Natural Processes within the Cell : Natural Processes within the Cell
Cells must communicate with their environment - it does not matter if it is a single cell bacteria or one cell in a large organism - the cell must maintain balance with the environment (HOMEOSTASIS). : Cells must communicate with their environment - it does not matter if it is a single cell bacteria or one cell in a large organism - the cell must maintain balance with the environment (HOMEOSTASIS). H = Cells strive for balance!
Cells function in a very narrow range of temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food and waste. HINT: Pay close attention to TAKS questions and what is being asked in regard to the processes. Now for processes: : Cells function in a very narrow range of temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food and waste. HINT: Pay close attention to TAKS questions and what is being asked in regard to the processes. Now for processes:
Diffusion : Diffusion Definition: the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through the cell membrane.
All organisms use diffusion.
No energy is used.
animation
Osmosis : Osmosis Definition: a special diffusion of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through the cell membrane.
All organisms use osmosis.
No ENERGY is used.
Animation of osmosis.
CHECK OUT EXODUS FOR MOVEMENT OF H2O… : CHECK OUT EXODUS FOR MOVEMENT OF H2O… That's, "Ah,moses!"
Photosynthesis : Photosynthesis Using sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose in the chloroplast. Oxygen and sugar are given off in the process.
Plants and leaves are the organs of photosynthesis.
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/overview.html
We can write the overall reaction of photosynthesis as: 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 : We can write the overall reaction of photosynthesis as: 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Most of us don't speak “chemicalese”,
so the above chemical equation translates as:
six molecules of water
+ six molecules of carbon dioxide
one molecule of sugar
+ six molecules of oxygen produce or yield sunlight
Slide 9 :
Cellular Respiration : Cellular Respiration Burning of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP in mitochondria.
This process occurs in all plants and animals.
I’ve seen this on the TAKS test! In the presence
of oxygen!
Cellular respiration begins with… : Cellular respiration begins with… Mitochondria In cytoplasm Oxygen
Present! Glycolysis initiates cellular respiration or fermentation within the cytoplasm.
If oxygen is present following glycolysis,
oxygen is combined with energy in
the process of cellular respiration.
If oxygen is not present following glycolysis,
alcoholic fermentation
or lactic acid fermentation
will begin.
In a nutshell…. : In a nutshell…. You eat and you breathe. YEA!
In the mitochondria within each of your cells, sugar from food is combined with the oxygen you breathe to make ATP.
ATP is the energy that fuels all of the cell’s activities. Therefore, mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
It converts energy from food into a useful form called ATP
Formula for Cellular Respiration : Formula for Cellular Respiration 6O + C H O 6CO + 6H O + Energy 2 2 2 6 12 6 oxygen sugar Carbon dioxide water energy
Now to : Now to DNA
DNA is the unit of heredity composed of nucleotides. : DNA is the unit of heredity composed of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. : A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Slide 17 : DNA is copied during DNA replication or mitosis (mi2sis).
This makes new cells for growth, repair, and maintenance. The daughter cells should have the same sequence of nucleotides as the parent chromosome. Body cells
or
Somatic cells.
DNA has a backbone of alternating phosphates and sugar(deoxyribose). : DNA has a backbone of alternating phosphates and sugar(deoxyribose). A nucleotide is made up of
sugar, phosphate, and a base. Guanine Cytosine Adenine Thymine
Slide 19 : Pairs of nucleotides:
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)
and
Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)
Slide 20 : Compare mitosis to meiosis…
In gametes (or sex cells) a special cell division takes place…meiosis. : In gametes (or sex cells) a special cell division takes place…meiosis. 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 diploid haploid
Let’s try some questions… : Let’s try some questions… 1. Oxygen passes from the alveoli in the lungs through the cell membrane of a capillary.
Is it diffusion or osmosis? DIFFUSION
Slide 23 : Diffusion: molecules move from high to low concentration
Let’s try some questions… : 2. Carrots become flaccid (floppy) in salt water.
Is it diffusion or osmosis? Let’s try some questions… osmosis
Slide 25 :
Let’s try some questions… : 3. Water from the veins of a leaf moves into a cell high in glucose.
Is it diffusion or osmosis? Let’s try some questions… osmosis
Let’s try some questions… : 4. If a cell contains 38 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell? Let’s try some questions… 38
Slide 28 :
Let’s try some questions… : 5. A daughter cell that was produced in meiosis has 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the original parent cell? Let’s try some questions… 44
Slide 30 :