Assalamu alaikum. Alhamdu lillah, we have finally completed the version (Dated: 6th February 2008) of this work that provides you with charts on Rules of Tajweed. We don’t claim to be an expert in this area but we have tried our best to develop this tajweed material by referring to few books. We believe that this material would be useful to those who are teaching Tajweed. Also, this can be used as a reference material. In order to develop this material, we have referred to the following books: 1. Moulana Muhammad Ibrahim Sahib Baaqavi, Hidayathus sifyan fi tajweedil Quran, Haadi Publishers, Chennai, India. [In Tamil] 2. Dr. Abdul-majid Khan, Tajwid: The art of recitation of the Holy Quran, Urdu Academy Sind, Karachi, Pakistan. [In English] . فنّ التجويد ,عزّت عبيد الدعاس 3 , Dar Ibn Hajam, Beirut, Lebanon. [In Arabic] 4. Umm Muhammad, A Brief Introduction to Tajweed, Abul-Qasim Publishing House, Jeddah. [In English] We ask Allah to forgive our shortcomings and accept our efforts. Please provide us with suggestions and/or comments for further improvement. We acknowledge the help of many brothers and sisters in the preparation of this document. May Allah reward them all, aameen. Please remember us and our parents in your prayers. Contact Email: mibuhari@yahoo.com Contact Address: M.I. Seyed Mohamed Buhari, 24-E, Mohideen Street, Kayalpatnam – 628 204. Tamil Nadu. INDIA. TAJWEED RULES PREFACE 1أحكام التجويد RULES OF TAJWEED أحكام الوقف RULES OF STOPPING علامات الضبط PUNCTUATION MARKS الوقف والابتداء STOPPING AND INITIATION الحروف الحافي MOLAR TONGUE الحروف الشجرية PALATAL CONSONANTS الحرفان اللهويان UVULAR CONSONANTS الحروف الحلقية PHARYNGEAL (THROAT) CONSONANTS الخيشوم NASAL CAVITY (NASALIZATION) الحروف الشفوية LABIAL (LIP) CONSONANTS الحروف الأسلية INTER-DENTAL الحروف اللثوية ALVEO-DENTAL الحروف النطعية DENTAL CONSONANTS الحروف الذلقية ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS مخارج الحروف PLACES OF ARTICULATION أحكام المد RULES OF MADD أحكام الإدغام ASSIMILATION أحكام الراء RULES OF RAA أحكام حرف اللام RULES OF LAAMأحكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES OF MEEM SAKINAH والتنوين الساكنة النون أحكام NOON SAKINAH AND TANWEEN أحكام الميم والنون المشددتين MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM القلقلة QALQALAH أحكام الحروف RULES OF LETTERS 2أحكام الحروف THE RULES OF LETTERS أحكام المد RULES OF MADD أحكام الإدغام RULES OF ASSIMILATION أحكام الراء RULES OF RAA أحكام حرف اللام RULES OF LAAM أحكام الميم والنون المشددتين RULES OF MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM أحكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES OF MEEM SAKINAH القلقلة RULES OF QALQALAH أحكام النون الساكنة والتنوين RULES OF NOON SAKINAH AND TANWEEN المد الاصلي NATURAL MADD المد الفرعي DERIVED MADD المتماثلين IDENTICAL LETTERS المتجانسين SAME PLACE OF ARTICULATION المتقاربين CLOSE PLACE OF ARTICULATION الإظهار الشفوي ITH-HAAR SHAFAWI الإدغام الشفوي IDGHAAM SHAFAWI الإخفاء الشفوي IKHFAA SHAFAWI الإظهار ITH-HAAR الإدغام IDGHAAM الإخفاء IKHFAA الإقلاب IQLAAB لام لفظ الجلالة LAAM JALALAH لام التعريف LAAM TA'RIF لام القمريةLAAM QAMARIYYAH لام الشمسيةLAAM SHAMSIYYAH لام الفعل LAAM OF VERB أحكام الحروف THE RULES OF LETTERS [Contd ...] 