info for spainishdict.com lessons Module 2

Modulo 2 Index Lesson Page 1 Professions and Questions 2 2 The Informal Future and Holidays 3 3 Parties with Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns 5 4 Comparisons and Superlatives 7 5 The Morning Rotine and Reflexive Verbs 9 6 The Preterit and Travels 10 7 Irregular Preterit and Travels 12 8 “Kind of” Irregular Preterit 14 9 Childhood and The Imperfect Tense 17 10 The Preterit vs The Imperfect 20 11 Negative and Indefinite Words in the School 21 12 Informal Commands in the Kitchen 24 13 Negative Informal Commands in the Wilderness 25 14 Formal Commands in a Restaurant 27 15 Healthy Recommendations in the Subjunctive 28 Modulo 2 Lesson 1 Professions and Questions Profesiones-professions Preguntas-questions Trabajar (regular AR verb) -to work ¿Qué hace él? Es policia.-What does he do? He is a policeman. There are nouns that are exceptional. La policia-policewoman el policia-policeman La recepcionista-woman receptionist el recepcionista-man receptionist ¿Dónde trabaja la enfermera? Trabaja en el hospital.-Where does the nurse work? She works in the hospital. ¿Cuándo va a su trabajo? Va a las ocho y media de la mañana.-Where does he/she go to his/hers work. He/she goes at 8:30 in the morning. ¿Por qué es cocinero? Porque le gusta cocinar.-Why is he a cook? Because he likes to cook. ¿Por qué?-Why? Porque-because ¿Cuánto gana el camarero cada hora? Gana diez dolares cada hora.-How much does the waiter wish per hour? The waiter wishes 10 dollars per hour. ¿Cómo es el músico? Es muy talentoso.-How is the musician? He/she is very talented. ¿Quién trabaja en el aeropuerto? El piloto trabaja en el aeropuerto.-Who works in the airplane? The pilot works in the airplane. ¿Es peligroso ser bombero? Si, es muy peligroso cuando hay un fuego.-Is it dangerous to be a fireman? Yes, it is very dangerous when there is a fire. For the last question ¿Es peligroso ser bombero?-is it dangerous to be a fireman? If you wanted to say it is dangerous to be a fireman?, say es peligroso ser bombero?. You only have to change the tone of your voice. In a statement, the subject comes before the verb. Antonio es mecánico.-Antonio is a mechanic. (Sub) (verb) (noun) Change this into a question by switching the subject with the verb. Es Antonio mecánico?-Is Antonio a mechanic? ¿Qué hace él?-What does he do? Qué-Interrogative hace-verb él-subject ¿Dónde trabaja ella?-Where does she work? Don’t have to use ella unless you are talking about him/her specifically. Do not use indefinite articles with professions. E.g. Soy profesora de español-I am a Spanish teacher. Eres estudiante-you are a student. Practice-put the words in the correct order ¿hace/qué/tu padre?-¿Qué hace tu padre? Mi padre es agricultor.-What does your father do? My father is a farmer. ¿es/tu madre/por qué/vendedora?-¿Por qué es tu madre vendedora? Porque le gusta la ropa.-Why is your mother a seller? Because she likes clothes. ¿trabaja/cuándo/tu hermana?-¿Cuándo trabaja tu hermana? Mi hermana trabaja a las tres y media de la tarde.-When does your sister work? My sister works at 3:30 in the afternoon. ¿trabajan/tus hermanos/dónde?-¿Dónde trabajan tus hermanos? Tyler es marinero y trabaja en el mar. Porter es soldado y no sé donde trabaja. Where does your brothers work? Tyler is a sailor and he works in the sea. Porter is a soldier and I don’t know where he works. No sé-I don’t know Quiz-Answer question about professions ¿Dónde trabaja el doctor?-Where does the doctor work? El doctor trabaja en el hospital.-The doctor works in the hospital. ¿Dónde trabaja el cartero?-Where does the post man work? El cartero trabaja en la oficina de correos.-The post man works in the postshop. ¿Qué hace el fotógrafo?-What does the photographer do? El fotógrafo saca fotos.-The photo takes photos. ¿Quién trabaja en la oficina?-Who works in the office? El hombre de negocios y la recepcionista trabajan en la oficina.-The businessman and the receptionist work in the office. ¿Cuándo va al trabajo la sirvienta?-When does the servant (female) go to work? La sirvienta va al trabajo a las ocho de la mañana-The servant (female) goes to work at 8:30 in the morning, ¿Por qué es veterinaria?-Why is she a veterinary surgeon? Es veterinaria porque le gustan los animales.-She is a veterinary surgeon because she likes animals. Reference Words in this lesson businessman el hombre de negocios photographer el fotógrafo cook el cocinero pilot el piloto doctor el doctor policeman el policía farmer el agricultor postman el cartero fireman el bombero receptionist la recepcionista hairdresser la peluquera sailor el marinero maid la sirvienta soldier el soldado mechanic el mecánico vet la veterinaria musician el músico waiter el camarero nurse la enfermera sales associate la vendedora Lesson 2 The Informal Future and Holidays Informal future-IR + A + infinitive -it basically means going to do Para el día de San Valentin, voy a comer en un restaurante con mi novio.-On Valentine’s day, I am (Informal future) going to eat in a restaurant with my boyfriend. Para el día de independencia, van a ir al parque.- On Independence day, they are going to go to (Informal future)-means they are going to go the park. IR+a+IR is kind of weird. But the formula is IR + A + Infinitive and IR is an infinitive. Practice-Conjugate IR (Nosotros)(Ir)-Vamos a celebrar mi cumpleaños mañana.