info for spanishdict.com lessons module 3

Modulo 3 Index Lesson Page 1 When to use the Subjunctive? W.E.I.R.D.O.! 2 2 Adventures in the Present Perfect 4 3 Past Participles as Adjectives in the Restaurant 6 4 Impersonal Hace in Past Times 8 5 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns in the Office 10 6 Por vs. Para 12 7 Verbs like Gustar and Colors 14 8 Adverbs and Sea Animals 16 9 The Future 18 10 The Conditional and Excuses 19 11 Hopes and Dreams with the Imperfect Subjunctive 21 12 Using Se in Impersonal, Passive and Unexpected Events 24 13 Adjectives = Nouns with Materials 26 14 To become with Ponerse, Volverse, Hacerse and Convertirse 28 15 Prepositions A, Pero, Sino, and Sino que. Go on Vacation. 30 Modulo 3 Lesson 1 When to use the Subjunctive? W.E.I.R.D.O.! The Subjunctive is a mood, not a tense. There are 3 moods in Spanish: The indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The Subjunctive mood is to express the opposite of the indicative (truthful and objective); it is used to express desires, doubts, the unknown, the abstract, and emotions. Generally, the indicative is truth and the subjunctive is unknown. The subjunctive and the indicative share many of the same tenses. But they will have different forms and endings. You can have the imperfect indicative or the imperfect subjunctive, the present indicative or the present subjunctive, the future indicative or the future subjunctive etc. There are 3 requirements to use the subjunctive and not the indicative: There will be 2 different subjects, one in the main clause and one in the subordinate clause. Recomiendo que lleves un casco.-I recommend that you wear a helmet.-Subjects: I and you. There will be a relative pronoun to link the two clauses. E.g. que, quien or como. Quiero un hombre quien sea rico.-I want a man who is rich.-The relative pronoun: quien-who There will be 2 different verbs, one for each subject. One verb in the indicative and will signal that the next verb will be in the subjunctive. The indicative verb is called the indicative signal verb or a W.E.I.R.D.O. verb. Espero que me compre un brazalete.-I hope that I buy a bracelet. Espero is the indicative present form for I wish/hope, this is the W.E.I.R.D.O. verb that signals that the next verb will be subjunctive which is the verb compre (infinitive: comprar-to buy) in the present subjunctive. Next the W.E.I.R.D.O verb is an acronym that you use to remember when to use the subjunctive instead of the indicative. Wishes Emotions Impersonal expressions Recommendations Doubt/Denial Ojalá W-wishes, wants (demands, desires, expectations, orders, preferences), the dependent clause represents what we want from another person and it hasn’t yet occurred or may never occur and it is not a fact so you use the subjunctive. Espero que me compre un collar de diamantes.-I hope that he’d buy me a diamond necklace. Quiero que cortes le leña para la chimenea.-I want you to chop the wood for the fireplace. Some other with verbs: agradecer-to be grateful, desear-to wish/desire, esperar-to expect/hope for, mandar-to order, pedir-to request and preferir-to prefer. E-emotions (annoyed, angry, happy, regretful, sad, scared, surprised). Any personal reactions to a situation that is emotional, the focus is not a factual observation of the situation but rather an observation of how the situation makes the subject feel. Since how a person reacts to a situation and how they feel is always subjective, you use the subjunctive. Me allegro de que sonrías.-It makes me happy that you smile. Estoy enojado de que el tren llegara tarde.-I am angry that the train arrived late. Some other emotion verbs: encantar-to be delighted, lamentar-to regret, molestar-to annoy, sentir-to feel, sorprender-to surprise and temer-to feel. I-impersonal expressions, it works a lot like emotions, and that they are someone’s option or value judgement. They focus on the subjectivity of the subject and not the actual truth or reality of the situation. Most frases like es + adjective + que can be impersonal expression unless it states truth (es verdad que), certainly (es cierto que) or fact (es hecho que). Those are all indicative frases because they state the truth or reality but their opposites (no es verdad que, no es cierto que, no es hecho que) are used for the subjunctive. Es incredible que os guepardos corran tan rápidamente.-It is incredible that cheetahs can run so quickly. Es importante que llames a tu abuela para su cumpleaños.-It is important that you called your grandmother on her birthday. Some other impersonal expressions: es buen/malo que-it’s good/bad that, es curioso que-it’s curious that, es extraño que-it’s strange that and es una lástima que-it’s a pity that. R-recommendations (suggestions, wants, requests), if a person recommends, suggests or wants, you use the subjunctive because you never know if that person will do what you want. In this case, the relative pronoun que separates the recommender from the recommendation. Mi madre me aconseja que coma todo el brécol.-My mother advices me to eat all my broccoli. Mi doctor recomienda que toma vitaminas cada mañana.-My doctor recommends that I take a Vitamin every morning. Other recommendations verbs: decir-to say, ordenar-to order, proponer-to suggest and suplicar-to beg. D-doubt/denial (unreal, to question reality). It indicates that a situation seems unreal, therefore it is not facture, to doubt is to question its sense of reality and so it is the subjunctive. No creen que los extraterrestres existan.-They don’t believe that aliens exist. Dudo que me llamare.-I doubt that he will call me. O-ojalá (a Spanish word with Arabic origin), originally it meant oh, Allah and it may have been used in prayers. Now, they are some more general meanings like I hope to guard that, I hope or if only. Ojalá can introduce a subjunctive phrase with or without a relative pronoun. This is an exception to the 1 requirement. Ojalá que venga el padre Noel.-I hope Santa Clause comes. ¡Ojalá llueva!-If only it would rain. Practice-choose if a sentence is indicative or subjunctive Me sorpendí que comprara un anillo.-I was surprised that he bought a ring.-subjunctive Mi hermano teme que monstrous vivan en su armario.-My brother fears that monsters live in his closet.-subjunctive Es verdad que el sol subiré.-It’s true that the sun will rise.-indicative Deseo que estemos en la playa.-I wish we were at the beach.-subjunctive Reference Words in this lesson alien el extraterrestre necklace el collar beach la playa vitamins las vitaminas bracelet el brazalete rich rico broccoli el brécol Santa Claus el padre Noel cheetah el guepardo to be happy alegrarse closet el armario to be surprised sorprenderse diamond el diamante to call llamar fireplace la chimenea to chop wood cortar la leña helmet el casco to fear temer monster el monstruo to smile sonreír Lesson 2 Adventures in the Present Perfect The present is a great way to tell what you have done in the past without giving any specific information on when or for how long. It is also used to describe an action that happened in the past and continues or repeats into the present or to describe an action that has happened in the recent past. You use the verb haber, it is used in all of the compound tenses like the present perfect, the past perfect, the future perfect and the conditional perfect. It is also used to describe existence. It is quite irregular as well. En la sala, hay un televisor, un sofa, y dos lámparas.-In the living room, there is a tv, a sofa and 2 lamps. Me he tirado de cabeza de un puente en España.-I have dived from a bridge in Spain. María ha viajado a cinco continentes diferentes.-Mary has traveled to 5 different continents. María y yo hemos construido un muñeco de nieve en un glaciar.-Mary and I have built a snowman on a glacier. Tenemos amigos quien han nadado con los delfines.-We have friends who have swam with the dolphins. Haber-to have Singular Plural Yo He Nosotros Hemos Tú Has Vosotros Habéis Él, Ella, Usted Ha Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes Han The tú form ¿Has escalado una montaña alguna vez en tu vida?