3WAYS TO START RECITING SURAHS PERMITTEDWAYS TO RECITE READ البسملة ,التعوذ AND السورة SEPARATELY READ البسملة , التعوذ AND السورة JOINTLY READ البسملة , التعوذ JOINTLY AND السورة SEPARATELY READ التعوذ SEPARATELY. THEN البسملة AND السورة JOINTLY WAYS OF RECITING SURAHS CONTINUOUSLY PERMITTEDWAYS TO RECITE READ CURRENT ,السورة البسملة AND NEXT السورة SEPARATELY READ CURRENT السورة SEPARATELY. THEN البسملة AND NEXT السورة JOINTLY READ CURRENT ,السورة البسملة AND NEXT السورة JOINTLY WAY NOT PERMITTED TO RECITE READ CURRENT ,السورة البسملة JOINTLY AND NEXT السورة SEPARATELY 4مِنْ لَدُنْكَ , غَفُوْرٌ رَحِيْ مٌ نْ , ـٌ ـ ـًٍ NOON SAKINAH OR TANWEEN الإدغام IDGHAAM الإقلاب IQLAAB الإخفاء IKHFAA الإظهار ITH-HAAR (READ CLEARLY) غ ع خ ح ه ء مع غنة (With Stress) ن م و ي (Assimilation of one letter into another) ن و ل م ر ي (CONVERT ن OR TANWEEN TO (م ب (USE NOSE) ف ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ذ د ج ث ت ك ق بدون غنة (Without Stress) ل ر أحكام النون الساكنة والتنوين RULES FOR READING CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR AFTER NOON SAKINAH OR TANWEEN إدغام تام إدغام ناقص OR إدغام كامل مِن بعد , خبِيرا بصِيرا لَن تفْعلُوا , قَوم تجهلُون رسولٌ أمِين , ينأَون مِن لَدنك , غَفُور رحِيم مِن والٍ , هزوا ولَعِب Exceptions in Idghaam: 1. Idghaam does not apply in one word [ يس and [ ن يس والقرأن الحكيم ن والقلم وما يسطرون 2. Idghaam does not apply if there is sakta between the words وقِيلَ من راقٍ 3. If و OR ي appears in same word after ن , Read clearly ( (إظهار 5 دنيا قِنوانٌم MEEM SAKINAH إدغام شفوي IDGHAAM SHAFAWI إخفاء شفوي IKHFAA SHAFAWI إظهار شفوي ITH-HAAR SHAFAWI (READ CLEARLY) OTHER LETTERS EXCEPT م & ب مع غنة (With Stress) م (USE NOSE, WITH STRESS) ب أحكام حرف الميم الساكنة RULES FOR READING CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR AFTER MEEM SAKINAH مِنهم من كَلَّم الله ربهم بِهِم ألَم تر أحكام الميم والنون المشددتين RULES OF MUSHADDAD NOON AND MEEM READ نّ AND م WITH STRESS, EVEN WHILE STOPPING For Noon Shaddah: مِن الجِنةِ والناس , جانٌّ For Meem Shaddah: ثُُم , لَما 6RULES FOR READING QALQALAH CHARACTERS THAT APPEAR WITH SUKUN: READ WITH ECHO SOUND القلقلة QALQALAH قطب جد صغرى [WEAK ECHO] IF ANYONE OF THE QALQALAH CHARACTERS WITH SUKUN APPEARS IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD كبرى [STRONG ECHO] IF ANYONE OF THE QALQALAH CHARACTERS WITH SUKUN APPEARS AT THE END OF A WORD AND WHEN WE STOP AT IT مِيثَاق مِقْدار 7الإدغام أحكام RULES OF IDGHAAM إدغام IDGHAAM IF SUKUN IS FOLLOWED BY -OR -OR -متماثلين MUTAMAATHILAIN متقاربين MUTAQARIBAIN متجانسين MUTAJANISAIN IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE SAME IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE DIFFERENT BUT WITH SAME ORIGIN IF THE SUKUN LETTER AND THE NEXT LETTER ARE DIFFERENT BUT WITH CLOSE-BY ORIGIN إِذْ ظَّلَمو قُلْ رب إِذْ ذَّهب مغاضِبا Exceptions in Idhgaam:There will be no merger 1. If both identical letters are with harakah ذَهب بِسمعِهِم 2. If both letters are letters of Madd [ و and [ ي هادوا والنصارى 3. If there is a sakta between two identical letters مالِِيه هلَك If the letters of Madd are Leen letters [ ي or و preceeded by fathah], then there will be a complete merger without nasalization بِما عصوا وكَانوا is pronounced as بِما عصوكََانوا 8أحكام الراء RULES FOR READING 'RAA' DUE TO CHARACTERS OR HARAKAH THAT APPEAR ON OR BEFORE OR AFTER IT أحكام الراء RULES OF 'RAA' تفخيم STRONG ترقيق SOFT BOTH TYPE STRONG & SOFT 1. RAA WITH FATHAH OR DHAMMAH OR FATHATAIN OR DHAMMATAIN [ [ ر ر ر ر 2. SAME AS 1ST POINT BUT WITH SHADDAH [ [ ر ر ر ر 3. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS EITHER WITH DHAMMAH OR FATHAH [ [ـ رَ , ـ رُ 4. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH FATHAH OR DHAMMAH [ [ـ ـَ رْ , ـ ـُ رْ 5. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH TRUE KASRAH AND THE LETTER AFTER RAA IS ANYONE OF THESE CHARACTERS ( ق ظ ط غ ض ص خ ) CALLED AS حروف الإستعلاء 6. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH TEMPORARY KASRAH [ [ اِر 1. RAA WITH KASRAH OR KASRATAIN [ [ رٍ , رِ 2. SAME AS 1ST POINT BUT WITH SHADDAH [ [ ر ,ر 3. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH KASRAH [ [ـ رِ 4. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH KASRAH [ [ ـ ـِ رْ 5. RAA WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE IS ي WITH SUKUN AND THE LETTER BEFORE THAT IS WITH FATHAH [ [ ـ يَ ر 6. THE WORD مجرها فِرق . 1 --PREFER SOFT القِطْر . 2 --PREFER SOFT مِصر . 3 --PREFER STRONG ربنا , سِر , برق اَلْعسر , اَلْقَدر , فِرقَََةٌ , اِرتضى رِجالٌ , درِّي اَنذِر , حِجر , خير 9أحكام حرف اللام RULES FOR READING LAAM لام لفظ الجلالة LAAM IN THE WORD الله تفخيم STRONG ـ اَلله OR ـ اُلله IF FATHAH OR DHAMMAH APPEARS BEFORE الله ترقيق SOFTـ اِلله IF KASRAH APPEARS BEFORE الله LAAM IN WORDS OTHER THAN الله ترقيق SOFT لام الشمسية LAAM SHAMSIYYAH LAAM IS NOT PRONOUNCED ء ي ه و م ك ق ف غ ع خ ح ج ب ن ل ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د ث ت لام القمرية LAAM QAMARIYYAH LAAM IS PRONOUNCED بِسمِ الله , اَلْحمد لِله رفَعه الله ,أراد الله ماولَّهم , كُلُّه اَلْبصِير والطُّور لام التعريف LAAM TA'RIF READING LAAM WITH OTHER CHARACTERS لام الفعل LAAM OF VERB Pronounced as إظهار , if at the beginning or middle of the verb Pronounced as إدغام , if followed by raa or laam فِئَتينِ الْتقَتا قُلْنا , جعلْنا بلْ رفَعه is pronounced as برفَعه Exception: No Idghaam