-We are going to celebrate my birthday tomorrow. (Mi mamá-ella)(Ir)-Va a dar una fiesta para mi cumpleaños.-My mum is going to give a party for my birthday. (Tú)(Ir)-Vas a cantar una canción en la fiesta.-You are going to sing a song at the party. (Ellos)(Ir)-Van a bailar mucho.-They are going to dance a lot. (Yo)(Ir)-Voy a recibir muchos regales y tarjetas de cumpleaños.-I am going to receive lots of presents and birthday cards. La Nochevieja-New Year’s Eve-December 31th (Ellos)(Ir)-Van a comer 12 uvas para la Nochevieja.-They are going to eat 12 grapes on New Year’s Eve. They are going to eat 1 grape each countdown to the new year. 12 grapes stands for luck in the coming 12 months. Also, wearing red underwear is said to bring good luck. La Nochebuena-Christmas Eve-December 24th-Go to midnight church service. (Ellos)(Ir)-Van a ir a la iglesia a la medianoche-They are going to go to the church on Christmas eve. La Navidad-Christmas-December 25th-exchange of gifts, lots of delicious food and family time El Dia de los Reyes Magos-Three Kings Day-January 6th-The day the 3 wise man found Jesus, children will write letters to the wise man to tell them their behaviour in the previous year and asking for certain gifts. On January 5th the children will place their shoes outside the door filled with grass and straw for the camels of the 3 kings. When they wake up in the morning, all the grass and straw has disappeared and the shoes are filled with candy. (Ellos)(Ir)-Van a comer muchos caramelos para el Dia de los Reyes Magos.-They are going to eat lots of candy on Three Kings day. El Día de los Muertos-The day of the died-November 1st for children who have died -November 2nd for adults who have died In Mexico, families celebrate the memory of their family members who have died by cleaning up and placing flowers, toys, poems, stories etc on their graves. Also, the food and drink are set out for the spirit of the dead to help them on the long journey of their afterlife. (Yo)(Ir)-Voy a compare flores para el Día de los Muertos.-I am going to put flowers on the day of the died. El carnival Los desfiles-parades There are lots of music. Los disfrazes extravagantes-outlandish customes (Yo)(Ir)-Voy a bailar la samba en el desfile para el Carnaval.-I am going to dance the samba in the paradefor the carnival. La Semana Santa-Preperation for Easter(la pascua). In Spain, there are street possessions, where people will dress up in robes and carry a platform with lifelike wooden sculptures that shows the scenes of Jesus’ life. (Ella)(Ir)-Va a ir a la iglesia.- She is going to go to the church. Las Fallas-The faults In Spain, each neighborhood builds giant statues out of cardboard, wood and plaster and are representations of celebrities, politicians etc. On the last of the 5 nights, there will be Los fuegos artificiales-fireworks El fuego-fire (Yo)(Ir)-Voy a mirar los fuegos artificiales y los fuegos grandes.-I am going to watch the fireworks and large fires. Reference Words in this lesson Three Kings Day el Día de los Tres Magos gift el regalo birthday el cumpleaños Independence Day el Día de Independencia candy los caramelos mask la máscara card la tarjeta New Year's Eve la Nochevieja Christmas la Navidad parade el desfile costume el disfraz party la fiesta Easter la Pascua Holy Week la Semana Santa fire el fuego to celebrate celebrar fireworks los fuegos artificiales to sing cantar flowers las flores Valentine's Day el Día de San Valentín Lesson 3 Parties with Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Juan da el pastel a Jaime.-John gives the cake to Jamie. (Direct object) Direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb. Direct Object Pronouns Singular Plural 1st person Me Nos 2nd person Te Os 3rd person Lo (m), La (f) Los (m), Las (f) El pastel-3rd person singular, masculine. We use lo instead of the whole direct object. Juan da el pastel a Jaime.-Juan da lo a Jaime. Put the pronoun in front of the verb.-Juan lo da a Jaime. Direct object pronouns-replace nouns with direct object pronouns La piñata-La Nosotros-Nos Él-Lo El papel picado-Lo Tú-Te Ellos-Los Ella-La Unos gatitos-Los Unas muñecas-Las Martín tiene los globos.-Martin has the balloons. Martín los tiene. Tienes las luces.-You have lights. Las tienes. Sofía tiene la cámara.-Sofia has the camera. Sofía la tiene. Ana come un pastelito.-Ana eats a small cake. Ana lo come. Tiran las serpentinas.-They throw the streamers. Las tiran. Antonio saca fotos.-Antonio takes photos. Antonio las saca. Aaron apaga las velas del pastel de cumpleaños.-Aaron blow the birthday cake candles. Aaron las apaga. Indirect Objects are the recipients of direct objects. It tells you to whom. Juan da el pastel a Jaime. (Direct Object) (Indirect Object) You can also find the indirect object after the word a or para. If there is an indirect object, there must be an indirect object pronoun. Singular Plural 1st person Me Nos 2nd person Te Os 3rd person Le Les Juan lo da a Jaime. Use Le-to/for him Juan lo da a Jaime le. Indirect Object pronouns are always in front of the verb/direct object pronoun. Juan le lo da a Jaime. If both direct and indirect object pronouns begin with L, change the 1st L to an S. Juan se lo da a Jaime.