggest two reasons why local residents would be opposed to lignite mining in their area. Increases traffic / noise pollution / subsidence risk. Max [2] (iv) Suggest one positive effect of a lignite mine for the local community. Increases employment / more money in local economy [1]

c) Waste materials in Northern Ireland are either recycled or they are disposed of by one of two methods, landfill or incineration. Materials like paper, aluminium, polythene and glass are recycled. : c) Waste materials in Northern Ireland are either recycled or they are disposed of by one of two methods, landfill or incineration. Materials like paper, aluminium, polythene and glass are recycled.

(i) Only one of the recycled materials is an element. Which one? _______________________________ [1](ii) State one disadvantage of each method of disposal. Landfill: ___________________________ _______________________________ [1] Incineration: _______________________ _______________________________ [1] : (i) Only one of the recycled materials is an element. Which one? _______________________________ [1](ii) State one disadvantage of each method of disposal. Landfill: ___________________________ _______________________________ [1] Incineration: _______________________ _______________________________ [1]

(i) Only one of the recycled materials is an element. Which one? Aluminium [1] (ii) State one disadvantage of each method of disposal. Landfill: landwaste / non-biodegradable / eyesore / water pollution / smell [1] Incineration: CO2 produced / greenhouse effect / toxic fumes / air pollution [1] : (i) Only one of the recycled materials is an element. Which one? Aluminium [1] (ii) State one disadvantage of each method of disposal. Landfill: landwaste / non-biodegradable / eyesore / water pollution / smell [1] Incineration: CO2 produced / greenhouse effect / toxic fumes / air pollution [1]

d) The table below shows some of the raw materials from which useful materials are made. Place the following four materials in their correct place in the table. Oxygen Sodium Chloride Iron Plastics : d) The table below shows some of the raw materials from which useful materials are made. Place the following four materials in their correct place in the table. Oxygen Sodium Chloride Iron Plastics

d) The table below shows some of the raw materials from which useful materials are made. Place the following four materials in their correct place in the table. Oxygen Sodium Chloride Iron Plastics : d) The table below shows some of the raw materials from which useful materials are made. Place the following four materials in their correct place in the table. Oxygen Sodium Chloride Iron Plastics

1 In the laboratory, a student carried out experiments using the elements sulphur and magnesium.a) Complete the table below, stating the colour of each element. : 1 In the laboratory, a student carried out experiments using the elements sulphur and magnesium.a) Complete the table below, stating the colour of each element. 2007, Paper 2

1 In the laboratory, a student carried out experiments using the elements sulphur and magnesium.a) Complete the table below, stating the colour of each element. : 1 In the laboratory, a student carried out experiments using the elements sulphur and magnesium.a) Complete the table below, stating the colour of each element.

b) The student burned some sulphur and then some magnesium in air. Complete the table below, giving observations which occur during heating and describe the products of each reaction. : b) The student burned some sulphur and then some magnesium in air. Complete the table below, giving observations which occur during heating and describe the products of each reaction.

b) The student burned some sulphur and then some magnesium in air. Complete the table below, giving observations which occur during heating and describe the products of each reaction. : b) The student burned some sulphur and then some magnesium in air. Complete the table below, giving observations which occur during heating and describe the products of each reaction.

c) Write balanced symbol equations for the following reactions:(i) Sulphur burning in air _______________________________ [2](ii) Magnesium burning in air _______________________________ [3] : c) Write balanced symbol equations for the following reactions:(i) Sulphur burning in air _______________________________ [2](ii) Magnesium burning in air _______________________________ [3]

c) Write balanced symbol equations for the following reactions:(i) Sulphur burning in air S + O2 ? SO2 [2] [1] [1](ii) Magnesium burning in air 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing : c) Write balanced symbol equations for the following reactions:(i) Sulphur burning in air S + O2 ? SO2 [2] [1] [1](ii) Magnesium burning in air 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing

d) Many laboratory reactions involve oxidation.(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air is an oxidation reaction. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : d) Many laboratory reactions involve oxidation.(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air is an oxidation reaction. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

d) Many laboratory reactions involve oxidation.(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air is an oxidation reaction. Sulphur gains oxygen [1] gain of oxygen is oxidation [1] [2] : d) Many laboratory reactions involve oxidation.(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air is an oxidation reaction. Sulphur gains oxygen [1] gain of oxygen is oxidation [1] [2]