if there is sakata 10 كَلاَّ بلْ رانَأحكام الألف RULES FOR READING ALIF READING ALIF تفخيم STRONG ترقيق SOFT IF ANYONE OF THE حروف الإستعلاء CHARACTERS ( (ق ظ ط غ ض ص خ APPEAR BEFORE ALIF, READ ALIF STRONGLY IF CHARACTERS OTHER THAN حروف الإستعلاء CHARACTERS APPEAR BEFORE ALIF, READ ALIF SOFTLY عسى عصى 11أحكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS [1] ـ وُ , ـ يِ , ـ اَْ RULES OF MADD مد اصلي NATURAL MADD مد فرعي DERIVED MADD 1. MADD SHOULD NOT BE FOLLOWED BY SUKUN [ [ـ OR HAMZAH [ [ء 2. READ AS ONE ALIF 3. OTHER NAMES: 'JAATI' OR 'TABAYI' MADD SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY SUKUN ـ ] ] OR HAMZAH [ [ء مد متصل MADD MUTTASIL مد منفصل MADD MUNFASIL مد لازم MADD LAAZIM مد عارض MADD AARIDH 1.MADD IS FOLLOWED BY HAMZAH IN SAME WORD 2. READ AS 4 TO 5 ALIF 3. OTHER NAME: 'MADD WAJIB' 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY HAMZAH IN DIFFERENT WORD 2. READ AS 2 TO 4 ALIF 3. OTHER NAME: 'MADD JAIZ' 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY SUKUN ASLI [REAL SUKUN] 2. READ AS 3 TO 5 ALIF 1. MADD IS FOLLOWED BY TEMPORARY SUKUN 2. READ AS ANYONE OF THREE TYPES [Refer next page] اُوتِينا قَالُوا اِنها شاءَ Contd ... مد بدل MADD BADAL مد عوض MADD IWADH MADD LETTER IS PRECEEDED BY HAMZAH ALIF REPLACES FATHATAIN WHEN ONE STOPS ON IT أفْواجا آمن , إيمان , اُوتِي IS READ AS أفْواجا 12أحكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS [2] مد لازم MADD LAAZIM مد عارض MADD AARIDH READING IN ANYONE TYPE IS OUR CHOICE [BE CONSISTENT] كلمى مثقّل KALIMA MUTHAQQAL كلمى مخفّف KALIMA MUKHAFFAF حرفى مثقّل HARFI MUTHAQQAL حرفى مخفّف HARFI MUKHAFFAF SHADDAH APPEARS AFTER مد IN ONE WORDّ -مد SUKUN APPEARS AFTER مد IN ONE WORDْ -مد SHADDAH APPEARS ON مد IN ONE CHARACTER SUKUN APPEARS ON مد IN ONE CHARACTER قصر QASR READ AS ONE ALIF توسط TAWASSUT READ AS 2 OR 3 ALIF طول TOOL READ AS 5 ALIF Exception: The word الم in سورة ال عمران can be read with or without مد دابة الئن ONLY PLACE ص طسم CHANGE مفْلِحونَ TO مفْلِحونْ 13أحكام المد RULES FOR READING MADD CHARACTERS S. No. 123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name of Madd مد واجب متصل مد جاءز منفصل مد عارض للسكون مد بدل مد عوض مد لازم مخفف كلمى مد لازم مثقّل كلمى مد لازم مشبع حرفى مد لازم محفف حرفى مد لين مد صلة طويلة مد صلة قصيرة مد فرق مد تمكين مدّ طبِيعِْىْ Explanation حروف مد and ء appear adjacently in one word حروف مد and ء appear adjacently but in two words Convert the fatha or kasra or dammah or kasratain or dammathain at the end to sukun, while stopping ء is followed by ا or و or ي Convert fathathain at the end to Alif, while stopping حروف مد is followed by sukun [ [ ـ حروف مد is followed by saddha in one word نقص عسلكم حي طهر ـ يَ , ـ وَ Haa Dameer ( ه) is followed by ء Haa Dameer ( ه) is followed by any character other than ء Hamzah Isthifham ( أ) is followed by Shaddah Madd ( ي , و , ا ) should