-Juan gives it to Jaime. Make this shorter by taking off a Jaime. Juan se lo da. There must be an indirect object pronoun but doesn’t always have to have an indirect object phrase if we already knew this will happen to a specific person. Practice-indirect object pronouns Juan me da el pastel.-Juan gives me the cake. Juan te da un perrito a tí.-Juan gives a puppy to you. Juan nos da unas tazas de café.-Juan gives some coffee mugs to us. Juan les da unos aretes.-Juan gives some earrings to them. Final practice-both direct and indirect object pronouns Ana da un reloj a mí.-Ana gives me a watch.-Ana me lo da. Yo tiro el confeti a tí.-I throw the confetti to you.-Yo te lo tiro.-Te lo tiro. Tenemos una barbacoa para tí.-We have a barbecue for you.-Te la tenemos. Ricardo da el collar a Lisa.-Ricardo gives the necklace to Lisa.-Ricardo le lo da.-Ricardo se lo da. Reference Words in this lesson balloons los globos lights las luces barbeque la barbacoa necklace el collar camera la cámara paper decoration el papel picado coffee mug la taza de café pictures las fotografías confetti el confeti piñata la piñata cupcake el pastelito puppy el perrito doll la muñeca streamers las serpentinas earrings los aretes to blow out apagar candles las velas to throw tirar kitten el gatito watch el reloj Lesson 4 Comparisons and Superlatives Adjectives must match in gender and number to the nouns they modify. Él es alto. Él and alto-Singular, masculine Ella es baja. Ella and baja-Singular,feminine Comparisons In English, we say He is taller than her. She is shorter than him. He is more bored than her. She is less bored than him. Comparisons: To compare between people/things, use more/less + adjective + than. mas/menos + adjective + que El golf es más aburrido que el snowboarding.-Golf is more boring than snowboarding. El surf es más interesante que el ping-pong.-Surfing is more interesting than ping-pong. El tenis es menos popular que el fútbol.-Tennis less popular than soccer. El patinaje sobre hielo es menos peligroso que el hockey sobre hielo.-Ice skating is less dangerous than ice hocket. Irregular Comparisons Adjective Cpmparative Bueno-good Mejor-better Malo-bad Peor-worst Viejo-old Mayor-older Joven-young Menor-younger Practice-choose between two adjectives El fútbol americano es mejor/menor que el juego de bolos.-American football is better than Mi abuelo es peor/mayor que mi prima.-My grandfather is older than my cousin (female). El senderismo es peor/menor que el monopatinaje.-Hiking is worst than skateboarding. Mi hermano es menor/mejor que mi madre.-My brother is younger than my mother. Superlatives In English, we add est to an adjective signify an extreme. E.g. prettiest, ugliest. Add most/least in front of the adjective. E.g. least boring, most fun. In Spanish, superlatives: Definite article + most/least + adjective l/la/las/los + más/menos + adjective La música folklórica. La and folklórica-Singular, feminine. La música folklórica es la menos divertida.-Country music is the least fun music. La música rock es la más popular en los Estados Unidos.-Rock music is the most popular in the United States. La música flamenca es la más bonita para mí-Flamenco music is the most beautiful to me. La música rap es la menos interesante para mi madre.-Rap music is the least interesting to my mother. La música clásica es la menos popular.-Classic music is the least popular. You can also add para mi/ti etc. It means in my/your opinion etc. Practice-superlative-fill in the gaps and choose between 2 adjectives La música clásica es la más/menos bonita.-Classic music is the most/least beautiful. El basquetbol es el más/menos divertido.-Basketball is the most/least fun. El béisbol es el más/menos popular.-Baseball is the most/least popular. El voleibol es el más/menos importante.-Volleyball is the most/least important. Irregular superlatives Definite article + mejor-the best El fútbol americano es el mejor deporte para mí.-American Football is the best sport to me. Definite article + peor-the worst El golf es el peor deporte para mi.-Golf is the worst sport in my opinion. Final quiz-fill in the gaps and choose between 2 adjectives La música rock es la mejor/peor para mí.-Rock music is the best/worst in my opinion. La música folklórica es la mejor/peor para mí.-Country music is the best/worst in my opinion. El snowboarding es el mejor/peor para mí.-Snowboarding is the best/worst in my opinion. El béisbol es el major/peor para mí.-Baseball is the best/worst in my opinion. Reference Words in this lesson classical music la música clásica surfing el surf country music la música folklórica baseball el béisbol flamenco music la música flamenca basketball el básquetbol rap music la música rap football el fútbol americano rock music la música rock golf el golf bowling el juego de bolos hockey el hockey sobre hielo hiking el senderismo ping-pong el ping-pong ice-skating el patinaje sobre hielo soccer el fútbol skateboarding el monopatinaje tennis el tenis snowboarding el snowboard volleyball el voleibol Lesson 5 The Morning Routine and Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs perform the action on the subject. Reflexive verbs all have se attached to the infinitive. Bañarse-to take a bath Quitarse la ropa-to undress Lavarse el pelo-to wash one’s hair Atarse los zapatos-to tie one’s shoes Peinarse-to brush one’s hair Limarse las uñas-to cut one’s nails If you know the infinitive already, and if the subject is performing the action on himself/herself, add se to make it reflexive. Cepillar-to brush Cepillarse Bañar-to bathe Bañarse Lavar-to wash Lavarse If the subject is performing the action on someone/something, it is not reflexive, which means it doesn’t need the reflexive pronoun. Se seca el pelo-the person is drying her own hair Se seca el perro-the person is drying a dog When the action is being performed by the subject and on the subject, you use a reflexive pronoun. Me acuesto a las diez.