-Have you ever in your life climbed a mountain? ¿Has montado a caballo?-Have you ever ridden a horse? Practice-Conjugate haber to the subject to fill in the gaps. (Ella)(Haber) Ha escalado 15 montaña.-She has climbed 15 mountains. (Yo)(Haber) He saltado en una cama elástica.-I have jumped on a trampoline. (Ellos)(Haber) Han vivido en los Estados Unidos, España, y Perú.-They have lived in the United States, Spain and Peru. ¿(Tú)(Haber) Has volado en un avión?-Have you ever flown in a plane? The past participle is a very useful verb form, it is used in perfect tenses and can function as an adjective. Me he tirado de cabeza de un puente en España. Past participle: tirado María ha viajado a cinco continentes diferentes. Past participle: viajado María y yo hemos construido un muñeco de nieve en un glaciar. Past participle: construido Tenemos amigos quien han nadado con los delfines. Past participle: nadado ¿Has escalado una montaña alguna vez en tu vida? Past participle: escalado ¿Has montado a caballo? Past participle: montado Most past participles end in the letters “do”. The difference between AR verbs and ER/IR verbs is the vowel you would expect. AR past participles end in ado. ER/IR past participles end in ido. Practice-form the past participle from the verb to fill in the gaps. Hemos (Ir) ido de excrción por ciento de millas.-We haved hiked for hundreds of miles. Ha (volar) volado cada de las siete continents.-You have flown to all 7 continents. ¿Has (comprar) comprado ya un regalo?-Have you already bought a gift? Han (construir) construido un muñeco de nieve.-They have built a snowman. Irregular past participles Any ER/IR stem that ends in a, e or o needs a tilde on the “i” in ido to prevent vowels forming a diphthong. E.g. Leer-le-leído instead of leido. There are also some very irregular verbs: Decir-to say becomes dicho Escribir-to write becomes escrito Hacer-to make/do becomes hecho Ver-to see becomes visto etc. Practice-form the past participle for the irregulars to fill in the gaps Ha (Ver) visto pengüinos en Antártida.-He has seen penguins in Antartica. He (escribir) escrito poesía en inglés y español.-I have written poetry in English and Spanish. ¿Has (hacer) hecho ala delta?-Have you ever hang glided? Final quiz-conjugate Haber and change the verb into the past participle to answer the questions ¿Dónde has viajado?-Where have you traveled? ¿Dónde has vivido?-Where have you lived? ¿Has saltado en una cama elástica?-Have you ever jumped on a trampoline? ¿Has hecho ala delta en tu vida?-Have you ever hang-glided in your life? ¿Has ido a Antártida?-Have you ever to Antarctica? If you have to use a present perfect with a W.E.I.R.D.O frase, just conjugate in the present subjunctive instead of the present indicative + past participle. Haber: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis and hayan. Dudo que haya ido a Antártida.-I doubt he has been to Antarctica. Es incredible que hayas escrito cinco libros.-It is incredible that you have written 5 books. Reference Words in this lesson Antarctica la Antártida dived tirado de cabeza bridge el puente flown volado glacier el glaciar hang-glided hecho ala delta dolphin el delfín jumped saltado horse el caballo ridden montado snowman el muñeco de nieve seen visto built construido written escrito bought comprado hiked ido de excursión penguin el pingüino trampoline la cama elástica climbed escalado swum nadado Lesson 3 Past Participles as Adjectives in the Restaurant Most past participles can be used as adjectives. ¡Ay! Tengo hambre. ¿Quieres comer en un restaurante?-Oh! I am hungry. Do you want to eat at a restaurant? Sí. Me gusta el restaurante aquí.-Yes. I like the restaurant here. Pero las puertas no están abiertas. Están cerradas.-But the doors aren’t open. They are closed. Las paredes están pintadas en muchos colores brillantes.-The walls are painted in many brilliant colours. Y la comida está preparada en solamente 10 minutos.-And the food is ready in only 10 minutes. All past participles precedes esta. Estoy cansado.-I am tired Estoy aburrida.-I am bored Estoy enojada.-I am angry Estoy confundido.-I am confused All of the adjectives are all past participles. Cansado-Cansar (to be tiring) Aburrida-Aburrir (to get bored) Enojada-Enojar (to get angry) Confundido-Confudir-to confuse Past participles as adjectives must match the noun it modifies in number and gender. E.g. Estoy aburrida. Estoy enojada. Both subjects are singular and feminine. So instead of adding ado to the ending like you would for a regular past participle, you change the o to an a to make it match the gender. Also it has to match in numbers. Las puertas no están abiertas. Están cerradas. Cerradas matches the noun las puertas because it is feminine and plural. It has ada ending instead of ado and an s to make it plural. Las paredes están pintadas en muchos colores brillantes. Pintadas matches the noun las paredes because it is also feminine and plural. Practice-change the infinitive to the past participle to fill in the gaps Qué bien. Aquí está un restaurante italiano.-Good. Here is an Italian restaurant. Las puertas no están (cerrar) cerradas. Están abiertas.-The doors aren’t closed. They are open. La antrifiona está (sentar) sentada en la entrada del restaurante.-The hostess is seated at the entrance of the restaurant. Bienvenido. Estáis (invitar) invitados a comer el plato del día.-Welcome, you all are invited to eat the dish of the day. La comida está (preparar) preparada por un cocinero italiano.-The food is prepared by an Italian cook. You can also use past participles as plain adjectives without estar. El camarero alto nos pregunta nuestras pedidas.-The tall waiter asks for our orders. Conversation-past participles as adjectives are underlined ¿Quieres un té helado, señora? Hace calor hoy.-Do you want an iced tea, madam? It’s hot today. Sí, gracias. Y para el plato principal, quiero el pollo frito con papas asadas.-Yes, thanks. And for the main course, I want fried chicken with roasted potatoes. Muy bien. ¿Y usted, señor?-Ok. And you, Sir? Quería un jugo de piña para beber. Y para el plato principal, quería el bistec poco asado con champiñones salteados.-I wanted a pineapple juice to drink. And for the main course, I wanted some grilled steak with sauteed mushrooms. The past participle can also be used as an adjective in the passive voice: Ser + past participle The passive voice can be used as a way of showing the noun is acted upon without directly saying who performed the action. The passive voice is not commonly used in Spanish like in English. ¡Ay! Estoy lleno.-Oh! I am full. Mi pollo frito fue cocido perfectamente.-My fried chicken was cooked perfectly. Sí. Es obvio que la comida fue hecha por un cocinero profesional.-Yes. It’s obvious that the food was made a professional chef. Estoy de acuerdo. Será bien conocido en menos de un año.-I agree. It will be well known in less than a year. Practice-conjugate the infinitive to the past participle to fill in the gaps Hola y bienvendio al restaurante Márquez. Estáis (invitar) invitados a sentar en cualquiera mesa.-Hello and welcome to the Márquez restaurant. You are invited to sit at any table. Hola. Soy su camarero, Jaime. ¿Quieres un té (helar) helado?-Hello. I am you waiter, Jamie. Do you want an iced tea? Sí, gracias. Y también, quería los panqueques con huevos (revolver) revueltos.-Yes, thanks. And also, I want pancakes with scrambled eggs. Muy bien. ¿Quería usted también unas manzanas (cocer) cocidas?-Ok. Do you also want cooked apples? No, gracias.-No, thank you. O ¿quizás unos plátanos (freír) fritos? Son mis favoritos.-Or perhaps some fried bananas? Oh, sí. Me encantan plátanos fritos.