www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 1 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH
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INTERPUNKCIA V ANGLICTINE Bilingual English - Slovak
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 2 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk FULL STOP (PERIOD)
BODKA Full stop (US=period) is used:
at the end of a sentence that is not a question or an exclamation
He is learning English.
in abbreviations
p. m., e. g.
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Bodka sa používa:
na konci vety, ktorá nie je otázkou alebo zvolacou vetou
He is learning English.
v skratkách
p. m., e. g.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 3 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk QUESTION MARK
OTÁZNIK Question mark is used:
at the end of a direct question Do you like learning English?
in dates to express doubt
(?1935 – 2005)
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Otáznik sa používa:
na konci priamej otázky
Do you like learning English?
v dátumoch na vyjadrenie pochybnosti
(?1935 – 2005)
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 4 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk EXCLAMATION MARK
VÝKRICNÍK Exclamation mark (US=exclamation point) is used:
at the end of a sentence expressing surprise, joy, shock, anger or other strong emotion That`s wonderful!
'Never! ' he shouted.
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Výkricník sa používa:
na konci vety vyjadrujúcej prekvapenie, radost, šok, hnev alebo inú silnú emóciu
That`s wonderful!
'Never! ' he shouted.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 5 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk COMMA I. – CIARKA I. Comma is used:
to separate words in a list, though it is often omitted before and
water, coffee, tea and cacao
to separate clauses or phrases
If you go out, take an umbrella.
to separate main clauses, especially long ones, linked by a conjunction (and, but, or, as ...)
They had been waiting for their boss for more than ten hours, but he did not come.
to separate an introductory word/phrase that applies to the whole sentence, from the rest of the sentence
By the way, have you heard what happened to Jim?
to separate a tag question from the rest of the sentence
You like grapes, don` t you? Ciarka sa používa:
na oddelenie slov v zozname, pred and sa casto vynecháva water, coffee, tea and cacao
na oddelenie viet a slovných spojení
If you go out, take an umbrella.
na oddelenie hlavných viet, predovšetkým dlhých, spojených spojkou (and, but, or, as ...)
They had been waiting for their boss for more than ten hours, but he did not come.
na oddelenie úvodného slova/slovného spojenia, ktoré sa vztahuje na celú vetu, od zvyšku vety
By the way, have you heard what happened to Jim?
na oddelenie vetného dodatku od zvyšku vety You like grapes, don` t you?
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 6 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk COMMA II. – CIARKA II. Comma is used:
before and after a clause or phrase that gives additional, but not essential, information about a noun it follows
Hamlet, a famous play, was written by Shakespeare.
before and after 'He said' etc. in written conversation
Liz said, 'I like London. ' 'I will do it,' he replied.
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Ciarka sa používa:
pred a po vete alebo slovnom spojení, ktoré poskytuje dodatocnú, ale nie podstatnú, informáciu o podstatnom mene, za ktorým nasleduje
Hamlet, a famous play, was written by Shakespeare.
pred a po He said' atd. v písanej konverzácii
Liz said, 'I like London.' 'I will do it,' he replied.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 7 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk THREE DOTS (ELLIPSIS)
TRI BODKY ... Three dots (ellipsis) are used to indicate that some words have been omitted.
... are the words a human should avoid ...
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Tri bodky oznacujú, že nejaké slová boli vynechané.
... are the words a human should avoid ...
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 8 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk BRACKETS (PARENTHESES)
ZÁTVORKY () Brackets (parenthesis) are used:
to separate extra information or comment from the rest of the sentence
Mark thinks modern movies (everything directed after 1980) are absolutely horrible.
around numbers or letters in text
His tasks are (1) to learn irregular verbs, (2) to write ten sentences ...
to enclose references
All his poems (see Chapter Six) are famous.
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Zátvorky sa používajú:
na oddelenie extra informácií alebo komentáru od zvyšku vety
Mark thinks modern movies (everything directed after 1980) are absolutely horrible.
okolo císiel a písmen v texte
His tasks are (1) to learn irregular verbs, (2) to write ten sentences ...
