Chemistry - Periodic Table: Groups of elements

Groups of Elements : Groups of Elements

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Groups of Elements : Groups of Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W W * Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W 1A 2A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Alkali metals Alkali earth metals Transition metals Inner transition metals Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Halogens Noble gases Hydrogen 3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 4B

Groups of Elements : Groups of Elements Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 367 1 2 1 2 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Nitrogen family Oxygen family Halogens Noble gases 13 14 15 16 17 18

Chemistry of the Groups : alkaline earths halogens Elements with similar chemical behavior are in the same group. Elements of Group 1 are . Elements of Group 2 are the . Elements of Group 17 are the . Elements of Group 18 are the . noble gases alkali metals Chemistry of the Groups Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Chemistry of the Groups : The alkali metals (Group 1) - The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). - Hydrogen is placed in Group 1 but is not a metal. - The alkali metals react readily with nonmetals to give ions with a +1 charge. - Compounds of alkali metals are common in nature and daily life. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. H 1 1

Chemistry of the Groups : The alkaline earths (Group 2) - The alkaline earths are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). - All are metals that react readily with nonmetals to give ions with a ?2 charge. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 2

Chemistry of the Groups : The halogens (Group 17) - The halogens are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) iodine (?), and astatine (At). - They react readily with metals to form ions with a ?1 charge. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 17

Chemistry of the Groups : The noble gases (Group 18) - are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon, (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn); - are monatomic; - are unreactive gases at room temperature and pressure; - are called inert gases. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 18

Chemistry of the Groups : Group 16, the Chalcogens – The chalcogens are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. All of the chalcogens have ns2np4 valence-electron configurations. Their chemistry is dominated by three oxidation states: 1. –2, in which two electrons are added to achieve the closed-shell electron of the next noble gas. 2. +6, in which all six valence electrons are lost to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas. 3. +4, in which only the four np electrons are lost to give a filled ns2 subshell. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 16

Chemistry of the Groups : Chemistry of the Groups Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Group 15, the Pnicogens – The pnicogens are nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. – All the pnicogens have ns2np3 valence-electron configurations, leading to three common oxidation states: 1. –3, in which three electrons are added to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the next noble gas 2. +5, in which all five valence electrons are lost to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas 3. +3, in which only the three np electrons are lost to give a filled ns2 subshell 15

Chemistry of the Groups : Group 14 – Group 14 elements straddle the diagonal line that divides nonmetals from metals. – Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium are semimetals, and tin and lead are metals. – Group-14 elements have the ns2np2 valence-electron configuration. – Group-14 elements have three oxidation states: 1. –4, in which four electrons are added to achieve the closed-shell electron configuration of the next noble gas 2. +4, in which all four valence electrons are lost to give the closed- shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas 3. +2, in which the loss of two np2 electrons gives a filled ns2 subshell Chemistry of the Groups Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Chemistry of the Groups : Group 13 – Of the Group-13 elements, only the lightest, boron, lies on the diagonal line that separates nonmetals and metals, it is a semimetal and possesses an unusual structure. – The rest of Group 13 are metals (aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium) and are typical metallic solids. – Elements of Group 13 are highly reactive and form stable compounds with oxygen. – Elements of Group 13 have ns2np1 valence-electron configurations. Chemistry of the Groups Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Chemistry of the Groups : Chemistry of the Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W W * Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W 1A 2A 3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 4B Transition Metals Actinides Lanthanides

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