(ii) The burning of magnesium in air can be represented by the half equation: Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- Explain in terms of electrons why this is an oxidation reaction. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : (ii) The burning of magnesium in air can be represented by the half equation: Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- Explain in terms of electrons why this is an oxidation reaction. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

(ii) The burning of magnesium in air can be represented by the half equation: Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- Explain in terms of electrons why this is an oxidation reaction. Magnesium loses electrons [1] loss of electrons is oxidation [1] [2] : (ii) The burning of magnesium in air can be represented by the half equation: Mg ? Mg2+ + 2e- Explain in terms of electrons why this is an oxidation reaction. Magnesium loses electrons [1] loss of electrons is oxidation [1] [2]

(e) The extraction of iron from its ore, haematite, in the blast furnace can be described as a redox reaction.(i) What is meant by the term redox? _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the extraction of iron from haematite. _______________________________ [3] : (e) The extraction of iron from its ore, haematite, in the blast furnace can be described as a redox reaction.(i) What is meant by the term redox? _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the extraction of iron from haematite. _______________________________ [3]

(e) The extraction of iron from its ore, haematite, in the blast furnace can be described as a redox reaction.(i) What is meant by the term redox? Reduction and oxidation [1] occurring simultaneously [1] [2](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the extraction of iron from haematite. Fe2O3 + 3CO ? 2Fe + 3CO2 [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing : (e) The extraction of iron from its ore, haematite, in the blast furnace can be described as a redox reaction.(i) What is meant by the term redox? Reduction and oxidation [1] occurring simultaneously [1] [2](ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the extraction of iron from haematite. Fe2O3 + 3CO ? 2Fe + 3CO2 [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing

(iii) Apart from haematite, name two other substances added to the blast furnace. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : (iii) Apart from haematite, name two other substances added to the blast furnace. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

(iii) Apart from haematite, name two other substances added to the blast furnace. Coke/carbon [1], limestone/calcium carbonate [1], (hot) air [1]. Any two [2] : (iii) Apart from haematite, name two other substances added to the blast furnace. Coke/carbon [1], limestone/calcium carbonate [1], (hot) air [1]. Any two [2]

4 The Periodic Table is a tool used by chemists to understand the behaviour of the elements.a) The table below is part of the table of elements devised by the English chemist John Newlands in 1860. Repeating patterns of properties were observed in the elements up to calcium. : 4 The Periodic Table is a tool used by chemists to understand the behaviour of the elements.a) The table below is part of the table of elements devised by the English chemist John Newlands in 1860. Repeating patterns of properties were observed in the elements up to calcium. 2007, Paper 2

(i) What name did Newlands give to the repeating pattern observed in the properties of the elements? [1](ii) Which group of elements, present in the modern Periodic Table, is missing from Newlands’ table above? [1] : (i) What name did Newlands give to the repeating pattern observed in the properties of the elements? [1](ii) Which group of elements, present in the modern Periodic Table, is missing from Newlands’ table above? [1]

(i) What name did Newlands give to the repeating pattern observed in the properties of the elements? (law of) octaves [1](ii) Which group of elements, present in the modern Periodic Table, is missing from Newlands’ table above? (Group 0/noble gases) Group VIII [1] : (i) What name did Newlands give to the repeating pattern observed in the properties of the elements? (law of) octaves [1](ii) Which group of elements, present in the modern Periodic Table, is missing from Newlands’ table above? (Group 0/noble gases) Group VIII [1]

(iii) Explain why this group was missing from Newlands’ classification of elements. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Explain why this group was missing from Newlands’ classification of elements. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1]

