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Chemistry - Acids and Bases: pH

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pH Scale : pH Scale Soren Sorensen (1868 - 1939)

pH Scale : pH Scale Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 515

pH of Common Substances : pH of Common Substances Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335 1.0 M HCl 0 gastric juice 1.6 vinegar 2.8 carbonated beverage 3.0 orange 3.5 apple juice 3.8 tomato 4.2 lemon juice 2.2 coffee 5.0 bread 5.5 soil 5.5 potato 5.8 urine 6.0 milk 6.4 water (pure) 7.0 drinking water 7.2 blood 7.4 detergents 8.0 - 9.0 bile 8.0 seawater 8.5 milk of magnesia 10.5 ammonia 11.0 bleach 12.0 1.0 M NaOH (lye) 14.0 8 9 10 11 12 14 13 3 4 5 6 2 1 7 0 acidic neutral basic [H+] = [OH-]

pH of Common Substance : pH of Common Substance 14 1 x 10-14 1 x 10-0 0 13 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-1 1 12 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-2 2 11 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-3 3 10 1 x 10-10 1 x 10-4 4 9 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-5 5 8 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-6 6 6 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 8 5 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-9 9 4 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-10 10 3 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-11 11 2 1 x 10-2 1 x 10-12 12 1 1 x 10-1 1 x 10-13 13 0 1 x 100 1 x 10-14 14 NaOH, 0.1 M Household bleach Household ammonia Lime water Milk of magnesia Borax Baking soda Egg white, seawater Human blood, tears Milk Saliva Rain Black coffee Banana Tomatoes Wine Cola, vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice More basic More acidic pH [H1+] [OH1-] pOH 7 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-7 7

Acid – Base Concentrations : Acid – Base Concentrations pH = 3 pH = 7 pH = 11 OH- H3O+ OH- OH- H3O+ H3O+ [H3O+] = [OH-] [H3O+] > [OH-] [H3O+] < [OH-] acidic solution neutral solution basic solution concentration (moles/L) 10-14 10-7 10-1 Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 332

pH : pH pH = -log [H1+] Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 285

pH Calculations : pH Calculations pH pOH [H3O+] [OH-] pH + pOH = 14 pH = -log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10-pH pOH = -log[OH-] [OH-] = 10-pOH [H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x10-14

pH = - log [H+] : pH = - log [H+] pH = 4.6 pH = - log [H+] 4.6 = - log [H+] - 4.6 = log [H+] - 4.6 = log [H+] Given: multiply both sides by -1 substitute pH value in equation take antilog of both sides determine the [hydronium ion] choose proper equation [H+] = 2.51x10-5 M You can check your answer by working backwards. pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [2.51x10-5 M] pH = 4.6 Recall, [H+] = [H3O+]

pH and pOH Calculations : pH and pOH Calculations Keys pH and pOH Calculations pH and pOH Calculations http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/AcidBase.html

Acid Dissociation : Acid Dissociation monoprotic diprotic polyprotic HA(aq) H1+(aq) + A1-(aq) 0.03 M 0.03 M 0.03 M pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [0.03M] pH = 1.52 e.g. HCl, HNO3 H2A(aq) 2 H1+(aq) + A2-(aq) 0.3 M 0.6 M 0.3 M pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [0.6M] pH = 0.22 e.g. H2SO4 Given: pH = 2.1 find [H3PO4] assume 100% dissociation e.g. H3PO4 H3PO4(aq) 3 H1+(aq) + PO43-(aq) ? M x M pH = ?

Slide 11 : Given: pH = 2.1 find [H3PO4] assume 100% dissociation H3PO4(aq) 3 H1+(aq) + PO43-(aq) X M 0.00794 M Step 1) Write the dissociation of phosphoric acid Step 2) Calculate the [H+] concentration pH = - log [H+] 2.1 = - log [H+] - 2.1 = log [H+] [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-2.1 [H+] = 0.00794 M [H+] = 7.94 x10-3 M 7.94 x10-3 M Step 3) Calculate [H3PO4] concentration Note: coefficients (1:3) for (H3PO4 : H+) = 0.00265 M H3PO4

Slide 12 : How many grams of magnesium hydroxide are needed to add to 500 mL of H2O to yield a pH of 10.0? Step 1) Write out the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide Mg2+ OH1- Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2(aq) Mg2+(aq) 2 OH1-(aq) + Step 2) Calculate the pOH pH + pOH = 14 10.0 + pOH = 14 pOH = 4.0 Step 3) Calculate the [OH1-] pOH = - log [OH1-] [OH1-] = 10-OH [OH1-] = 1 x10-4 M 1 x10-4 M 0.5 x10-4 M 5 x10-5 M Step 4) Solve for moles of Mg(OH)2 x = 2.5 x 10-5 mol Mg(OH)2 Step 5) Solve for grams of Mg(OH)2 x g Mg(OH)2 = 2.5 x 10-5 mol Mg(OH)2 1 mol Mg(OH)2 = 0.00145 g Mg(OH)2 58 g Mg(OH)2

Practice Problems - Key : Practice Problems - Key Keys Practice Problems - Answer Key Practice Problems - Answer Key http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/AcidBase.html

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