not be followed by sukun or Hamzah ي is followed by ي Examples مفْلِحونُ is changed to مفْلِحونْ Elongation in Counts ( (حرآة 2 to 5 2 to 6 226662 2 to 6 6622 شاء , جآء , سىء , سمآء قَالُوا اِنها آدم , آمن علِيماً is changed to علِيماَ آلآنَ is actually اَاَلآنَولاَ الضاَّلِّين , اَلطَّـآمة الم , طسم , الـمص طه , يس خوف is changed to خوف بِهِ انْ يضرِب قُلْ الذّكَرين , قُلْ اللّـه اِنه بِهِ حييتم , اُميين قَالَ , يقُولُ , قَيلَ First 14 Madd types are called as مد فرعي 52 14أحكام حروف لين RULES OF HURUF LEEN حروف لين HURUF LEEN ـ يَ , ـ وَ مد لين لازم MADD LEEN LAAZIM 1. HURUF LEEN IS FOLLOWED BY TRUE SUKUN 2. READ AS قصر OR توسط OR .طول BUT طول IS BETTER مد لين عارض MADD LEEN AARIDH 1. HURUF LEEN IS FOLLOWED BY TEMPORARY SUKUN 2. READ AS قصر OR توسط OR طول نون قطني NOON QUTNI IF SUKUN APPEARS AFTER TANWEEN, THEN: 1. CHANGE TANWEEN TO KASRAH 2. ADD A NOON WITH KASRAH BETWEEN THEM Exception: 1. IF WE STOP AT TANWEEN, THERE IS NO NOON QUTNI 2. IN سورة الإخلاص , STOPPING IS BETTER ONLY TWO PLACES عسق , كهيعص بيت , موت لُمزةِ نِ الَّذِي 15أحكام الصلة RULES OF SILAH SILAH MEANS READING ه ELONGATEDLY LIKE مد صلة بالياء SILAH BIL YAH IF KASRAH COMES BEFORE ه , READ LIKE ي OF مد صلة بالواو SILAH BIL WAV IF FATHAH OR DHAMMAH COMES BEFORE ه , READ LIKE و OF مد Exception: DHAMMAH APPEARS ON ه INSTEAD OF KASRAH وما أنسانِيه IN SURAH كهف عليه الله IN SURAH فتح Exception: SUKUN APPEARS ON ه INSTEAD OF KASRAH أرجه IN SURAH أعراف فَألْقِه IN SURAH نمل Exception: NO صلة BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT ه BUT PART OF THE WORD ITSELF نفقه IN SURAH هود فواكه IN SURAH مؤمنون لم تنته IN SURAH مريم معه بِهِ Exception: IF ي WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE ه , READ ه WITH KASRAH BUT WITHOUT ELONGATION فِيهِ BUT READ فِيهِ مهانا WITH ELONGATION Exception: IFANYTHING EXCEPT ي WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE , ه READ ه WITH DHAMMAH مِنه GENERAL RULE: IF A LETTER WITH SUKUN APPEARS BEFORE ه, THEN WE WON'T READ ELONGATEDLY Exception: DHAMMAH OF ه IS NOT ELONGATED وإنْ تشكُروا يرضه لَكُم IN SURAH الزمر Exception: IF لم APPEARS BEFORE فعل , THEN ي AT THE END WILL BE REMOVED. SO, THERE IS NO ELONGATION لم ينتهي IS READ AS لم ينته 16أحكام الهمزة RULES OF HAMZAH RULES OF HAMZAH همزة وصل HAMZAH WASL همزة قطع HAMZAH QATH 1. IF A WORD STARTS WITH SUKUN, WE ADD A HAMZAH TO IT 2. THIS HAMZAH IS TEMPORARY HAMZAH 3. IF THIS HAMZAH APPEARS BETWEEN TWO WORDS, THEN IT WILL NOT BE READ 1. THIS HAMZAH IS PART OF THE WORD 2. IF THIS HAMZAH APPEARS BETWEEN TWO WORDS, IT WILL BE READ ءَاَنذَرتهم فَاطْلُب IF فعل BEGINS WITH همزة وصل AND THIRD LETTER OF THE WORD IS DHAMMAH, THEN DHAMMAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH IF فعل BEGINS WITH همزة وصل AND THIRD LETTER OF THE WORD IS FATHAH OR KASRAH, THEN KASRAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH IF THE