-I go to bed at 10 o’clock. Me-reflexive pronoun Te cepillas el pelo cada mañana.-You brush your hair every morning. Te-reflexive pronoun Se seca el pelo.-She drys her hair. Se-reflexive pronoun Se afeita.-He shaves. Se-reflexive pronoun Se riza el pelo-She curls her hair. Se-reflexive pronoun Nos vestimos-we get dressed. Nos-reflexive pronoun Os ponéis perfume.-you all put on perfume(in Spain). Os-reflexive pronoun Se quitan la ropa.-They undress themselves. Se-reflexive pronoun Reflexive Pronouns Singular Plural 1st person Me Nos 2nd person Te Os 3rd person Se Se Practice (Yo)(Dormirse, stem change:o-ue)Me duermo a las 9:30-I fall sleep at 9:30. (Despertarse, stem change:e-ie)A las 6:30, David se despierta.-At 6:30, David wakes up. (Levantarse) A las 6:45, David se levanta.-At 6:45, David gets up. (Yo)(Ducharse)A las 7:30, me ducho.-At 7:30, I take a bath. (Yo)(Lavarse)A las 7:35, me lavo el pelo.-At 7:35, I wash my hair. (Ellos)(Cepillarse)Se cepillan los dientes después del desayuno.-They brush their teeth after breakfast. (Tú)(Vestirse, stem change:e-i)Te vistes a las 7:40.-You get dressed at 7:40. (Yo)(Irse)Me voy a las 8:15.-I am leaving at 8:15. Exceptions: If the verb is in its present progressive or needs to stay in its infinitive form, attach the reflexive pronoun to end of verb. Estoy secandome el pelo-I am drying my hair. Va a levantarse a las 7:00.-He is going to get up at 7 o’ clock. Tienes que sentarte.-you need to sit down. Lesson 6 The Preterit and Travels Leí un libro de frases útiles en el avión.-I read a book of useful frases on the plane Viste la fuente enorme por la primera vez.-You saw the giant fountain for the first time. Subió las escaleras para ir al Segundo piso.-He climbed the stairs to go the second floor. Tomamos un taxi al museo.-We took a taxi to the museum. Salisteis del hotel a las 9 de la mañana.-You all left the hotel at 9 in the morning. Viajaron a Cádiz hace 3 dias.-We traveled the Cadiz 3 days ago. Ella nació.-She was born. This happened at a specific point and begins and ended pretty definitely. El se morió.-He died, This also happened at a very specific moment in the past. Preterit stem: remove the last 2 letters of infinitive. AR preterit endings Singular Plural 1st person é amos 2nd person aste asteis 3rd person ó aron It is very important to carry the subject and the accents to show the difference between present and preterit tense and to clearly show who did the action. Practice-choose the correct endings. (Ellos) Tomar (aron/ó) un taxi.-Tomaron un taxi.-They took a taxi. (Vosotros) Tomar (aste/asteis) un taxi.-Tomasteis un taxi.-You (all) took a taxi. (Nosotras) Viajar (amos/aron) a cinco países este verano.-Viajamos a cinco países este verano.-We traveled to 5 countries this summer. (Ella) Viajar (ó/é) a tres ciudades en tres días.-Viajó a tres ciudades en tres días.-She traveled to 3 cities in 3 days. Ver-To see (Preterit Conjugations) Irregular Singular Plural 1st person Vi (irregular) Vimos 2nd person Viste Visteis 3rd person Vio (irregular) Vieron Viste las estatuas grandes en el parquet real.-You saw the big statues in Royal Park. Leyó la guía para Madrid seis veces.-You read the guys to Madrid six times. But He read was suppose to be leió, they are 3 vowels next to each other so instead of the i, we use a y. So it becomes leyó. This applies to the 3rd person plural as well. So Leieron becomes leyeron. Subimos muchas escalera en la torre.-We climbed many stairs in the tower. Subisteis las escaleras para ir al segundo piso.-You climbed the stairs to get to the 2nd floor. Salieron el hotel a las 7 esta mañana.-They left the hotel at 7 this morning. Regular Preterit ER and IR endings Singular Plural 1st person í imos 2nd person iste isteis 3rd person ió ieron Practice-Choose the correct endings (Tú) Leer (ieron/iste) el libro de frases útiles tres veces.-Leiste el libro de frases útiles tres veces.-You read the book of useful frases 3 times. (Nosotros) Salir (ió/imos) para el aeropuerto a las 5:30.-Salimos para el aeropuerto a las 5:30.-We leave for the airport at 5:30. (Yo) Subir (í/ió) las escaleras para ir al segundo piso.-Subí las escaleras para ir al segundo piso.-I climbed the stairs to get to the 2nd floor. (Vosotros) Subir (iste/isteis) escaleras en lugar de usar el ascensor.-Subisteis escaleras en lugar de usar el ascensor.