(iii) Explain why this group was missing from Newlands’ classification of elements. Had not been discovered / unknown at this time [1] : (iii) Explain why this group was missing from Newlands’ classification of elements. Had not been discovered / unknown at this time [1]

b) Dmitri Mendeleev produced a more comprehensive table of elements in 1869 which he called the Periodic System of Elements. The table below shows parts of this arrangement of elements together with their “atomic weights”. : b) Dmitri Mendeleev produced a more comprehensive table of elements in 1869 which he called the Periodic System of Elements. The table below shows parts of this arrangement of elements together with their “atomic weights”.

(i) Suggest two reasons why zinc, Zn, could be grouped with magnesium and calcium. Reason 1 __________________________ _______________________________ [1] Reason 2 __________________________ _______________________________ [1] : (i) Suggest two reasons why zinc, Zn, could be grouped with magnesium and calcium. Reason 1 __________________________ _______________________________ [1] Reason 2 __________________________ _______________________________ [1]

(i) Suggest two reasons why zinc, Zn, could be grouped with magnesium and calcium. Reason 1 metal / forms 2+ ion(silvery)- grey appearance/hard/similar chemical properties. Maximum [2] : (i) Suggest two reasons why zinc, Zn, could be grouped with magnesium and calcium. Reason 1 metal / forms 2+ ion(silvery)- grey appearance/hard/similar chemical properties. Maximum [2]

(ii) Mendeleev gave Element A the name eka- silicon and predicted its properties. What name was given to this element when it was discovered? _______________________________ [1] : (ii) Mendeleev gave Element A the name eka- silicon and predicted its properties. What name was given to this element when it was discovered? _______________________________ [1]

(ii) Mendeleev gave Element A the name eka- silicon and predicted its properties. What name was given to this element when it was discovered? Germanium [1] : (ii) Mendeleev gave Element A the name eka- silicon and predicted its properties. What name was given to this element when it was discovered? Germanium [1]

(iii) State two features of Mendeleev’s table of elements which are different from the modern Periodic Table. 1. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1] 2. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1] : (iii) State two features of Mendeleev’s table of elements which are different from the modern Periodic Table. 1. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1] 2. _______________________________ _______________________________ [1]

(iii) State two features of Mendeleev’s table of elements which are different from the modern Periodic Table. Arranged in order of atomic mass, no noble gases, gaps for undiscovered elements, any other differences between Mendeleev’s table and Modern Periodic Table. Maximum [2] : (iii) State two features of Mendeleev’s table of elements which are different from the modern Periodic Table. Arranged in order of atomic mass, no noble gases, gaps for undiscovered elements, any other differences between Mendeleev’s table and Modern Periodic Table. Maximum [2]

c) The elements of group VII of the modern Periodic Table exhibit trends in many different physical and chemical properties. : c) The elements of group VII of the modern Periodic Table exhibit trends in many different physical and chemical properties.

(i) What is the name given to group VII of the Periodic Table? _______________________________ [1](ii) Group VII elements exist as diatomic molecules. What is meant by the term diatomic? _______________________________ [1] : (i) What is the name given to group VII of the Periodic Table? _______________________________ [1](ii) Group VII elements exist as diatomic molecules. What is meant by the term diatomic? _______________________________ [1]

(i) What is the name given to group VII of the Periodic Table? Halogens [1](ii) Group VII elements exist as diatomic molecules. What is meant by the term diatomic? Two atoms (covalently bonded) [1] : (i) What is the name given to group VII of the Periodic Table? Halogens [1](ii) Group VII elements exist as diatomic molecules. What is meant by the term diatomic? Two atoms (covalently bonded) [1]