-Oh, yes. I love fried bananas. Reference Words in this lesson baked apples las manzanas cocidas iced tea el té helado closed door la puerta cerrada invited invitado open door la puerta abierta pancakes los panqueques closed doors las puertas cerradas pineapple juice el jugo de piña open doors las puertas abiertas roasted potatoes las papas asadas fried chicken el pollo frito sautéed mushrooms los champiñones salteados fried plantains los plátanos fritos scrambled eggs los huevos revueltos I am full estoy lleno seated sentada hostess la anfitriona painted walls las paredes pintadas I am hungry tengo hambre well-known bien conocido Lesson 4 Impersonal Hace in Past Times Impersonal verb: Hace Hacer has many uses in Spanish, and it means to make or to do. Hacer is very irregular in lots of tenses. But now we only need to know the 3rd person singular of the present indicative: hace Hace can be used to describe weather Hacer calor-it’s hot. Hace frío-it’s cold Hace sol-it’s sunny Hace niebla-it’s foggy Hace + a noun Hacer can be used for the present perfect Use Hace + Present Indicative for the past when you are including time frames. Hace seis meses que vivo en una hacienda en Chile.-I have lived on a farm in Chile for 6 months. Hace dos semanas que nos casamos.-We have been married for 2 weeks. Monto en motocicleta por Portugal hace un mes.-I have been riding my motorcycle across Portugal for a month. Navega por el océano Atlántico hace cuarenta años.-He has sailed the Atlantic Ocean for 40 years. Hace + time period + simple present If the sentence starts with Hace, then you have to add que after the time period. Hace + time period + que + simple present E.g. Hace seis meses que vivo en una hacienda en Chile.-Literally means it has been 6 months that I have lived on a farm in Chile. Hace dos semanas que nos casamos.-Literally means it has been 2 weeks that we have been married. You could also start with the simple present, followed by hace and the time period. Simple present + hace + time period E.g. Monto en motocicleta por Portugal hace un mes. Navega por el océano Atlántico hace cuarenta años. Hace tells how long something has been happening or how long ago something happened. Only the verb is conjugated differently. Paró de fumar hace 10 años.-She quit smoking 10 years ago. Hace 2 días que me gradué de la universidad.-Two days ago, I graduated from university. ¿Montaste un camello en el desierto hace un verano?-You rode a camel in the desert last summer? Hace un invierno que mi abuela me tejió un suéter y una bufanda.-Last winter, my grandmother knit me a sweater and a scarf. Hace + a date can also translate to “last ______”. E.g. Hace un verano-a summer ago/last summer. Hace un invierno-a winter ago/last winter All the verbs: Paró, me gradué, montaste and tejió are in the preterit/simple past. And just like the previous sentences, the order of the words can be different. Use hace + que + time period + preterit if you start you sentence with hace Use preterit + hace + time period if you start with the preterit verb. Comparing how long something has happen and how long ago something happened. Cuezo este pavo hace 3 horas.-I have been baking this turkey for 3 hours. Cocí este pavo hace 3 horas.-I baked this turkey 3 hours ago. Uso esta computadora hace 30 minutos.-I have used this computer for 30 minutes. Usé esta computadora hace 30 minutos.-I used this computer 30 minutes ago. Practice-conjugate the verb to the simple present when using the present perfect and to the preterit when using the past tense. Fill in the gaps. Hace 30 minutes que mi madre (buscar) busca sus llaves.-My mother has been looking for her keys for 30 minutes. Hace dos años que (yo)(mudarse) mudé a Chile.-I moved to Chile two years ago. Hace 8 meses que (nosotros)(casarse) nos casamos.-We have been married for 8 months. The nosotros form of casarse-nos casamos is the same for the simple present and the preterit. Reference Words in this lesson Atlantic Ocean el océano Atlántico sweater el suéter camel el camello to graduate graduarse Chile Chile to knit tejer college la universidad to marry casarse desert el desierto to move mudarse farm la hacienda to sail navegar keys las llaves to smoke fumar motorcycle la motocicleta turkey el pavo Portugal Portugal computer la computadora scarf la bufanda to bake hornear Lesson 5 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns in the Office Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns identify the location of a noun in relation to speaker. In an office, it is confusing to talk about an object using the when there is lots of stuff everywhere. Words like this, that, those over there can be very useful. There are only 3 words that you need to know: este, ese, aquel Trabajo en este cubículo-I work in this cubicle. Esta fotocopiadora siempre está rota.-This copy machine is always broken. La presentación está en estos discos compactos.-The presentations are on these CDs. Estas tijeras están romas.-These scissors are dull. Este (this, these) is used for nouns close to the speaker. Because este is a demonstrative adjective, it also has to match nouns in gender and number. When you look in the dictionary, you usually find the words in singular and masculine. Este is singular and masculine. Esta is singular and feminine. Estos is plural and masculine. Estas is plural and feminine. Practice-change este to match the noun in gender and number to fill in the gaps (Este) Esta computadora portátil es muy pequeña.-This laptop is very small. (Este) Estos discos compactos están rayados.-These CDs are scratched. (Este) Esta papelera está llena.-This waste basket is full. ¿Necesitas (este) estas ligas de goma?-Do you need this rubber bands? Demonstrative adjectives can describe something that is not close to the speaker but not far away. Ese teclado y ese ratón son inalámbricos.-That keyboard and that mouse are wireless. Usaremos esa mesa de conferencias para la cita.-We will use that conference table for the meeting. Esos sobres les faltan sellos.-Those envelopes need stamps. Esas pilas están apagadas.-Those batteries are dead. Ese (those, that) is singular and masculine. Esa is singular and feminine. Esos is plural and masculine. Esas is plural and feminine. Demonstrative adjectives can describe something far away from the speaker. El jefe es aquel hombre.-The boss is that man over there. El libro está en aquella estantería.-The book is on that bookshelf over there. Pásame aquellos sujetapapels, por favor.-Pass me those paperclips over there, please. Aquellas computadoras están rotas.-Those laptops over there are broken. Aquel (that/those _____ over there) is singular and masculine. Aquella is singular and feminine. Aquellos is plural and masculine. Aquellas is plural and feminine. Practice-change aquel to match the noun in gender and number to fill in the gaps. (Aquel) Aquellas fotocopiadoras están rotas.-Those copy machines over there are broken. Usa (aquel) aquel escáner para las fotos de la conferencia.-Use that scanner over there for the pictures of the conference. (Aquel) Aquella secretaria sabe todas las citas para hoy.-That secretary over there knows all the appointments today. Practice-choose the correct sentence for objects close/not so close/far away from you. (Not so close)(stapler) Esta grapadora/esa grapadora/aquella grapadora (Far)(laptop) Esta computerdora portátil/esa computerdora portátil/aquella computerdora portátil (Close)(paperclip) Aquel sujetapapeles/este sujetapapeles/ese sujetapapeles (Far)(scanner) Ese escáner/este escáner/aquel escáner (Not so close)(mouse) Aquel ratón/ese ratón/este ratón Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns Este Estos Éste Éstos Esta Estas Ésta Éstas Ese Esos Ése Ésos Esa Esas Ésa Ésas Aquel Aquellos Aquél Aquéllos Aquella Aquellas Aquélla Aquéllas The only difference between them is that demonstrative pronouns have tildes. These tildes don’t tell you how to pronounce the word because they all followed the regular pronunciation rules. They are there to differentiate both demonstrative adjectives and different forms of the verb estar. You use demonstrative pronouns just like demonstrative adjectives except they function as the noun they replace. They mean something like this one here or that one there or that one over there. Tienes una grapadora. Esta es para él.-You have a stapler. This one is for him. Aquellos son los jefes.