-You (all) climbed the stairs instead of using the elevator. Reference Words in this lesson We took a taxi Tomamos un taxi You left Salisteis They took a taxi Tomaron un taxi They left Salieron You took a taxi Tomasteis un taxi I climbed the stairs Subí las escaleras We traveled Viajamos You climbed the stairs Subiste las escaleras You traveled Viajasteis He climbed the stairs Subió las escaleras They traveled Viajaron I saw Vi I read Leí You saw Viste You read Leíste He saw Vio He read Leyó He died Se murió We left Salimos She was born Nació Lesson 7 Irregular Preterit and Travels There are technically only 3 irregular verbs in the preterit tense. Dar (AR verb)-to give Ser (ER verb)-to be Ir (IR verb)-to go Simple Present conjugations Dar-To give (irregular yo) Singular Plural 1st person Doy (irregular) Damos 2nd person Das Dais 3rd person Da Da Ser-To be (irregular verb) Singular Plural 1st person Soy Somos 2nd person Eres Sois 3rd person Es Son Ir-To go (irregular verb) Singular Plural 1st person Voy Vamos 2nd person Vas Váis 3rd person Va Van Regular Preterit ER and IR endings Singular Plural 1st person í imos 2nd person iste isteis 3rd person ió ieron Irregular Preterit ER and IR endings Singular Plural 1st person i imos 2nd person iste isteis 3rd person io ieron Preterit Dar: Use the ER/IR endings with the accents Dar stem is D. Then add the endings. Un parque de diversions-An amusement park Le di el boleto.-I gave him the tickets. Me diste el boleto.-You gave me the tickets. Le dio el boleto a él.-He gave the ticket to him. Te dimos el boleto.-We gave the ticket to you. Me disteis el boleto.-You gave me the tickets. Me dieron el boleto.-They gave me the tickets. (Yo) le DAR un plátano al mono.-Le di un plátano al mono.-I gave a banana to the monkey. If you have an indirect object, you have to include the indirect object pronoun, in this case le. Practice-fill in the gaps Pilar le (Dar) dio una manzana al oso.-Pilar gave the bear an apple. Le (Nosotros)(Dar) dimos un pescado a la nutria.-We gave a fish to the otter. Mis amigos le (Dar) dieron una manzana al elefante.-My friends gave an apple to the elephant. Le (Tú)(Dar) diste un pollo al tigre.-You gave a chicken to the tiger. Both Ser and IR have the exact same conjugations in the preterit, not that they share the same endings, they are exactly the same. These conjugations are super-irregular. They don’t look like Ser or Ir, in fact, they start with an F. It is hard to get these words confused even if they are exactly the same because they have different uses. Fueron al zoológico can only be understand as they went to the zoo because they were to the zoo doesn’t make any sense. Also las clases fueron fáciles can only mean the classes were easy because the classes went easy doesn’t make sense. So fueron can only be the preterit of ser. Fui al campo por autobus.-I went to the countryside by bus. Fuiste a España por avión.-You went to Spain on an airplane. Fue una fiesta fantástica.-It was a fantastic party. Fuimos a bucear por barca.-We went to scuba dive on a boat. Fuisteis al zoológico por coche.-You all went to the zoo in a car. Los mandriles fueron muy interesantes.-The baboons were really interesting. Reference Words in this lesson city la ciudad bear el oso country el campo parrot el loro zoo el zoológico llama la llama amusement park el parque de diversiones elephant el elefante tickets los boletos lion el león boat el barco tiger el tigre airplane el avión otter la nutria bus el autobús panda bear el oso panda car el coche crocodile el cocodrilo monkey el mono baboon el mandril Lesson 8 “Kind of” Irregular Preterit “Kind of” Irregular verbs may have stem and spelling changes. It is kind of irregular because there’s only change in one or two letters. We are going to use the irregular preterit endings ER/IR endings without the accents. Also, without the “i” en 3rd person singular. Irregular Preterit ER and IR endings Singular Plural 1st person e imos 2nd person iste isteis 3rd person o ieron There are 4 categories of kind of irregular verbs: I, U, J, and UV “I” verbs: hacer-to make or do, querer-to want and venir-to arrive. These 3 verbs will use an “I” instead of the main vowel in the infinitive. Take the stem of venir-so it becomes ven-but the main vowel in this case e changes to an “I”-Vin then add the endings This works for all 3 verbs: Venir-ven-vin Hacer-hac-hic Querer-quer-quis Also for hacer-to make/do, the 3rd person singular hico changes to hizo. E.g. Manuel hizo su tarea.-Manuel did his homework. (Ellos) (Venir) por coche-Vinieron por coche.-They arrived by car. (Yo) (Venir) a las 9 anoche.-Vine a las 9 anoche-I arrived at 9 o’clock last night. (Nosotros) (Venir) tarde a la fiesta-Vinimos tarde a la fiesta.-We arrived late at the party. “U” verbs: caber-to fit or to be possible, haber-to have (used in compound tenses or for expressing existence), poder-to be able to, poner-to put, saber-to know For these verbs will use a “U” instead of the main vowel. Poner-pon-pus Poner la mesa-to set the table, but in most cases poner means to put E.g. Se puso los guantes-He put on the gloves. Preterit without the reflexive pronoun Puse el cilantro en el plato.-I put the cilantro on the dish. Pusiste el cilantro en el plato.-You put the cilantro on the dish. (Ella) (Poner) el cilantro en el plato.-Puso el cilantro en el plato-She put the cilantro on the plate. “J” verbs: conducer-to drive, decir-to say or to tell, traducer-to translate, traer-to bring or to carry. Conducer and traducer conjugate the same way, replacing the “c” at the end with a “j” then adding the preterit endings. Conduje el autobus en Irlanda.