(iii) Name two other elements apart from those in group VII which are diatomic. 1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________(iv) Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature and pressure. Name one other non-metal which is a gas at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Name two other elements apart from those in group VII which are diatomic. 1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________(iv) Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature and pressure. Name one other non-metal which is a gas at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) Name two other elements apart from those in group VII which are diatomic. Hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen. Any two (iv) Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature and pressure. Name one other non-metal which is a gas at room temperature and pressure. Hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen / helium / neon / argon / krypton / xenon / radon [1] : (iii) Name two other elements apart from those in group VII which are diatomic. Hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen. Any two (iv) Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature and pressure. Name one other non-metal which is a gas at room temperature and pressure. Hydrogen / oxygen / nitrogen / helium / neon / argon / krypton / xenon / radon [1]

(v) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Name one other element which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1](vi) Which is the most reactive of the group VII elements shown above? _______________________________ [1] : (v) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Name one other element which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. _______________________________ [1](vi) Which is the most reactive of the group VII elements shown above? _______________________________ [1]

(v) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Name one other element which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Mercury [1](vi) Which is the most reactive of the group VII elements shown above? F/Fluorine [1] : (v) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Name one other element which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Mercury [1](vi) Which is the most reactive of the group VII elements shown above? F/Fluorine [1]

(vii) Iodine, when heated, undergoes sublimation. What is meant by the term sublimation? _______________________________ [2] : (vii) Iodine, when heated, undergoes sublimation. What is meant by the term sublimation? _______________________________ [2]

(vii) Iodine, when heated, undergoes sublimation. What is meant by the term sublimation? Changes from a solid [1] to a gas [1] [2] : (vii) Iodine, when heated, undergoes sublimation. What is meant by the term sublimation? Changes from a solid [1] to a gas [1] [2]

d) The diagram shows the relative atomic size of the group VII elements. : d) The diagram shows the relative atomic size of the group VII elements.

(i) Explain why the relative atomic size increases as atomic number increases in Group VII. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) State the trend observed in relative atomic size going across period 3 from sodium to argon. _______________________________ [1] : (i) Explain why the relative atomic size increases as atomic number increases in Group VII. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) State the trend observed in relative atomic size going across period 3 from sodium to argon. _______________________________ [1]

(i) Explain why the relative atomic size increases as atomic number increases in Group VII. More electrons [1] more shells [1] further from nucleus [1]. Maximum [2] (ii) State the trend observed in relative atomic size going across period 3 from sodium to argon. Atomic radius decreases [1] across period : (i) Explain why the relative atomic size increases as atomic number increases in Group VII. More electrons [1] more shells [1] further from nucleus [1]. Maximum [2] (ii) State the trend observed in relative atomic size going across period 3 from sodium to argon. Atomic radius decreases [1] across period

7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of many chemicals. It is used to make ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser.a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to produce ammonium sulphate. _______________________________ [3] : 7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of many chemicals. It is used to make ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser.a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to produce ammonium sulphate. _______________________________ [3] 2007, Paper 2

7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of many chemicals. It is used to make ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser. a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to produce ammonium sulphate. 2NH3 + H2SO4 ? (NH4)2SO4 [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing. Accept equation using NH4OH : 7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of many chemicals. It is used to make ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser. a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to produce ammonium sulphate. 2NH3 + H2SO4 ? (NH4)2SO4 [3] [1] [1] +[1] for balancing. Accept equation using NH4OH

b) The method shown below is used to find out if ammonium sulphate would be washed out of soil by rain. : b) The method shown below is used to find out if ammonium sulphate would be washed out of soil by rain.

(i) Describe how you would find the pH of the water that has run through the soil. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2] : (i) Describe how you would find the pH of the water that has run through the soil. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2]

(i) Describe how you would find the pH of the water that has run through the soil. Use pH paper/universal indicator paper/universal indicator solution [1] compare to colour chart [1]. Accept use a pH meter for a full [2] : (i) Describe how you would find the pH of the water that has run through the soil. Use pH paper/universal indicator paper/universal indicator solution [1] compare to colour chart [1]. Accept use a pH meter for a full [2]

