Respiratory System : Respiratory System Chapter 8
Functions of the Respiratory System : Functions of the Respiratory System Breathing process
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Enable speech production
Internal Respiration : Internal Respiration All cells require oxygen for metabolism
All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide
Gas exchange at cellular level
External Respiration : External Respiration Ventilation
exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
Breathing largely involuntary activity
Structures of Respiratory System : Structures of Respiratory System upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea
lower respiratory tract
bronchial tree and lungs
Nose : Nose nasal cavity
nasal septum
mucous membrane
mucus
cilia
olfactory receptors
Pharynx : Pharynx Nasopharynx
adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
oropharynx
palatine tonsils
laryngopharynx
larynx
Epiglottis : Epiglottis oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air
epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.
Larynx : Larynx voice box
larynx/o
glottis (vocal apparatus)
vocal bands or vocal cords
Trachea : Trachea Windpipe or airway
mucous membrane lining with cilia
smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings
divides into two branches: bronchi
no gaseous exchange
Bronchi : Bronchi Bronchus, singular
c-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle
each bronchi divides into bronchioles
terminate in air sacs called alveoli
Thoracic Cavity : Thoracic Cavity thoracic
thorax
mediastinum
heart
aorta
esophagus
bronchi
thymus
Alveoli : Alveoli air sacs
alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and surrounded by capillaries
gaseous exchange takes place here
Slide 14 : Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes Lungs trachea
Pleura : Pleura each lung enclosed in pleura
parietal pleura (inner)
visceral pleura (outer)
pleural space or pleural cavity
lubricating fluid
Diaphragm : Diaphragm muscle separating chest and abdomen
inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space
air flows in
expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space
air flows out
phrenic nerve
Respiration : Respiration external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs
internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues
ventilation - movement of air
PathologyBreathing Disorders : PathologyBreathing Disorders Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD (COLD)
Dyspnea
Bradypnea
Tachypnea
COPD : COPD Asthma
bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
mucolytics, bronchodilators
Chronic Bronchitis
mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
Emphysema
barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea
Influenza : Influenza Acute infectious respiratory disease
Viral
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia
Avoid aspirin in children
Pleural Effusions : Pleural Effusions Excess fluid in pleural cavity
associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
diagnosis
auscultation, percussion
Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax
thoracentesis
Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis Infectious, highly communicable disease
aerosol transmission
primary tuberculosis, tubercles
immunocompromised
effects other organ systems
drug resistant strains
Bronchopneumonia : Bronchopneumonia Inflammatory disease of lungs
lobar, bilateral
hemoptyisis
consolidation
Pneumocystis carinii
lavage
Cystic Fibrosis : Cystic Fibrosis Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
systemic involvement
lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
Gas exchange impaired
Respiratory Distress Syndrome : Respiratory Distress Syndrome Surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance)
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Oncology : Oncology Primary Pulmonary Cancer
Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS
common site: epithelium of bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
masses form and block air passages
metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney
Endotracheal Intubation : Endotracheal Intubation passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, and larynx into the trachea to establish an airway.
Respiratory System : Respiratory System End Chapter Eight