Sentence:
A sentence is a group of words which starts with a capital letter ends with a full stop or any other punctuation like (?) question mark, (!) exclamatory mark except colon, semi-colon and comma. If we read elaborate information it makes the reader further more interest in the content.
Parts of sentence Description of Sentence Examples Noun Name of a person, place and things. It is very hot in Chennai. Pronoun Instead of a name it is used mainly to avoid repetition. He is very active.
Verb Action related words She dances well. Adverb It gives more meaning to a verb. He acts perfectly. Adjective Describes things or people. The art is very beautiful. Article A, an ( indefinite article
The ( definite article An apple a day keeps the
Doctor away. Conjunction Combines words together He works hard and he got the good marks. Interjection A short word shows emotion or feelings He is awesome! Preposition It is pre + position. It relates one another. Chimpanzee is a white colored monkey with a black face Proper Noun The actual names of people or places etc. Chinese, Japanese, Siamese are the people of their perspective countries.
Clauses:
Sentences have clauses. Clauses are of two types.
Independent clause
Dependent clause
Independent clause gives meaning when it stands alone and dependent clause does not give meaning when it stands alone.
For example:
Birds are flying. (Independent Clause)
Everybody uses a mobile that makes communication easier. (Dependent Clause)
Reported Speech:
Transformation of Direct into Indirect:
If the verb in the reported speech is in present tense then there is no transformation in the direct speech.
If the reported verb is in the past tense then the indirect speech should be transformed into past tense.
(1)Ex: (i) Kutchal says “I play in school”
Kutchal says that he plays in school
(ii) Veja says “I cook very well”
Veja says that she cooks very well.
(2) Ex: (i) Kutchal said “I played in school”
Kutchal said that he played in school.
(ii) Veja said “I cooked very well”
Veja said that she cooked very well.
Backshift of Tense:
From To Sita: “I play in the park”. Sita said that she played in the park Sita: “I played in the park”.
Sita: “I have in the park”.
Sita: “I had played in the park”. Sita said that she had played in t he garden. Sita: “I will play in the park”.
Sita: “I can play in the park”.
Sita: “I may play in the park”. Sita said that she would play in the park.
That she could play in the park.
That she might play in the park. Prabhu: “I would write in the Exam” Prabhu said that he would write in the Exam.
Progressive Forms:
Prabhu: “Iam writing the Exam”. Prabhu said that he was writing the Exam. Prabhu: “I was writing the Exam”.
Prabhu: “I have been writing the Exam”.
Prabhu: “I had been writing the Exam”. Prabhu said that he had been writing the Exam.
There is a change in time, if there is an expression of time in the sentence.
Skandha: “He fetched a pail of water yesterday”.
Skandha said that he had fetched a pail of water the day before.
Change of expressions of time:
This (morning) ( That (morning)
Today (this day) ( That day
These (days) ( those days
Now ( Than
(A month) ago ( (A month) before
Last month ( The month before / The previous month
Here ( There
Next (day) ( The following (Day)
Tomorrow ( The next / following day.
NB:
There are some exceptions, where there is no need to change the tense of the direct speech
Skandha says “He is in Chennai”.
Skandha said that was in Chennai
(Or)
Skandha said that is in Chennai.
Kavitha says the birds sing in the spring season.
Kavitha said that the birds sang in the spring season.
(Or)
Kavitha said that the bird sings in the spring season.
Direct and Indirect Speech:
Our conversation is full of passing information and for that purpose we can use direct or indirect (or) quoted or reported speech.
Direct Speech:
Communicating exactly what others have said is called direct speech. It should be appear within quotation marks (“…”).
For Example:
He said, “The heads are rolling”.
(Or)
“The heads are rolling”, he said.
Indirect Speech:
Sometimes it is also called as reported speech. We shouldn’t use quotation marks in indirect speech. Usually in reported speech, there will be a change in tense as it deals with the things happened in the past.
For Example:
“Lock the door”, he said, (Direct).
He asked me to lock the door, (In direct).