-I drove the bus in Ireland. Condujiste el autobus en Marruecos.-You drove the bus in Marrueco. (Él) (Conducir) el autobus en Escocia.-Condujo el autobus en Escocia.-He drove the bus in Scotland. Traducir (change c to j) Nosotros: Tradujimos Vosotros: Tradujisteis Ellos/as Ustedes Tradujeron For the 3rd person plural verb stems that end in “j” will use “eron” instead of “ieron”. The same applies to Condujeron-to drive, use “eron” instead of “ieron”. Decir-to tell Decir-Dic-Dij Dije un cuento fantástico.-I told a fantastic story. Dijimos la verdad.-We told the truth. Traer-to bring Traer-Tra-Traj(add j) then add the endings Traje, Trajiste, Trajo, Trajimos, Trajisteis and Trajeron “UV” verbs: andar-to walk, estar-to be and tener-to have. You are going to change the spelling to include UV. Andar-to walk Andar-And-anduv-then add the irregular preterit endings. Anduve en el Parque del Buen Retiro ayer.-I walked in Buen Retiro park yesterday. Anduvo al restaurante a las ocho.-She walked to the restaurant at 8 o’clock. (Tú) (Andar) en el parque.-Anduviste en el parquet-you walked to the park. Estar-to be Estar-Est-Estuv-then add the irregular preterit endings. Estuve, Estuviste, Estuvo, Estuvimos, Estuvisteis, Estuvieron. Tener-to have Tener-Ten-then also remove the next two letters-T-add UV Tuv-Then add the irregular preterit endings. Tuve, Tuviste, Tuvo, Tuvimos, Tuvisteis, Tuvieron. There are also a few spelling stem changes that are very easy. All the spelling changes are there to preserve the pronunciation. They use the preterit endings as you would expect them to use. AR will use the AR preterits, and ER/IR will use ER/IR preterit endings with an accent. Spelling changers: Jugar-to play, Tocar-to touch, cruza-to cross Jugar has G as the consonant sound, Tocar-C and Cruzar-Z But in the preterit conjugations in the yo form, the ending is going to be an “é”. These pronunciations change when followed by an e. Ge or Gi will make the sound of He or Hi Ce or Ci will make the sound of Se or Si Ze or Zi will make the sound of Ze or Zi Jugar-to play Yo Jugé (pronunciation: who-hey), but it doesn’t sound right. So we add a “u” to make it Yo Jugué (pronunciation: who-gey). Jugué al fútbol esta tarde.-I played soccer this afternoon. All GAR verbs will have a GUÉ ending for the 1st person singular (yo) in the preterit. Pagar-to pay (Yo) Pagar-Pagué All CAR verbs (e.g. Tocar-to touch) will do this in the 1st person singular (yo): Take off the last 2 letters, and then change the C to a QU. So the ending will be QUÉ in the preterit. Toqué el agua en la fuente.-I touched the water in the fountain. Buscar-to look for (Yo) Buscar-Busqué All ZAR verbs (e.g. Cruzar-to cross) will do this in the 1st person singular: Take off the last 2 letters, then change the Z to a C to maintain the S sound. So the ending will be CÉ in the preterit. Crucé la calle para ir al museo.-I crossed the street to get to the museum. Memorizar-to memorize (Yo) Memorizar-Memoricé Stem changing AR and ER verbs do not maintain the change in the preterit. Stem changing IR verbs (e to ie, e to i, o to u) also do not keep change except for 3rd person singular and plural do change (e to i, o to u). Sentir (e to ie)-to feel Singular Plural 1st person Sentí Sentimos 2nd person Sentiste Sentisteis 3rd person Sintió Sintieron In the simple present, it has a e to ie change. In the preterit, you’re just going to use the regular stem for 1st and 2nd person singular and plural. In the 3rd person singular and plural, you are going to have an e to I stem change. Dormir (o to u)-to sleep Singular Plural 1st person Dormí Dormimos 2nd person Dormiste Dormisteis 3rd person Durmió Durmieron In the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural, you will use Dorm as the stem. But in the 3rd person singular and plural, the o is going to change into a u. Reference Words in this lesson I walked anduve He drove condujo She walked anduvo I put puse You walked anduviste We told dijimos I arrived vine She slept durmió We arrived vinimos I touched toqué They arrived vinieron He touched tocó She put puso I told dije You put pusiste I crossed crucé I drove conduje He crossed cruzó You drove condujiste I slept dormí Lesson 9 Childhood and The imperfect tense There are 2 forms of past: preterit and imperfect The imperfect tense describes past actions without definite beginning or end. De niño, jugaba con muñecas.-As a child, I played the dolls. This is different from I played the dolls at 2 o’clock to 4 o’ clock yesterday afternoon because it begins with a definite beginning and end. The imperfect is perfect for times when it is not specific or an action that happened over and over in the past. Mis padres siempre almorzaben a la una de la tarde.-My parents always ate lunch at 1 in the afternoon. But even if there is a specific time mentioned, this action happened at over an unknown amount of time. The preterit and the imperfect can have the same meaning in English, e.g. my parents ate lunch. In Spanish, the imperfect gives a very general idea of something that happened in the past, it doesn’t have to happen in a specific time where it began or ended. E.g. De niño-As a child a menudo-often a veces-sometimes Por lo general-generally todo el tiempo-all the time Jugaba con mi oso de peluche cada día.