-Those over there are the bosses. Reference Words in this lesson battery la pila mouse el ratón bookshelf la estantería paperclip el sujetapapeles boss el jefe rubber band la goma broken roto scanner el escáner cd el disco compacto scissors las tijeras copy machine la fotocopiadora scratched rayado cubicle el cubículo secretary la secretaria envelopes los sobres stamp el sello keyboard el teclado stapler la grapadora laptop la computadora portátil conference table la mesa de conferencias Lesson 6 Por vs. Para There are 3 difficult topics in Spanish The subjunctive Ser vs. Estar Por vs. Para Por and Para both mean for. These are acronyms to tell you when to use para or por: PRODDS for para DREEM for por Para is usually used to indicate an endpoint or goal. Purpose Recipient Opinion Destination Deadline Standard Purpose: a goal to be achieved and can translate to “in order to” Voy al supermercado para comprar aguacates y lechuga.-I am going to the supermarket in order to buy avocados and lettuce. Hace una semana, fuimos al lago para hacer esquí aquático-Last week, we went to the lake in order to go water skiing. Recipient: Para indicates who receives something Este cuadro es para mi padre.-This painting is for my mother. Ándre le llamó para Ángela.-Andre called for Angela. Opinion: Can translate to according to or for Para mí, el fútbol es más interesante que el golf.-For me, soccer is more interesting than golf. Los dragones y los brujos son reales para mi sobrino.-Dragons and wizards are real according to my nephew. Destination: Where a person or item is going Salieron para Grecias anoche.-They left for Greece last night. Este vaso es para el museo en París.-This vase is from the museum in Paris. Deadline: future dates and can translate to by, at, on, for Nuestra cita es par alas nueve y media.-Our meeting is at 9:30. El festival es para el sábado.-The festival is on Saturday. Standard: A comparison to others in a group Para una tortuga, es muy rápida.-For a turtle, it’s very fast. Esta es muy deliciosa para una salchicha barata.-This is very delicious for a cheap hotdog. Por Duration Reason Emotion Exchange Mode Duration: For how long something happens Jugamos el juego de mesa por dos horas.-We played the board game for 2 hours. Estuve en el baño de burbuja por treinta minutos.-I was in a hot tube for 30 minutes. Reason: Why something happened and can translate to “because of” Por su amor de animals, es vegetariana.-Because of her love for animals, she’s a vegetarian. Pedí más comida por el número de gente que vino.-I ordered more food because of the number of people who arrived. Emotion: The feelings you have for someone or something Tengo tanto amor por ti.-I have so much love to you. Siente celos por esa estrella del cine.-She is jealous of that movie star. Exchange: Giving one thing for another Compré el cellular por ochenta dólares.-I bought the cell phone for 80 dollars. Te daré mi galleta por tu pastelito.-I will give you my cookie for your cupcake. Mode: of communication, transportation, movement and can translate to “through, by, on” Camino por la plaza mayor cada día.-I walk through the plaza everyday. Viajó a Venezuela por avión.-He traveled to Venezuela by plane. Hablamos por radioteléfonos portátiles esta tarde.-We spoke on walkie-talkies this afternoon. Think like this: Por and Para are two separate parts of this line Por Para Por is the instances here along the line, the journey between two places, the exchange of one thing for another, the duration of time between the beginning and the end of something and para is used for all of the instances here at the end of the journey, the person something is given to, a due date for something, to specify a destination. Practice-choose to use para or por in sentences Compré las botas para cuarenta dólares/compré las botas por cuarenta dólares.-I bought the boots for 40 dollars.-Exchange Viajamos para Grecia mañana/ Viajamos por Grecia mañana.-We travel for Greece tomorrow.- Destination Para mí, el chocolate es el mejor/por mí, el chocolate es el mejor.-For me, chocolate is thebest.- Opinion Corremos para el parque cada mañana/ corremos por el parque cada mañana.-We run through the park every morning.-Mode of movement. Reference Words in this lesson avocado el aguacate love el amor board game el juego de mesa movie star la estrella del cine cell phone el celular painting el cuadro dragon el dragón to water ski hacer esquí acuático festival el festival vase el vaso Greece Grecia vegetarian la vegetariana grocery store el supermercado Venezuela Venezuela hot dog la salchicha walkie-talkie el radioteléfono portátil lake el lago wizard el brujo lettuce la lechuga hot tub el baño de burbuja Lesson 7 Verbs like Gustar and Colors Regular verbs conjugate to the subject, gustar verbs conjugate to the object Me gusta bailar-Dancing is pleasing to me/I like to dance. Te gusta bailar-Dancing is pleasing to you/You like to dance Les gusta bailar-Dancing is pleasing for them/They like to dance Subject-dancing objects: I, you and they The verb is conjugated to the 3rd person singular each time, no matter what person is involved. The indirect object pronoun changes depending on the person involved. Practice-use indirect object pronouns to fill in the gaps (A mí) Me gusta la flor amarilla.-I like the yellow flower. (A ti) Te gusta la camisa azul.-He likes the blue shirt. (A él/ella/usted) Le gusta el bolso violeto.-He/she/you (formal) likes the purple purse. (A nosotros) Nos gusta el conejo beis.-We like the beige (米色) rabbit. (A vosotros) Os gusta el cerdito rosa.-You all like the pink pig. Rosa always end in an “a” in the singular masculine and feminine form. Cada also ends in an “a” in the singular masculine and feminine form. Cada-every Cada mujer-every woman Cada hombre-every man Another colour that doesn’t change its ending is marrón-brown, el conejo marrón-brown rabbit, la araña marrón-brown spider (A ella/ellos/ustedes) Les gusta el conejo marrón.-They like the brown rabbit. Indirect Object Pronouns Singular Plural Yo Me Nosotros Nos Tú Te Vosotros Os Él, Ella, Usted Le Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes Les The a mí, a ti, a ella … is optional but the indirect object pronouns are always used. Some verbs that works like gustar Me interesa la computadora portátil gris.-The grey laptop is interesting to me. Te repugnan los espárragos verdes.-The asparagus is disgusting to you. Le encantan las rosas rojas.-She loves the red roses. Practice-conjugate the verb to the subject and add indirect object pronouns to fill in the gaps (A mí)(fascinar) Me fascinan las mariposas naranjas y negras.-Orange and black butterflies fascinate me. (A ellos)(encantar) Les encantan las flores moradas.-Purple flowers delight them. (A nosotros)(molestar) Nos molesta la araña marrón.-The brown spider annoys us. (A ella)(gustar) Le gustan los tulipanes blancos.-White tulips are pleasing to her. In Spanish, to make a colour light, you use the adjective claro-light. Light blue-azul claro Light green-verde claro To make a colour darker, you use the adjective oscuro-dark. Dark blue-azul oscuro Dark green-verde oscuro It works with most colours even if they already have a delicate word. Pink-rosa light red-rojo claro Lavender-violeta light purple-morado claro Reference Words in this lesson beige beis light green verde claro black negro grey gris blue azul lavender violeta dark blue azul oscuro orange naranja light blue azul claro pink rosa brown marrón purple morado butterfly la mariposa red rojo flower la flor tulip el tulipán green verde white blanco dark green verde oscuro yellow amarillo Lesson 8 Adverbs and Sea Animals Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs explain when, how, where, with what frequency, or up to what point. Most adverbs end in mente. La langosta se esconde cuidadosamente.-The lobster hides carefully. El pulpo camina lentamente.-The octopus walks slowly. La anguila nada rápidamente.-The eel swims quickly. Las sirenas cantan dulcemente.-The mermaids sings sweetly. La medusa me picó gravemente.-The jellyfish stung me badly. El tiburón nada ferozmente.