na vloženie referencíí
All his poems (see Chapter Six) are famous.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 9 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk APOSTROPHE
APOSTROF Apostrophe is used:
with s to indicate that a thing or person belongs to somebody my friend`s dog
in short forms, to indicate that letters or figures have been omitted
I `m (= I am), the summer of `69 (=1969)
to form the plural of a figure, an abbreviation or a letter
1990`s, MP`s, all the m ` s
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Apostrof sa používa:
s privlastnovacím s na oznacenie, že nejaká vec alebo osoba patrí niekomu
my friend`s dog
v krátkych formách na oznacenie, že boli vynechané písmená alebo císla
I `m (= I am), the summer of `69 (=1969)
na tvorenie množného císla z císiel, skratiek alebo písmen
1990`s, MP`s, all the m ` s
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 10 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk QUOTATION MARKS
(INVERTED COMMAS)
UVODZOVKY Quotation marks (inverted commas) are used:
to enclose words and punctuation in direct speech, with quotations or sayings 'Why did you go there?' he asked.
to enclose the titles of books, articles, poems, plays, etc.
I was watching 'The Ghost '.
to draw attention to a word that is unusual for the context (slang, irony...)
She told him to 'get lost '.
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Uvodzovky sa používajú:
na vloženie slov a interpunkcie v priamej reci, pri citátoch a prísloviach
'Why did you go there?' he asked.
na vloženie názvoch kníh, clánkov, básní, hier, atd.
I was watching 'The Ghost '.
na pritiahnutie pozornosti na slovo, ktoré je v danom kontexte nezvycajné (slang, irónia...) She told him to 'get lost '. 'aaa' Single quotation marks are used in British English.
“ aaa“ Double quotation marks are used in American English.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 11 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk HYPHEN – SPOJOVNÍK ICE-CREAM Hyphen is used:
to form a compound from two or more other words hard-hearted, part-time
to form a compound from a prefix and a proper name pro-Europian
when writting compound numbers between 21 and 99 in words twenty-two, fifty-nine
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Spojovník sa používa:
na tvorenie zložených podstatných mien z dvoch a viacerých iných slov hard-hearted, part-time
na tvorenie slov z predpony a vlastného podstatného mena pro-Europian
pri písaní zložených císiel medzi 21 a 99 slovom twenty-two, fifty-nine
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 12 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk COLON - DVOJBODKA : Colon is used:
to introduce a list of items There are more options: we can go by bus, or we can take a taxi ...
to introduce a quotation As Sam wrote to us:
The most important things in life are free.
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Dvojbodka sa používa:
na uvedenie zoznamu položiek
There are more options: we can go by bus, or we can take a taxi ...
na uvedenie citácie As Sam wrote to us:
The most important things in life are free.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 13 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk SEMICOLON
BODKOCIARKA ; Semicolon is used:
instead of comma to separate parts of a sentence that already contain commas
He wanted to go there whatever happens; if he could, he would buy his own plane.
in formal writting to separate two main clauses, especially those not joined by a conjunction
The sky was already dark; it was going to rain.
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Bodkociarka sa používa:
namiesto ciarky na oddelenie castí vety, ktoré už obsahujú ciarky
He wanted to go there whatever happens; if he could, he would buy his own plane.
vo formálnom písomnom prejave na oddelenie dvoch hlavných viet, predovšetkým tých, ktoré nie sú spojené spojkou
The sky was already dark; it was going to rain.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 14 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk SLASH (OBLIQUE)
LOMÍTKO / Slash (oblique) is used:
to separate alternative words or phrases
single/married/divorced
to indicate the end of a line of poetry when the lines are not written separately
' I wondered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high ...'
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Lomítko sa používa:
na oddelenie alternatívnych slov alebo fráz
single/married/divorced
na oznacenie konca riadku v poézii, ked riadky nie sú napísané oddelene
' I wondered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high ...'
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 15 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk DASH – POMLCKA Dash is used:
in informal English to indicate a summary or conclusion
Boys were jumping, girls were shouting – it was a chaos.
to separate a comment or an afterthought from the rest of a sentence
They knew the answer – they said so.
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Pomlcka sa používa:
v neformálnej anglictine na oznacenie sumáru alebo zhrnutia
Boys were jumping, girls were shouting – it was a chaos.
na oddelenie komentáru alebo dodatku od zvyšku vety
They knew the answer – they said so.
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 16 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk OTHER SIGNS – DALŠIE ZNAKY B CAPITAL LETTER
velké písmeno ASTERIX
hviezdicka* @ AT
zavinác English ITALICS
šikmé písmo (kurziva) is BOLD
tucné písmo easy UNDERLINED
podciarknuté
www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk : © ENY 2009 17 www.jazykovevzdelavanie.sk REVISION – OPAKOVANIE
Name the signs. "B" @ ? , ! ... () . , - / * :