(ii) A sample of this water was heated with some sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and the gas evolved was tested with damp universal indicator paper as shown below. What happens to the damp universal indicator paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water? ___________________________________ [1] : (ii) A sample of this water was heated with some sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and the gas evolved was tested with damp universal indicator paper as shown below. What happens to the damp universal indicator paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water? ___________________________________ [1]

(ii) A sample of this water was heated with some sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and the gas evolved was tested with damp universal indicator paper as shown below. What happens to the damp universal indicator paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water? Changes to blue [1] : (ii) A sample of this water was heated with some sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and the gas evolved was tested with damp universal indicator paper as shown below. What happens to the damp universal indicator paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water? Changes to blue [1]

(iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](iv) Describe how you would test the water to shown that sulphate ions are present. State the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: _____________________________ Result: ____________________________ _______________________________ [3] : (iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above. _______________________________ _______________________________ [2](iv) Describe how you would test the water to shown that sulphate ions are present. State the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: _____________________________ Result: ____________________________ _______________________________ [3]

(iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above. Forms ammonia [1] gas which is alkaline [1] [2](iv) Describe how you would test the water to shown that sulphate ions are present. State the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: Barium chloride solutions [1] Result: White [1] ppt [1] [3] : (iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above. Forms ammonia [1] gas which is alkaline [1] [2](iv) Describe how you would test the water to shown that sulphate ions are present. State the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: Barium chloride solutions [1] Result: White [1] ppt [1] [3]

c) Sodium sulphate, produced by the reaction between sulphuric acid sodium hydroxide, is used in washing powders. The composition of two washing powders, A and B, is shown below. Dilute nitric acid was added to each of the powders. Only one of the powders reacted. : c) Sodium sulphate, produced by the reaction between sulphuric acid sodium hydroxide, is used in washing powders. The composition of two washing powders, A and B, is shown below. Dilute nitric acid was added to each of the powders. Only one of the powders reacted.

(i) Which of the powders reacted with dilute nitric acid? Explain your answer. Powder ___________________________ Explanation________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) During the reaction, a gas was produced. Name the gas produced in the reaction. _______________________________ [1] : (i) Which of the powders reacted with dilute nitric acid? Explain your answer. Powder ___________________________ Explanation________________________ _______________________________ [2](ii) During the reaction, a gas was produced. Name the gas produced in the reaction. _______________________________ [1]

(i) Which of the powders reacted with dilute nitric acid? Explain your answer. Powder A [1] Explanation contains sodium carbonate [1] which reacts with acid [2](ii) During the reaction, a gas was produced. Name the gas produced in the reaction. Carbon dioxide [1] : (i) Which of the powders reacted with dilute nitric acid? Explain your answer. Powder A [1] Explanation contains sodium carbonate [1] which reacts with acid [2](ii) During the reaction, a gas was produced. Name the gas produced in the reaction. Carbon dioxide [1]

(iii) A flame test was carried out on powder A and powder B and it gave the same result for each. State the flame colour observed. _______________________________ [1](iv) Suggest the formula of sodium silicate. _______________________________ [1] : (iii) A flame test was carried out on powder A and powder B and it gave the same result for each. State the flame colour observed. _______________________________ [1](iv) Suggest the formula of sodium silicate. _______________________________ [1]

(iii) A flame test was carried out on powder A and powder B and it gave the same result for each. State the flame colour observed. (golden) yellow [1](iv) Suggest the formula of sodium silicate. Na2SiO3 [1] : (iii) A flame test was carried out on powder A and powder B and it gave the same result for each. State the flame colour observed. (golden) yellow [1](iv) Suggest the formula of sodium silicate. Na2SiO3 [1]

6a) The quantity of sulphuric acid produced by a country has been linked to economic stability.(i) Name the industrial process used to produce sulphuric acid. Contact [1] process [1] : 6a) The quantity of sulphuric acid produced by a country has been linked to economic stability.(i) Name the industrial process used to produce sulphuric acid. Contact [1] process [1]

(ii) Complete the table below to give the operating conditions which are used in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid. : (ii) Complete the table below to give the operating conditions which are used in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.