-The shark swims ferociously. An adverb is the feminine form of an adjective + mente Cuidadosa-careful cuidadosa + mente = cuidadosamente-carefully Lenta-slow lenta + mente = lentamente-slowly If there is a tilde in the adjective, there is a tilde in the adverb. Rápida-quick/fast rápida + mente = rápidamente-quickly These endings doesn’t change for both masculine and feminine forms. Dulce-sweet Dulce + mente = dulcemente-sweetly Grave-serious/bad grave + mente = gravemente-seriously/badly Feroz-ferocious feroz + mente = ferozmente-ferociously El tiburón feroz-the ferocious shark la pastinaca feroz-the ferocious parsnip Practice-change adjectives to adverbs to fill in the gaps El coral crece (lento) lentamente.-The coral grows slowly. La gaviota comió (completo) completamente la almeja.-The seagull ate the clam completely. La estrella del mar mueve (tranquilo) tranquilamente por la arena.-The sea star moves across the sand quietly. La tortuga marina nada (elegante) elegantemente en las algas marinas.-The turtle swims elegantly in the algae. La foca agarra (fácil) fácilmente el cangrejo.-The seal grabs the crab easily. Adverbs go after the verb they describe. Adverbs follow if they describe an adjective or another adverb. And if there are 2 or more adverbs, only mente is added to the end of the list of the adverbs. La ballena nada fácil, rápida y ligeramente.-The whale swims easily, quickly and lightly. There are some adverbs that don’t end in mente. Mal-badly bien-well mucho-a lot muy-very nunca-never siempre-always ahora-now poco-a little There are 4 other different categories of adverbs: Lugar-Place Tiempo-Time Número-Number Manera-Manner Lugar: dónde: aquí-here, allá-over there, cerca-near, lejos-far Hay una morsa allá.-There is a walrus over there. Las olas son grandes aquí.-The waves are big here. Tiempo: cuándo: después-later, luego-then, tarde-late, temprano-early Los días: ayer-yesterday, mañana-tomorrow etc. El calamar regresó temprano a su habitat.-The squid returned early to his habitat. El pulpo le gusta cazar tarde por la noche.-The octopus likes to hunt at night. Número: cuánto: demasiado-too much, más-more, mucho-a lot, poco-a little Las ballenas comen más durante la primavera.-The whales eat more during the spring. Las gaviotas vuelan poco cuando hay mucho viento.-The seagulls fly little when there are a lot of wind. Manera: cómo: major-better, peor-worse, despacio-slowly, bien-well La almeja mueve despacio.-The clam moves slowly. El tiburón está bien ahora, pero estuvo enfermo.-The shark is well now, but he was sick. Reference Words in this lesson clam la almeja seal la foca coral el coral sea turtle la tortuga marina crab el cangrejo seaweed las algas marinas eel la anguila shark el tiburón jellyfish la medusa squid el calamar lobster la langosta starfish la estrella del mar mermaid la sirena stingray la pastinaca octopus el pulpo walrus la morsa sand la arena wave la ola seagull la gaviota whale la ballena Lesson 9 The Future The informal future: Ir + a + infinitive Vamos a celebrar mi cumpleaños mañana.-We are going to celebrate my birthday tomorrow. Voy a recibir muchos regalos y tarjetas de cumpleaños.-I am going to receive lots of presents and birthday cards. The simple future El año que viene, trabajaré como contado porque me encantan las matemáticas.-Next year, I will work as an accountant because I love maths. Siempre estudias la ley. Serás juez o abogado.-You always study the law. You will be a judge or a lawyer. En el futuro, la genta vivirá en otras galaxias.-In the future, people will live in other galaxies. Usaremos paneles solares para la electrcidad en dos años.-We will use solar panels for electricity in 2 years. Viajaréis por espacio en una nave espacial.-You will travel to space in a spaceship. Serán muchos robots en el futuro.-There will be a lot of robots in the future. Simple future endings: é, ás, á, emos, éis, and án. You will add these endings to the infinitive for all regular AR, ER, and IR verbs. You will also use these endings with the irregular verbs but they will have different stems. Use the simple future to talk about long-term or important future events. You use Ir + a + infinitive to talk about what you are “going to do”. You use infinitive + simple future endings to talk about what you “will/shall do”. Simple Future Endings Singular Plural 1st person é emos 2nd person ás éis 3rd person á án All endings except for the nosotros form require a tilde on the 1st vowel. Remember all verbs use these endings, so you can have: viajaré, beberé and viviré. All AR, ER and IR verbs use these endings, you can have tú as well: viajarás, beberás and vivirás. Quiz-fill the simple future endings Tú-ás nosotros-emos yo-é él/ella/usted-á ellos/ellas/ustedes-án vosotros-éis Practice-conjugate verbs to the simple perfect to fill in the gaps Te encantan las estrellas. (Tú)(Ser) Serás astronauta.-You love the stars. You will be an astronaut. Después de la Universidad, mi hermano (él)(trabajar) trabajará como arquitecto.-After university, my brother will work as an arquitect. En el futuro, todos (ellos)(manejar) manejarán coches eléctricos.-In the future, everyone will use electric cars. Siempre estudio la química. Por eso, (yo)(ser) seré científica.-I always study chemistry, I will be a scientist. There are 3 categories of irregular verbs: Remove vowel from infinitive ending before adding the simple future endings. Podremos ir de vacaciones en realidad virtual en el futuro.-We will be able to go on vacation in virtual reality in the future. Poder-Podr-Podremos The same applies to the verbs: caber-to fit, querer-to want, saber-to know and haber-to exist. The simple future stems: cabr, querr, sabr habr. Replace vowel from infinitive ending with the letter d. Tendremos paneles solares en nuestra casa.-We will have solar panels in our house. Tener-Tendr-Tendremos The same applies to the verbs: poner-to put, valer-to be worth, salir-to leave and venir-to arrive. The simple future stems: pondr valdr saldr vendr Super Irregulars: Decir-to tell and Hacer-to make/do The simple future stems: Decir-dir Hacer-har Les diréis a los nietos de los disquetes y los discos en el futuro.-You will tell you grandchildren about floppy disks and records in the future. Harán la electricidad con turbines eólicas.-They will make electricity with wind turbines. Reference Words in this lesson accountant el contador mathematics las matemáticas architect el arquitecto record el disco astronaut el astronauta robot el robot chemistry la química scientist la científica electric car el coche eléctrico solar panel el panel solar floppy disk el disquete space el espacio galaxy la galaxia spaceship la nave espacial judge el juez stars las estrellas law la ley virtual reality la realidad virtual lawyer la abogada wind turbine la turbina eólica Lesson 10 The Conditional and Excuses The conditional: for possibilities and hypothetical situations. It is used to express what would happen in the future. It is perfect for excuses. Profesora, haría el examen, pero estoy enferma.-Professor, I would take the exam, but I am sick. Lavarías los platos, pero tus amigos vinieron.-You would wash the plates, but your friends came over. Correría en una carrera, pero no le gusta hacer ejercicio.-She would run in a race, but she doesn’t like to exercise. Estudiaríamos más para el examen, pero tenemos sueño.-We would study more for the exam, but we are sleepy. Iríais a la feria, pero no tenéis dinero.-You all would go to the fair, but you all don’t have any money. Saldrían ahora, pero está lloviendo.-They would leave now, but it is raining. Conditional Future Haría Haré Lavarías Lavarás Correría Correrá Estudiaríamos Estudiaremos Iríais Iréis Saldrían Saldrán The conditional and the future all have the same stem. The conditional uses the infinitive as the stem for all regular verbs just like the future. Har, Lavar, Correr, Estudiar, Ir and Saldr It also has the same irregular verbs with the same stems: Hacer-Har Salir-Saldr Tener-Tendr Querer-Querr Conditional endings Singular Plural 1st person ía íamos 2nd person ías íais 3rd person ía ían The endings are exactly the same as the indicative, imperfect tense for ER and IR verbs. To form the conditional, use the future stem/infinitive and the imperfect endings for ER/IR verbs. Quiz-conditional endings Tú-ías Imperfect: Comías-You use to eat Conditional: Comerías-You would eat Although both can translate to you would eat, the imperfect is you used to eat in the past, and the conditional is you would/might eat in the future. Nosotros-íamos Imperfect: Corríamos-We used to run Conditional: Correríamos-We would run Yo-ía Imperfect: Bebía-I used to drink Conditional: Bebería-I would drink. Él/Ella/Usted-ía Imperfect: Podía-He/She/You (formal) used to be able Conditional: Podría-He/She/You (formal) would be able Vosotros-íais Imperfect: Hacíais-You used to make Conditional: Haríais-You would make Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes-ían Imperfect: Tenían-They used to have Conditional: Tendrían-They would have Practice-add conditional endings to infinitives to fill in the gaps Normalmente (yo)(tendr) tendría sueño, pero dormí bien anoche.