Lecture 3 : Lecture 3 Direct and Indirect Speech
Sequence of Tenses
Conditional Mood and Conditional Clauses
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Slide 2 : Direct Speech: sentences as they are uttered by speakers
Indirect Speech: reported sentences
Reporting verbs: to say, to tell, to ask, to answer, to reply, to inquire, to complain, to doubt, to boast, to recommend, to suggest, to warn, to inform, to insist, to advise, to deny, to declare, to state, etc
Changes in passing from direct to indirect speech : Changes in passing from direct to indirect speech Reporting verb in the present tense:
No changes in the tenses of the subordinate clause:
e.g. 1. A global agreement on climate change still hangs in the balance.
The Financial Times reports that a global agreement on climate change still hangs in the balance.
2. Can I use this laptop for a second?
She has just asked you if she can use this laptop.
3. You can’t smoke in here.
She has forbidden him to smoke in there.
Changes in verb tenses when passing from direct to indirect speech : Changes in verb tenses when passing from direct to indirect speech Reporting verb in the past tense
Slide 5 :
Examples: Use the following sentences in Indirect Speech, with a reporting verb in a past tense: : Examples: Use the following sentences in Indirect Speech, with a reporting verb in a past tense: “I am sorry that I missed your presentation last week.”
“He is working on a report and is not available for phone calls or appointments.”
“I haven’t received your invoice so far.”
“We have been working for this company for 15 years and we have always been pleased with our wages and work conditions.”
Slide 7 : You spent 5 years in Japan, didn’t you?
You weren’t sleeping when I called, were you?
We had been with ADIDAS for 3 years when we decided to go back to school and get a PhD.
We will contact you after we study your CV and we will invite you for an interview if your skills match our needs.
Slide 8 : I will be traveling back from California on the day when you arrive in Washington DC.
They are going to launch a new product on the market and advertise it heavily.
The plane is about to take off, so we must switch off our phones now.
The Conditional Mood : The Conditional Mood Form:
Present Conditional:
Affirmative: Subject + should/would + verb – Infinitive
Negative: Subject + should/would + not + verb – Infinitive
Interrogative: Should/Would + subject + verb – Infinitive…?
- expresses an action that could be completed in the present or in the future if the condition expressed in the subordinate clause is fulfilled
Slide 10 : Past Conditional:
Affirmative: Subject + should/would + have + verb –Past Participle
Negative: Subject + should/would + not + verb – Past Participle
Interrogative: Should/Would + Subject + Verb – Past Participle …?
expresses an action that could have been completed in the past if the condition expressed in the subordinate clause had been fulfilled (unreal, hypothetical condition).
Conditional Clauses: Type 1 : Conditional Clauses: Type 1 it is possible and likely that the condition will be fulfilled
Conditional Clauses: Type 2 : Conditional Clauses: Type 2 it is possible but quite unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled
Conditional Clauses: Type 3 : Conditional Clauses: Type 3 the condition is unreal, hypothetical; it refers to the past and cannot be fulfilled
Mixed Conditionals : Mixed Conditionals Combinations of Type 2 and Type 3
Present result of past condition
Mixed Conditionals : Mixed Conditionals 2. Past result of present or continuing condition