-I used to play with my teddy bear every day. Siempre te peleabas en el patio de recreo.-You always fought on the playground. Mi hermana saltaba a la cuerda por las tardes.-My sister used to jump ropes in the afternoon. Jugaba, peleabas, saltaba are all AR verbs. The imperfect AR endings are aba plus personal endings. Imperfect AR endings Singular Plural 1st person aba ábamos 2nd person abas abais 3rd person aba aban The 1st and 3rd person singular endings are exactly the same, but you know whether it is 1st or 3rd person by context. Let’s use Jugar in the imperfect tense. Jugar-To play Singular Plural 1st person Jugaba Jugábamos (accent on 1st a) 2nd person Jugabas Jugabais 3rd person Jugaba Jugaban Jugaba con bloques cada día.-I used to play with blocks everyday. Jugabas videojuegos todo el tiempo.-You played videogames all the time. Jugaba con muñecas.-She used to play with dolls. Jugábamos con muñecos de mi hermano.-We used to play with my brother’s action figures. Jugábais con el tren eléctrico en la escuela.-You all used to play with the electric train at school. Jugaban en el patio de recreo cada tarde.-They played in the playground each afternoon. ER and IR imperfect endings: Add ía to verb stems, then add personal endings (same as AR verbs). Let’s use the ER verb: Tener-To have Singular Plural 1st person Tenía Teníamos 2nd person Tenías Teníais 3rd person Tenía Tenían Tenía una tortuga se llama Sam.-I used to have a turtle called Sam. Tenías un triciclo rojo.-You used to have a red tricycle. Tenía un cobaya se llama Lily.-She used to have a Guinea pig called Lily. Teníamos muchos peces tropicales.-We used to have a lot of tropical fish. Siempre teníais los mejores muñecos.-You always had the best action figures. Tenían muchas pistolas de agua.-They used to have a lot of water guns. There are 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect: Ver-to see Ir-to go Ser-to be Ver imperfect endings: Ve +personal endings Ver-to see Singular Plural 1st person Veía Veíamos 2nd person Veías Veíais 3rd person Veía Veían Ir imperfect endings: it uses the AR imperfect endings (aba), personal endings and then change the first “a” to an “i”. Ir-to go Singular Plural 1st person Iba Íbamos 2nd person Ibas Ibais 3rd person Iba Iban Ser is completely irregular in the imperfect tense. Cuando era niño, leía mucho.-When I was a little boy, I read a lot. Eras muy tímida en la escuela primaria.-You were really timid in elementary school. Era desobediente cuando tenía cuatro años.-She was really disobedient when she was 4. Eramos muy tímidas como niñas.-We were really shy as children. Cuando erais niños, siempre os peleaban.-When you all were young boys, you fought all the time. Mis muñecas eran las más bonitas.-My dolls were the most beautiful. Ser’s imperfect stem is era. Then you add the same personal endings. Ser-to be Singular Plural 1st person Era Eramos 2nd person Eras Erais 3rd person Era Eran Final practice-conjugate ser to the imperfect to fill in the gaps. Mi conejo Billy (Ser) era muy inteligente.-My rabbit Billy was very inteligent. (Yo)(Ser) Era tímida por mucho años.-I was shy for many years. Nuestros caballos, Cookie y Sugar, (Ser) eran enérgicos.-Our horses, Cookie and Sugar were strong. Reference Words in this lesson action figure el muñeco rope la cuerda blocks los bloques shy tímida rabbit el conejo teddy bear el oso de peluche disobedient desobediente to fight pelearse a fish un pez to jump rope saltar a la cuerda some fish unos peces electric train el tren eléctrico generous generosa tricycle el triciclo guinea pig el cobaya turtle la tortuga horses los caballos video games los videojuegos playground el patio de recreo watergun la pistola de agua Lesson 10 The Preterit vs. the imperfect Both the preterit and the imperfect describe an action that happened in the past. The preterit is used for specific times in the past. The imperfect is for general actions in the past. The imperfect sets the scene for events in the past. Imperfect: time/date, describing people, feelings, and actions of unknown duration. Estábamos en el parque porque era el 4 de julio.-We were in the park because it was the 4th July. Yo tenía cuatro años y mi hermano tenía dos años.-I was 4 years old and my brother was 2 years old. Estábamos muy felices porque era una vacación muy divertida.-We were really happy because it was a very fun vacation. Always use the imperfect when describing the date or time in the past. Always use the imperfect when describing emotions or states of mind. Eran las tres de la tarde durante el verano.-It was 3 in the afternoon during the summer. Hacía calor.-It was hot. Mi hermano lavaba el coche.-My brother was washing the car. Quiz-conjugate the infinitive to the imperfect tense to fill in the gaps (Nosotros)(Estar) Estábamos en casa durante el tornado.-We were in the house during a tornado. La tormenta (Ser) era muy fuerte.-The storm was very strong. (Llover) Llovía mucho.-It rained a lot. The Preterit is responsible for actions that happened once, and happened for a specific amount of time or to indicate the beginning or end of an action. Mi madre comió una galleta.-My mother ate a biscuit. Vi los fuegos artificiales.-I saw the fireworks. Quiz-conjugate the infinitive and fill in the gaps El volcán (entrar) entró en erupción.-The volcano entered eruption. El bombero (usar) usó el extintor de incendios.