-Normally, I would be sleepy, but I slept well last night. (Nosotras)(bailar) Bailaríamos, pero tenemos miedo.-We would dance, but we’re scared. (Tú)(llevar) Llevarías los comestibles, pero te rompiste el brazo.-You would carry the groceries, but you broke your arm. (Nosotros)(casarnos) Nos casaríamos, pero no tenemos suficiente dinero.-We would get married, but we don’t have enough money. Reciprocal verbs like to get married use plural reflexive pronouns; they are attached to infinitives and affirmative commands and go in front of all other verbs. You can also use the conditional to express speculation or probability about the past. Only the translations would be a little different than would. Después de ir de excurción, encenderían lumbre.-After hiking, they probably lit a fire. Ayer, correría más de 10 millas.-Yesterday, I must have run more than 10 miles. You can also use the conditional to express the future from the past perspective. Sabía que llegarían a la hora en punto.-I knew that they would have arrived on time. Dijo que ganaría.-He said that I would win. You can also use the conditional for polite requests. ¿Podrías pasar la sal?-Would you pass the salt? Reference Words in this lesson exam el examen she would wash the plates lavaría los platos fair la feria they would light a fire encenderían lumbre groceries los comestibles they would arrive llegarían he would win ganaría they would dance bailarían I would drink bebería they would leave saldrían I would run correría we would be sleepy tendríamos sueño money el dinero we would get married nos casaríamos race la carrera we would study estudiaríamos she would be scared tendría miedo you would carry llevarías she would like le gustaría you would eat comerías Lesson 11 Hopes and Dreams with the Imperfect Subjunctive Dreams: What I would do if I had the opportunity The imperfect subjunctive follows all the same rules as the present subjunctive: WEIRDO Wishes, wants Emotions Impersonal expressions Recommendations Doubts, denials Ojalá The only difference between the present and the imperfect subjunctive is time. The present subjunctive refers to actions in the present. The imperfect subjunctive refers to actions in the past. If the WEIRDO phrase is in the past or refers to a past action, use the imperfect subjunctive. You can also use the imperfect subjunctive to hope for the impossible. Si fuera reina, viajaría por todo el mundo.-If I were queen, I would travel around the whole world. Quería que vinieras a mi fiesta.-I wanted you to come to my party. Ojalá que nevara en Costa Rica mañana.-I hope it snows in Costa Rica tomorrow. Pasearíamos al perro más seguido si tuviéramos más tiempo.-We would walk the dog more often if we had more time. Esperaba que se casarais.-I had hoped you would get married. Ojalá que los extraterrestres me llamaran.-I wish the aliens would call me. Form the imperfect subjunctive stem using the 3rd person plural form of the preterit. Remove the “ron” ending to get the imperfect subjunctive stem. Lastly, add the imperfect subjunctive endings. Imperfect Subjunctive Infinitive 3rd person plural in the preterit Imperfect Subjunctive stem Imperfect Subjunctive Ser Fueron Fue (Yo) Fuera Venir Vinieron Vinie (Tú) Vinieras Nevar Nevaron Neva (Él/Ella/Usted) Nevara Tener Tuvieron Tuvie (Nosotros) Tuviéramos Casarse Se Casaron Se Casa (Vosotros) Se casarais Llamar Llamaron Llama (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes) Llamaran Imperfect Subjunctive endings Singular Plural 1st person ra ramos 2nd person ras rais 3rd person ra ran All imperfect subjunctive verbs use the same endings. There are no irregulars in the imperfect subjunctive. The imperfect subjunctive has 2 different ending sets. The ra- endings are common in all Spanish speaking countries The se- endings are used commonly in texts in Spain. Imperfect Subjunctive endings-Set 2 Singular Plural 1st person se semos 2nd person ses seis 3rd person se sen Practice-conjugate the infinitive to the 3rd person plural of the preterit, remove ron and add the imperfect subjunctive endings to fill in the gaps. Me alegraba de que me (tú)(comprar) compraras un regalo para mi cumpleaños.-I was happy that you bought me a gift for my birthday. Si (ella)(vivir) viviera en una hacienda, tendría un cerdo.-If she lived on a farm, she would own a pig. Queríamos que nuestros hijos (recibir) recibieran la mansión.-We wanted our children to get the mansion. Si (yo)(tener) tuviera un ciclomotor, nunca manejaría mi coche.-If I had a moped/motorbike, I would never drive my car. Ojalá que (nosotros)(poder) pudieramos volar como pájaros.-I wish we could fly like birds. Enseñarían inglés en Corea si (ellos)(hablar) hablaran coreano.-They would teach English in Korea if they spoke korean. In general, you will use the imperfect subjunctive for the hypothetical past. If the WEIRDO phrase is in or refers to the past, then use the imperfect subjunctive. Agradezco que hicieras una tarta de queso.-I am glad that you made a cheesecake. Quería que comprara nos hipocampos para mi acuario.-I wanted him to buy me some seahorses for my aquarium. You can also use the imperfect subjunctive using an “if” clause, followed by an imperfect subjunctive verb and then the conditional. Si tuviera un millón dólares, compraría una casa en la playa.-If I had a million dollares, I would buy a house on the beach. Haría una película si tuviera una cámara de video.-I would make a movie if I had a video camera. As you can see, the “if” phrase or the imperfect subjunctive phrase can start the sentence or come after the conditional phrase depending on what the focus of the sentence is. You can also use the imperfect subjunctive for polite requests. Quisiera las alcachofas con gambas.-I would like the artichokes with shrimps. ¿Pudiera mostrármelo en el mapa?-Could you possibly show me on the map? You can also use the imperfect subjunctive for outrageous wishes: Ojalá + the imperfect subjunctive Ojalá que ganara un millón dólares mañana.-I hope that I win a million dollars tomorrow. Ojalá que cerdos volaran.-I wish pigs could fly. Reference Words in this lesson aquarium el acuario pig el cerdo artichoke la alcachofa queen la reina beach la playa sea horse el hipocampo bird el pájaro shrimp las gambas cheesecake la tarta de queso to teach enseñar world el mundo to walk the dog pasear al perro Korean coreano video camera la cámara de vídeo mansion la mansión Costa Rica Costa Rica map el mapa a million un millón moped el ciclomotor Korea Corea Lesson 12 Using Se in Impersonal, Passive and Unexpected Events You have used se in reflexive constructions. Se seca el pelo.-She drys her own hair. Se cepillan los dientes.-They brush their own teeth. Se is the 3rd person reflexive pronoun which indicates that the direct/indirect object is the same as the subject for reflexive phrases. The subject both performs and receives the action. Another form of a reflexive verb is reciprocal verbs where 2 or more people perform an action on each other. Reciprocal verbs works the same way as reflexive verbs, but with verbs like besarse-to kiss each other, abrazarse-to hug each other and casarse-to marry each other. Se casaron.-They marry each other. Se besan.-They kiss each other. Se abrazan.