WORD BEGINS WITH DEFINITE ARTICLE ال , THEN FATHAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH افْتح is read as اْنظُر اِفْتح is read as اُنظُر المَالُ is read as اَلمَالُ الَّذِي is read as اَلَّذِي IF اسم BEGINS WITH همزة وصل , THEN KASRAH IS GIVEN TO HAMZAH اِتنتينِ اِبن اِنتِشار اِنفِطَار اِسم اِثْنين اِمراةٌ اِبنةٌ 17AMONG TWO WORDS, IF THE FIRST WORD ENDS WITH SUKUN AND THE SECOND WORD STARTS WITH SUKUN IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS A MADD LETTER, THIS MADD LETTER IS REMOVED وقَالُوا الْحمد IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS NOT A MADD LETTER, THEN READ م OR و WITH DHAMMAH اِشترو الضللَةَ IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS ن FROM مِن [ZAR], READ THE ن WITH FATHAH مِن الله IF THE LETTER WITH SUKUN IN THE FIRST WORD IS NOT MADD AND NOT ن FROM مِن [ZAR], THEN READ THE SUKUN LETTER WITH KASRAH قُمِ الَّليلَ EXCEPTION: المَّ الله IN سورة ال عمران SHOULD BE READ WITH FATHAH 18أحكام الوقف RULES OF STOPPING RULES FOR ENDING A SENTENCE CHANGE FATHAH OR DHAMMAH OR KASRAH OR DHAMMATAIN OR KASRATAIN TO SUKUN CHANGE FATHATAIN TO ALIF CHANGE ة TO ه NOTATIONS IN HOLY QURAN MUST STOP O or ه or م or ط or سكة or وقفه MUST NOT STOP لا PREFERRED TO STOP قف PREFERRED NON-STOP ز or ز-ج or ق or صلى or صل STOP AND NON-STOP ARE SAME ج or ص or [ لا above O or [ه 1. STOP AT ONE :. AND NOT AT ANOTHER :. 2. DIFFERENT OPINION PERSISTS FOR فلا جبريل عليه السلام . 1 STOPPED AT وقف منجل 2. PREFER STOPPING AT وقف غفران 3. PREFER NON-STOP AT وقف كفران STOP نستعين AS نستعين STOP مِن رب رحِيمٍ AS مِن رب رحِيم STOP احدا AS احدا STOP اَلصلوة AS اَلصلوه OBSERVE AS PREVIOUS SYMBOL IN THE AAYAH ك GENERAL RULE: 1. WE MUST STOP AT م . IF NOT, THE MEANING WILL CHANGE. 2. FOR NOTATIONS OTHER THAN م: IF YOU ARE NOT ABLE TO READ CONTINUOUSLY, YOU CAN STOP AT ANY PLACE. BUT WHILE CONTINUING, WE SHOULD REPEAT ONE OR TWO WORDS PRECEEDING THE PLACE AT WHICH WE STOPPED. 19أحكام سكتة RULES OF SAKTA SAKTA: STOP THE SOUND BUT DON'T BREAK THE BREATH عوجاً IN SURAH كهف من مرقدنا IN SURAH يس قيل من IN SURAH قيامة كلاّ بل IN SURAH مطففين ACCORDING TO SOME SCHOLARS مالِيه هلَك IN SURAH الحاقة GENERAL RULE: THERE IS NO SAKTA AT THE POINT OF STOPPING 20مخارج الحروف THE PLACES OF ARTICULATION الحروف الحافيMOLAR CONSONANT ض الحروف الشجرية PALATAL CONSONANTS ي ش ج الحرفان اللهويانUVULAR CONSONANTS ق ك الحروف الشفوية LABIAL (LIP) CONSONANTS و م ف ب الحروف الأسلية INTER-DENTAL CONSONANTS ص س ز الحروف اللثوية ALVEO-DENTAL CONSONANTS ظ ذ ث الحروف النطعيةDENTAL CONSONANTS ط د ت الحروف الذلقية ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS ن ر ل الحروف الحلقية PHARYNGEAL (THROAT) CONSONANTS أدنى الحلق LOWER THROAT غ خ وسط الحلق MIDDLE THROAT ع ح أقصى الحلق UPPER THROAT ه ء الخيشوم NASAL CAVITY (NASALIZATION) ن م جوف الفم ORAL CAVITY (VOWELS) ي و ا مخارج الحروف THE PLACES OF ARTICULATION 2122