Rome: Importance : Rome: Importance “successor” to Greece
“carrier” of Greek civilization
political model for later Europe
measure of success for nations and individuals
Importance, con’t : Importance, con’t model for later monarchies
model for later, mixed constitutions
Great Britain, U.S., etc.
model for most European legal systems
model for the concept of citizenship
Roman History : Roman History The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C.
The Republic: 509-27 B.C.
The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D.
Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D.
Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.
Location : Location Italy
Tiber River
between Etruscan and Greek cities
part of the Latin League
Early history : Early history Indo-European
entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.
settled south of the Tiber
primitive institutions
The Kings : The Kings Seven kings
Romulus
historical kings?
the Etruscan kings
the last three
The Republic : The Republic revolution
patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%)
constitutional government
influenced by Athens?
the constitution of Cleisthenes?
Offices : Offices 2 consuls
2 praetors
aediles
quaestors
dictator
Important institutions : Important institutions the assemblies
the elective offices
patron-client relationships
The Twelve Tables
Struggle of the Orders : Struggle of the Orders struggle for political participation
plebeian institutions: the tribunes
the secessions
the compromises
no political violence until 133 B.C.
Roman Expansion : Roman Expansion conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”
gradual expansion for a century
the Latin League
extension of citizenship
Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies
continuous expansion
Celts, Samnites, etc.
Expansion, con’t : Expansion, con’t Etruscans
Greeks
Carthage ???
three Punic Wars
254, 220, 146 B.C.
control of Western Mediterranean
Expansion, con’t : Expansion, con’t the Hellenistic Monarchies
the Greek Federal Leagues
lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot
Romans get tired of it
control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.
but still essentially a city-state
Roman Religion : Roman Religion rustic Italian cults
overlay of Greek religion
Etruscan influences
Romans as “pack rats”
Roman art : Roman art best we don’t even talk about that
Roman architecture : Roman architecture great skill
engineers and architects
roads, cities
concrete
Roman Literature : Roman Literature copied from Greek models
interests in rhetoric, law, and satire
Stoic and Epicurean philosophy
The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C. : The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C. introduction of violence into domestic politics
competition for status and recognition
civil war
Important Figures : Important Figures Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Marius and Sulla
Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar
First Triumvirate
Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar
Second Triumvirate
Slide41 : Gaius Marius
Slide42 : Gaius Julius
Caesar
Slide43 : Pompey the Great
Slide44 : Cicero
Slide45 : Octavian Augustus
Slide46 : Octavian as pontifex maximus
Slide47 : Marc Antony
The Empire : The Empire unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe
extended citizenship
empire-wide commerce
Roman law
tolerance for local autonomy
The Julio-Claudians : The Julio-Claudians Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Changes : Changes reduction of political competition
end to expansion
reduction in the army
further extension of citizenship
The Flavians : The Flavians Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
The Antonines: the Good Emperors : The Antonines: the Good Emperors Edward Gibbon
the height of the Empire
the culmination of the pax Romana
succession by adoption of the most competent
The Good Emperors : The Good Emperors Nerva
Trajan
strong military leader
Hadrian
excellent administrator
Hellenophile
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
the embodiment of the philosopher king
The Rise of Christianity : The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth
teacher, prophet, revolutionary
the Jesus Movement
Paul of Tarsus
cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek
founder of Christianity
Rise of Christianity, con’t : Rise of Christianity, con’t disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.
growth of the Pauline church
the poor, women, children, slaves
no success among men, the educated, etc.
benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana
Roman suspicion : Roman suspicion the First Jewish War
“eastern religion”
corrupted the mos maiorum
that is, “traditional family values”
rumors of orgies and cannibalism
Second Jewish War
Trajan’s Rescript
The Crisis of the Third Century : The Crisis of the Third Century End of the practice of adoption
The Severian Emperors
the army as a social class
abandonment of the Augustan constitution
collapse of the senate and other organs of state
collapse of the civil adminstration
Crisis, con’t : Crisis, con’t collapse of society
breakdown of social classes
collapse of the economy
collapse of trade and coinage
barbarian invasions
civil wars
Thirty emperors
The Danubian emperors (soldiers)
Crisis, con’t : Crisis, con’t Aurelian - restituor orbis
Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values
Diocletian
Diocletian and Reform : Diocletian and Reform The Tetrarchy
The Annona
The Edict of Maximum Prices
The “new provinces”
The “eastern frontiers”
The “new capitals”
The “persecutions”
Edict of Toleration, 311
Constantine : Constantine The divided empire, united
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge
The “conversion of Constantine”
The Edict of Milan - 314
The First Ecumenical Council
The New Capital
Constantinople
Books for you to read : Books for you to read H.H. Scullard and M. Cary. A History of Rome to 325
J.B. Bury. The Later Roman Empire
A.H.M. Jones. The Later Empire
J.J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium
E. Gruen. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
Michael Crawford. The Roman Republic
Colin Wells. The Roman Empire
Averil Cameron. The Later Roman Empire
More Books : More Books M. Gelzer. Caesar
C. Meier. Caesar
A. Everitt. Augustus
E. Gruen. Diaspora: Jews among the Greeks and Romans
W.G. Kummel. Introduction to the New Testament
Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels
And more books…. : And more books…. Joel Carmichael. The Birth of Christianity
A. Schweitzer. The Quest for the Historical Jesus
W. Barnes Tatum. The Quest for Jesus
M. Grant. Jesus: An Historians Review of the Gospels
M. Grant. The Jews in the Roman World
M. Grant. St. Paul
E.P. Sanders. The Historical Figure of Jesus
Paula Fredrickson. Jesus of Nazareth King of the Jews
More…. : More…. Bart Ehrman. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium
Geza Vermes. Jesus the Jew
L. Michael White. From Jesus to Christianity
S.G.F. Brandon. The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth
Hyam Maccoby. Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity
Morton Smith. Jesus the Magician
And yet more… : And yet more… www.etsu.edu/cas/history/religionsbib.htm
R. Helms. Gospel Fictions
R. Helms. Who Wrote the Gospels
H.Y. Gamble. The Canon of the New Testament
D.A. Carson. The King James Debate: A plea for realism