-They hug each other Se also functions as part of a verb in Impersonal and Passive phrases. Impersonal Se: The subject is an unknown human. These are mostly used for general statements and rules. Se is used to replace the impersonal uno/una. Verbs are always in the 3rd person singular and are often followed by a direct object. E.g. Uno habla español aquí-One speaks Spanish here OR Se habla español aquí-Someone speaks Spanish here Se dice que los monos son muy inteligentes.-It is said that monkeys are very intelligent. Se paga en la caja.-One pays at the cashier’s desk. OR Pay at the cashier’s desk. Se está muy mal en la cárcel.-One feels bad in jail. In this case, the verb is intransitive, so there is no direct object. Impersonal Se Guidelines Used for making general statements/rules The subject is human, but unspecified The verb is always in the 3rd person singular Se goes in front of the verb Practice-Conjugate the infinitives to the 3rd person singular and add se to fill in the gaps (Dicir) Se dice que el ballet es bueno para los futbolistas.- (Saber) Se sabe que la contaminación es malo para la Tierra.- (Prohibir) Se prohibe escupir en el suelo.- Se is also used to form the passive voice where the object is the same as the subject. Passive sentences make general statements or requests and are common in instructions. The difference between impersonal and passive se is while impersonal subjects are always human, passive subjects are inanimate and are included in the sentence. The verb appears in the 3rd person and can be singular or plural depending on the subject. Las joyas son vendidas en esa tienda. Se venden las joyas en esa tienda.-Jewellery is sold in that shop. Take the passive construction (conjugation of ser + past participle) and change it to se + 3rd person verb and put it in front of the subject. Las bebidas serán servidas en el jardín. Se servirán las bebidas en el jardín.-Drinks will be served in the garden. La basura fue tirada en la papelera. Se tiró la busura en la papelera.-The trash was thrown in the waste basket. Passive Se Guidelines Used for making general statements or requests The subject is inanimate and is also the object The verb is also in the 3rd person singular or plural Se always goes in front of the verb Practice-change the passive construction to passive se sentences. Las especias son vendidas los lunes. Se venden las especias los lunes-Spices are sold on Mondays. El reloj fue robado. Se robó el reloh.-The watch was stolen. El ladrón será capturado. Se caputurará el ladrón.-The theft will be captured. You can also use se for unexpected events. Use se + indirect object pronoun + 3rd person singular/plural verb Romper-forgotten Olvidar/Dejar caer-dropped Perder-lost Rompí la tetera.-I broke the teapot. Se me rompió la tetera.-The teapot broke on me. OR Se rompió la tetera.-The teapot was broken. Practice-change these sentences using the formula se + indirect object pronoun + 3rd person verb Dejé caer el florero.-I dropped the flower vase. Se me cayó el florero.-The flower vase dropped out of my fingers. Perdieron el libro.-They lost the book. Se les perdió el libro.-The book got lost on them. Olvidó las llaves.-She forgot the keys. Se le olvidaron las llaves.-The keys were left behind. Unexpected events Se Guidelines Used to divert responsibilities for accidents The subject is the item that was broken, lost etc. The verb is always in the 3rd person singular or plural An Indirect Object for the “victim” is placed between se and the verb Final practice-change these sentences using the formula se + indirect object pronoun + 3rd person verb (Yo) Rompí la cámara.-I broke the camera. Se me rompió la cámara.-The camera fell through my fingers. (Tú) Olvidaste las llaves.-You forgot the keys.Se te olvidaron las llaves.-The keys just slipped your mind. (Nosotros) Perdimos el mono.-We lost the monkey. Se nos perdió el mono.-The monkey got lost on us. Reference Words in this lesson book el libro teapot la tetera cash register la caja thief el ladrón drinks las bebidas to break romper flower vase el florero to drop dejar caer garden el jardín to hug each other abrazarse jail la cárcel to kiss each other besarse jewelry las joyas to pay pagar monkey el mono to spit escupir pollution la contaminación to steal robar spices las especias trash la basura Lesson 13 Adjectives = Nouns with Materials ¿Prefieres las joyas de plata o las joyas de oro?-Do you prefer silver or gold gem? ¿Te gustan los pantalones de mezclilla o los pantalones de seda?-Do you like denim pants or silk pants? ¿Quieres una camisa grande o una camisa pequeña?-Do you want a big shirt or a small shirt? When you are talking about 2 similar things in Spanish, you can avoid repeating the noun over and over-una y otra vez. You can do this by using an adjective as a noun, this is called nominalization. Just delete the second noun, and replace it with a definite/indefinitive article and an adjective. This makes an adjective act as a noun. ¿Qué prefieres, los guantes negros o los rojos?-What do you prefer, the black or the red gloves? ¿Quieres una camisa floja or una estrecha?-Do you want a loose or a tight shirt? You must use the same article that was previously mentioned in the sentence. E.g. Los guantes. You would need to use the same definite article: los, plus the adjective. Una camisa. Same indefinite article: una, plus the adjective But the indefinite article “un” changes to “uno” in front of the adjective. ¿Quieres un gorro blanco o uno azul?-Do you want a white or a blue hat? And to respond: Quiero uno verde, por favor.-I want a green one, please. When someone asks you ¿Quieres un/una ______ ______? Do you want a (adjective) (item)? You can respond by saying Quiero un/una (adjective)-I want a (adjective) one, without repeating the noun again. Practice-remove the 2nd noun and add the same article in front of the adjective (except for un). And also respond to the question without repeating the noun. ¿Te gusta el bolso marrón o el bolso violeta?-Do you like the brown purse or the purple purse? ¿Te gusta el bolso marrón o el violeta? Me gusta el marrón. ¿Te gusta la falda corta o la falda larga?-Do you like the short skirt or the long skirt? ¿Te gusta la falda corta o la larga? Me gusta la larga. ¿Prefieres los guantes negros o los guantes rojos?-Do you perfer the black gloves or the red gloves? ¿Prefiero los guantes negros o los rojos? Me gusta los negros. ¿Quieres un gorro azul o un gorro verde?-Do you want a blue hat or a green hat? ¿Quieres un gorro azul o uno verde? Quiero uno azul. Using nouns as adjectives is very common in Spanish. Las botas son de goma.-The boots are rubber. La cartera es de cuero.-The wallet is leather, La mecedora es de madera.-The rocking chair is wooden. Just use _____ es/son + de ______ to say (noun) is made of (noun). You don’t have to use está/están hecho de-is made of, e.g. you can just say the chair is wooden instead of the chair is made of wood. Practice-respond to questions with a short phrase. Use this formula: article + de + noun (material). ¿Prefieres un suéter de algodón o uno de lana?-Do you prefer a cotton or a wool sweater? Prefiero uno de lana.-I perfer the wool one. ¿Quieres las botas de cuadros o las de lunares?-Do you want the plaid or the dots boot? Quiero las de cuadros.-I want the plaid one. ¿Te gusta el paraguas de rayas o el rojo?-Do you like the striped or the red umbrella? Me gusta el rojo.-I like the red one. ¿Quieres un vaso de plástico o uno de vidrio?-Do you want a plastic cup or a glass? Quiero uno de vidrio.-I want the glass one. Reference Words in this lesson cotton el algodón rubber la goma plastic el plástico silk la seda denim la mezclilla silver la plata gloves los guantes stocking cap el gorro gold el oro striped de rayas leather el cuero tight estrecho loose flojo umbrella el paraguas plaid de cuadros wallet la cartera polka-dotted de lunares wood la madera rocking chair la mecedora wool la lana Lesson 14 “To become” with Ponerse, Volverse, Hacerse, & Convertirse There are several ways to say “to become/get” with different uses. “To become/get”-Ponerse, Hacerse, Volverse, Convertirse en Only phrases can be used with specific nouns and adjectives Ponerse can be used with adjectives of emotion and temporary conditions. Cuando hablo en público, me pongo nerviosa.