Tense Change:
Direct Indirect Simple Present
He is Charm Past Simple
He said he was Charm. Present Continuous
She said, “he is laughing like a fool” Past Continuous
She said he was laughing like a fool Present perfect Simple
She said, “this building has been built so many years” Past perfect Simple
She said this building had been built so many years. Present perfect Continuous
She said, “Pista tower has been leaving for years”. Past perfect Continuous
She said Pista tower had been leaving for years. Past Simple
He said, “The pen wrote well”. Past perfect
He said the pen had wrote well Past Continuous
He said, “he was teaching aptitude”. Past perfect Continuous
He said he had been teaching aptitude. Past Perfect
He said, “She had already written” Past Perfect
He said she had already written. Past Perfect Continuous
She Said, “they had already been doing the work” Past Perfect Continuous
She said they had already been doing the work.
Changes in Model Verb Forms:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Will
She said, “she’ll come tomorrow”. Would
She said she would come tomorrow. Can
He said, “He can do it within a minute”. Could
He said he could do it within a minute. Must
He said, “I must meet him”. Had to
He said I had to meet him. Shall
She said, “I shall not commit any appointment”. Should
She said I shouldn’t commit any appointment. May
She said, “May you help me”? Might
She asked might you help me.
No changes in could, would, should, might and ought to.
Direct Indirect “You could have done this”, he said. He said you could have done that.
We can use the present tense in reported speech if we want to say something is still true.
Direct Indirect “His friend is Kavitha”, she said. She said his friend was kavitha.
(or)
She said his friend is Kavitha.
We can also present tense when we talk about a future event.
Direct Indirect “The exam starts by next month”, she said. She said the exam starts by next month.
For example:
“Today is a holiday” She said that yesterday was a holiday.
Pronoun Change:
Often there is a change in pronoun also.
List of Pronouns:
For example:
Me You
“I speak English if needed”. He said he speaks English if needed.
Reporting Verbs:
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
Asked – use to report questions.
For example:
She asked me when John arrives.
Told – use with an object:
For example:
He told me not to have fun with handicapped person.
Said – use without an object:
Prabhu said tomorrow is a holiday.
The subject here is and me.
If the object is used with said, we must include to;
For example:
He said to me that she would never be back.
We have to note here that said to is changed into told.
Answer:
She told me that she would never be back.
There are some other verbs which we can apart from said, told and asked, they are accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Everything should be used properly so that it gives meaning much more interesting and informative.
For example:
She asked her to attend the marriage tonight.
She invited here to the marriage tonight.
She begged me to attend, the marriage tonight.
She ordered me to attend the marriage tonight.
She advised me to attend the marriage tonight.
She suggested me should attend the marriage tonight.
That – usage in reported Speech.
For example:
He told me that he should bring lunch that day.
Note:
We use often if instead of that. So, that is optional here. We shouldn’t use that, in questions.
For example:
She asked me, “Will he accompany me to the party?”
She asked her if he would accompany him to the party.
For the imperative sentences, “to” can be used as a linking word instead of “that”.
For example:
She told, “Go and bring the book”
She told me to go and bring the book.
Types of Sentences:
Sentences are of three types
Simple
Compound and
Complex
Simple Sentences:
Simple sentences have only one independent clause.
For example:
It is really good.
Birds fly.
He works like a machine.
Compound Clause:
These sentences consist of two or more simple sentences. These sentences are combined using conjunction such as and, or (or) but. It also has more than one independent clause.
For example:
He will go to temple or he will watching movie.
He is so poor but very generous.
He is intelligent and working in the IT sector.
Complex Sentences:
These sentences consist of more ideas and also have more than one finite verb.
For example:
She spends a lot for her soul mate; as she is her best friend.
He worked hard so he passed in the exams.
Subject in Active: In Passive
I, we by me, by us,
You by You.
He, She, It by him, by her,
By it.
They by them.
@ by @
VERBS IN ACTIVE IN PASSIVE
See, sees 1. is, am are + seen
Saw 2. was, were + seen.
Will, shall + see 3. will, shall + be + seen.
Is, am. Are + seeing 4. is, am, are + being + seen.
Was, were + seeing 5. was, were + being + seen.
Will, shall + be + seeing 6. will, shall + be + begin + seen.
Has, have + seen 7. has, have + been + seen.
Had + seen 8. had + been + seen.
Will, shall + have + seen 9. will, shall + have + been +
seen.