(ii) Complete the table below to give the operating conditions which are used in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid. : (ii) Complete the table below to give the operating conditions which are used in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.

(iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process is concentrated. Describe in detail how a sample of concentrated acid should be safely diluted using water. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3] : (iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process is concentrated. Describe in detail how a sample of concentrated acid should be safely diluted using water. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ [3]

(iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process is concentrated. Describe in detail how a sample of concentrated acid should be safely diluted using water.Safety glasses / gloves [1]add acid to water [1] (essential) dropwise/slowly [1]with stirring [1]. Maximum [3] : (iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process is concentrated. Describe in detail how a sample of concentrated acid should be safely diluted using water.Safety glasses / gloves [1]add acid to water [1] (essential) dropwise/slowly [1]with stirring [1]. Maximum [3]

b) Some of the reactions of concentrated sulphuric acid are summarised in the diagram below. : b) Some of the reactions of concentrated sulphuric acid are summarised in the diagram below.

(i) Identify Solid A and Gas B. Solid A _________________________ [1] Gas B __________________________ [1](ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1? _______________________________ _______________________________ [3] : (i) Identify Solid A and Gas B. Solid A _________________________ [1] Gas B __________________________ [1](ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1? _______________________________ _______________________________ [3]

(i) Identify Solid Carbon / Charcoal [1] Gas B Steam / Water [1](ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1? Solid rises up/swells [1] heat/warms up [1] pungent/caramel smell [1] reaction not immediate. Maximum [3] A and Gas B. Solid A : (i) Identify Solid Carbon / Charcoal [1] Gas B Steam / Water [1](ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1? Solid rises up/swells [1] heat/warms up [1] pungent/caramel smell [1] reaction not immediate. Maximum [3] A and Gas B. Solid A

(iii) Name the white powder C. _______________________________ [1](iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2? _______________________________ [1] : (iii) Name the white powder C. _______________________________ [1](iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2? _______________________________ [1]

Slide 231 : 231 From our “learning Outcomes”

(iii) Name the white powder C. anhydrous [1] copper(II) sulphate [1](iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2? Dehydrating [1] : (iii) Name the white powder C. anhydrous [1] copper(II) sulphate [1](iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2? Dehydrating [1]

(v) Write a balanced symbol equation for Reaction 3. _______________________________ [2] : (v) Write a balanced symbol equation for Reaction 3. _______________________________ [2]

(v) Write a balanced symbol equation for Reaction 3. H2SO4 + NaCl ? NaHSO4 + HCl [2] : (v) Write a balanced symbol equation for Reaction 3. H2SO4 + NaCl ? NaHSO4 + HCl [2]

(vi) Describe how you would carry out a chemical test for the presence of hydrogen chloride gas, stating the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: _____________________________ _________________________________ Observations: ______________________ _______________________________ [4] : (vi) Describe how you would carry out a chemical test for the presence of hydrogen chloride gas, stating the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: _____________________________ _________________________________ Observations: ______________________ _______________________________ [4]

(vi) Describe how you would carry out a chemical test for the presence of hydrogen chloride gas, stating the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: glass rod [1] dipped in concentrated [1] ammonia [1] Observations: White [1] smoke [1] (Maximum [4]) : (vi) Describe how you would carry out a chemical test for the presence of hydrogen chloride gas, stating the observations you would make for a positive test. Test: glass rod [1] dipped in concentrated [1] ammonia [1] Observations: White [1] smoke [1] (Maximum [4])

Slide 237 : 237

Slide 238 : 238 Thanks for viewing. Do consider using others in this Series. Atomic Structure and Bonding. Inorganic: Metal Chemistry Inorganic: Non-metal Chemistry Redox and Electrolytic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Calculations in Chemistry Hard Water Acids Bases & Salt Preparations Miscellaneous Also, check back on this video-lesson from time-to-time during the duration of your course. F.Scullion