-When I speak in public, I get nervous. Te pusiste enferma porque siempre caminas en la lluvia.-You got sit because you always walk in the rain. Adjectives of Ponerse: triste-sad, furioso-furious, contento-happy, serio-serious, molesto-uncomfortable, alegre-cheerful, de buen/mal humor-of good/bad mood. Volverse can be used with adjectives of emotion and very sudden conditions. Esteban va a volverse loco con todo el trabajo que tiene.-Esteban is going to go crazy with all the work that he has. Nadie sabe porque se volvió alérgica a los gatos.-No one knows why she became allergic to cats. Adjectives of Volverse: loco-crazy, alérgico-allergic, antipático-unpleasant and huraño-shy. Hacerse can be used with adjectives and nouns that indicate permanent changes or changes by a deliberate action. It can be used with professions, religion, political affiliation, and financial statements. Julia estudió mucho y se hizo profesora en tres años.-Julia studied a lot and became a professor in 3 years. Me hice rico después de la venta de mi mansión.-I got rich after I sold my mansion. Nos hicimos liberales después del último presidente.-We became liberal after the last president. Nouns of Hacerse: doctor-doctor, abogado-lawyer, Católico-Catholic, Musulmán-Muslim and liberal-liberal. Adjectives of Hacerse of permanent changes: bueno-good, malo-bad, rico-rich, pobre-poor, y popular-popular “Llegar a ser” is very similar to “hacerse”, it also means to become/get. Julia estudió mucho y llegó a ser profesora en tres años.-Julia studied a lot and became a professor in 3 years. Llegué a ser rico después de la venta de mi mansion.-I got rich after I sold my mansion. Convertirse en can be used with nouns that indicate a change of things/objects It can be used for home renovations, name change etc. Su casa se convirtió en un hotel.-Their house was converted into a hotel. El carbon puede convertirse en gas.-Coal can be turned into gas. Only use convertirse en with things or objects, not people. Review Ponerse Only use with adjectives of temporary changes Triste, contento, nervioso, serio, de buen/mal humor etc. Volverse Only use with adjectives of strong or negative changes Loco, desobediente, antipático, alérgico, huraño, etc. Hacerse/Llegar a ser Only use with adjectives and nouns of permanent changes Profesiones, religiones, filaciones políticas, estados financieros, etc. Convertirse en Only use with nouns of permanent changes in things or objects, not with people. Practice-choose the correct one to go in the gaps El jefe _ __furioso con algunos empleados.-The boss becomes very angry with certain employees. se pone/se vuelve/se hace/se convierte Después de muchos años de estudio, Elena _ __ veterinaria.-After lots of years of studying, Elena se puso/se volvió/se hizo/se convirtió becomes a vet. _ __ muy contenta cuando recibí tu carta.-I become delighted when I received your letter. me puse/me volví/me hice/me convertí Durante el verano, los niños _ __ antipáticos.-During the summer, the children becomes unfriendly. se ponen/se vuelven/se hacen/se convierten La leche puede ______ en queso.-Milk can become cheese. ponerse/volverse/hacerse/convertirse Reference Words in this lesson to become allergic volverse alérgica to get nervous ponerse nerviosa to become angry ponerse furioso to become poor hacerse pobre to get in a bad mood ponerse de mal humor president el presidente coal el carbón to become a professor hacerse profesora to go crazy volverse loco to get rich hacerse rico to become a doctor hacerse doctor to become sad ponerse triste employees los empleados to get serious ponerse seria gasoline el gas to become timid volverse huraña to become happy ponerse contenta to become unpleasant volverse antipáticos letter la carta to become upset ponerse molesto Lesson 15 Prepositions A, Pero, Sino, and Sino Que. Go on Vacation Pero vs. Sino “A personal” “A personal” are used with direct objects and indirect objects. But there is a specific thing when the object is a person. Difference between with people and without people Levanté mi equipaje sobre la báscla.-I lifted my luggage onto the scale. Levanté a mi hija en el carrito de equipaje.-I lifted my daughter onto the luggage cart. Oyó el anuncio en el aeropuerto.-He heard the announcement in the airport. Oyó a la guarda jurado dando instrucciones.-He heard the security guard giving instructions. Vi mi silla en la clase turística.-I saw my seat in the business class. Vi a Alejandra en la primera clase.-I saw Alexandra in first class. Coloqué mi equipaje de mano en el compartamiento superior.-I put my carry-on luggage in the overhead bin. Coloqué a mi niña en su asiento de bebé.-I put my daughter in her car seat. “A personal”-Put “a” in front of the direct object that is a person. A la guarda jurado A Alejandra A mi hija Do not use “a” with objects or things except for domestic animals. Do not use “a” to wild animals. Acaricio a mi perro, Albus.-I pet my dog, Albus. Acaricio la llama.-I pet the llama. Also it can be used for countries/cities of origin and sentimental items. Cuando viajo, extraño mucho a España.-When I travel, I really miss Spain. Siempre abrazo a mi muñeca antes de dormime.-I always hold my doll before I go to sleep. Don’t use “A Personal” after neither Tener nor Haber. Tengo dos hermanos.-I have 2 brothers. Hay mucha gente en este avión.-There are a lot of people on this plane. Review Use “A personal” for direct objects that people, domestic animals, places o sentimental items. Practice-decide whether to use “a” or not depending on the direct object Vi el crucero en la bahía.-I saw the cruise ship in the bay. No “a”. Acaricio a mi gatito, Snapdragon.-I caress my kitten, Snapdragon. Vi a mi hermana en una tumbona junta a la piscina.-I saw my sister in a beach chair by the pool. Hay niños en el tobogán y el trampolín.-There are children in the slide and diving board. There are different uses between Pero, Sino and Sino que, they all mean but. Me gustaría ir al fuerte y las ruinas, pero está lloviendo.-I would like to go the fort and the ruins, but it is raining. No hay un restaurante, sino un bufé.-There isn’t a resturant, but rather a buffet. No quiero montar en vehículo todo terreno, sino que montar en moto todo terreno.-I don’t want to ride an all terrain vehicle, but instead ride a dirtbike. Quiero relajarme en la suana, pero quiero un masaje también.-I want to relax in the sauna, but I want a massage as well. No quiero ver la salida del sol, sino la puesta del sol.-I don’t want to see the sunrise, but rather the sunset. No hicimos paragüismo, sino que fuimos de excurción.-We didn’t go kayaking, instead we went hiking. Sino is used to contradict the first part of a negative phrase. No ___________, sino ____________.-Not ___________, but rather ____________. Sino que is used if the contradiction is between two verbs. Pero is used when the first part of the phrase is positive. It’s used more for comparisons instead of contradictions. Practice-choose to use sino, sino que or pero in a sentence No quiero ver las ruinas, (sino/sino que/pero) el fuerte.-I don’t want to see the ruins, but rather the fort. Estoy cansada, (sino/sino que/pero) quiero relajarme en la sauna.-I am tired, but I want to relax in the sauna. No buceamos, (sino/sino que/pero) tomamos el sol.-We didn’t go scubadiving, but rather sunbathe. Queremos pasar más tiempo en el crucero, (sino/sino que/pero) hay demasiadas aventuras en los puertos.-We want to spend more time on the cruise ship, but there are too many adventures in the ports. Reference Words in this lesson all terrain vehicle el vehículo todo terreno beach chair la tumbona carry-on luggage el equipaje de mano luggage el equipaje car seat el asiento de bebé massage el masaje check-in la facturación pool la piscina coach section la clase turística ruins las ruinas cruise ship el crucero security guard la guarda jurado diving board el trampolín slide el tobogán first class section la primera clase sauna la sauna fort el fuerte sunset la puesta del sol to go kayaking hacer piragüismo to pet acariciar 2