May, might, can, could 10. may, might, can, could
Should, would + see 11. should, would + be + seen
Simple present and Simple Past
am/is/are + past participle
Was/ were + past participle Active : Simple Present Passive: Simple Present. The beauty admires me I am admired by the beauty The news shocks Ram Ram is Shocked by the news The beauty attracts them They are attracted by the beauty. Active: Simple Past Passive: Simple Past The beauty admired me I was admired by the beauty The news shocked Ram Ram was shocked by the news The beauty attracted them They were attracted by the beauty Present and Past Continuous (Progressive)
Passive form:
am / is are + being + past participle
Was / were + being + past participle Active: Present Continuous Passive: Present Continuous I am writing exam. Exam is being written by me. She is lending money to Veja and Sita Veja and Sita are being lended money by her. Active: Past Continuous Passive: Past Continuous I was cooking the Chicken The chicken was being cooked by me. They were cooking the Chicken The chicken was being cooked by them Teja was cooking the chicken and the Mutton The chicken and Mutton were being cooked by Teja
Present Perfect, Past Perfect, And Future Perfect
Have / has been + past participle
Had been + past participle Active: Present perfect Passive: Present Perfect I have gifted watch The watch has been gifted by me. Banu has gifted watch Watch has been gifted by Banu. Active: Past Perfect Passive: Past Perfect Jack Sparrow had directed the movie The movie had been directed by Jack Sparrow Jack Sparrow had directed those movies Those movies had been directed by Jack Sparrow. Active: Future Perfect Passive: Future Perfect Teja will have finish her exams next month The exams will have been finished by Teja next month. They will have finished the exams before then The exams will have been finished before then Future Tense
Passive forms: will + be + past participle
Is / are going to be + past participle Active: Future with WILL Passive: Future with WILL I will check the mail. The mail will be checked by me Prabhu will check the mail The mail will be checked by Prabhu Active: Future with GOING TO Passive: Future with GOING TO I am going to bake the cake The cake is going to be baked by me Banu is going to bake the cakes The cakes are going to be baked by Banu
Present / Future Modals
The passive form follows this pattern:
Modal + be + past participle Active: WILL / WON’T (WILL NOT) Passive: WILL / WON’T (WILL NOT) Vasundhra will invite him to the marriage He will be invited to the Marriage by Vasundhra Vasu won’t invite him to the marriage He won’t be invited to the marriage by Vasu. Active: CAN/CAN’T (CAN NOT) Passive: CAN / CAN’T (CAN NOT) The Astrologer can foretold the future The future can be foretold by the astrologer. The Astrologer can’t (cannot) foretell the future The future can’t (cannot) be foretell by the astrologer. Active: MAY / MAYNOT Passive: MAY / MAYNOT She may build the new house The new house may be built by her. He may not do the work The work may not be done by him MIGHT / MIGHT NOT MIGHT / MIGHT NOT She might build the new house The new house might be built by her. He might not do the work The work might not be done by him. Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN’T Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN’T Students should draw the diagram The diagram should be drawn by students Children shouldn’t labor the factory In the factory should not be labored by children. Active: ought to Passive: ought to Students ought to learn the formulae The formulae ought to be learnt by the students Active: had better / had better not Passive: had better / had better not Children had better drink milk daily Milk had better be drunken by the children daily. People had better not smoke cigarettes Cigarettes had better not be smoked by people Active: must / must not Passive: must / must not They must finish the project Project must be finished by them She must not cross the road in heavy traffic The road must not be crossed by her in heavy traffic Active: has to / have to Passive: has to / have to He has to remember the colorful days The colorful days has to be remembered by him. Sita and Geetha have to wash the vessels The vessels have to be washed by Sita and Geetha Active: doesn’t have to / don’t have to Passive: doesn’t have to / don’t have to Suja doesn’t have to carry the parcel. The parcel does not have to be carried by Suja. Students don’t have to draw the diagram The diagram don’t have to be drawn by students Past Modals
Modal + have been + past participle Active: Should have / Shouldn’t have Passive: Should have / Shouldn’t have The students should have known the nouns The nouns should have been known by the students He Shouldn’t have done the accident The accident shouldn’t have been done by him Active: ought to Passive: ought to The students ought to known the nouns The nouns ought to have been known by the students Active: May /. May not Passive: May /. May not The company may have offered a new car A new car have been offered by the company He may not have run the company The company may not have been run by him Active: might / might not Passive: might / might not She might not have known the song The song might not have been known by her She might have known the song The song might have been known by her