-The fireman used the fire extinguisher. El agua (llenar) llenó la casa durante la inundación.-The water filled the house during the flood. A lot of times, the preterit and the imperfect are used together to tell a story. All stories began with the imperfect to set the scene and something happens, a list of actions in the preterit follows and you can also add some present tense verbs to show the outcome of those preterit actions. Eran las nueve de la noche.-It was 9 at night. Estaba leyendo cuando un tornado ocurió.-I was reading when a tornado occured. Había humo e incendio en todas partes.-There was smoke and fire everywhere. Los bomberos llegaron.-The firemen arrived. Me llevó de la casa.-I was carried to the house. Me sentí en una silla de ruedas.-I was in a wheelchair. Los bomberos apagaban el incendio cuando la ambulancia llegó.-The firemen put out the fire when the ambulance arrived. El doctor me dió cinco puntos de sutura y unas muletas.-The doctor gave me five stitches and crutches. Ahora, tengo una escayola en el brazo y un vendaje en el dedo.-Now, I have a cast on my arm and a bandage on my finger. The imperfect verbs set the scene which is interrupted by a preterit verb. Final practice-conjugate the infinitive to the preterit/imperfect to fill in the gaps to complete the story. (Ser) Eran las tres de la tarde.-It was 3 in the afternoon. (Yo)(Estar) Estaba manejando a mi casa.-I was driving to my house. De repente, (llegar) llegó una ventisca con mucha nieve.- Suddenly there came a blizzard with heavy snow. Porque del embotellamiento, no (poder) podía mover.-Because of the traffic, I couldn’t move. Después, (tener) tuve un choque con otro coche.-Afterwards, I had a collision with another car. Reference Words in this lesson ambulance la ambulancia smoke el humo bandage el vendaje stitches los puntos de sutura blizzard la ventisca storm la tormenta car crash el choque to carry llevar cast la escayola to put out apagar crutches las muletas tornado el tornado fire el incendio traffic el embotellamiento fire extinguisher el extintor volcano el volcán flood la inundación wheel chair la silla de ruedas hurricane el huracán to erupt entrar en erupción Lesson 11 Negative and Indefinite words in the school Describe a day en la aula-the classroom in Spanish speaking countries using different negative and indefinite words. Indefinite Words: Somebody, Something and Some are used to refer to unspecific people or things. Negative words: Nobody, Nothing, Never, None and No are used to deny the existence of people or things, or to contradict statements. Alguien-somebody/anybody ¿Hay alguien en la clase que tiene una regla?-Is there anybody in the class that has a ruler? Algo-something ¿Tienes algo en tu mochila?-Do you have something in your backpack. Alguno-some/any/a Hay algún problema con la computadora.-There is some problems with the computer. When alguno precedes a singular masculine noun, it is shortened to algún. Because alguno is an adjective, it needs to match the noun it precedes. ¿Tienes alguna bola del mundo en tu aula?-Do you have a world of globe in your classroom? Practice-change alguno so that it matches in gender and number to the noun that follows it. To make it plural, add an “s” for masculine, change “o” to an “a” then add an “s” for feminine. You don’t need the accents for either plural form. Fill in the gaps. Hay (alguno) algunos pupitres extras en otra sala.-There are some extra desks in the other classroom. ¿Tienes (alguno) algún rotulador?-Do you have a marker? (Alguno) Algunas escuelas tienen un día feriado hoy.-Some schools have holiday today. Algún, Alguna, Algunos, Algunas can mean some/any/a. Papel, lápiz, pupitre, rotulador don’t end in an “a” or an “o”, it is hard to know what these gender are without the definite articles. There are some general rules to follow for the non a/o nouns. Feminine nouns can also end in: d, z and ión other than ending in an “a”. E.g. La felicidad-happiness La nariz-nose La canción-song But there are exceptions like el lápiz, it ends in a “z” but it is masculine and not feminine. Masculine nouns can also end in: e, vowel with an accent, and a consonant other than d or z other than an “o”. E.g. El pupitre-desk El papel-paper El rotulador-marker The 2 indefinite words are siempre-always and también-also. Siempre le pido papel de la profesora.-I always borrow paper from the teacher. También necesitas una carpeta y un cuaderno.-You also need a folder and a notebook. The negative in English is very different to Spanish. In Spanish, to create simple negative, all you have to do is add a no in front of the verb. No tiene un bolígrafo.-He doesn’t have a pen. No queiro escribir en la pizarra.-I don’t want to write on the board. No necesitas un lápiz.-You don’t need a pencil. Do/does are auxilary verbs in English but are not used in Spanish. You can use negative verbs in 2 different ways; you can put the negative word in front of the verb. Nadie le gustan los uniformes escolares.-Nobody likes the school uniforms. Ningunos de los alumnos tienen una mochila.-None of the students have a backpack. Or you can use a negative word in conjunction with the word no. When used with no, the negative word follows the verb while no precedes it, giving a double negative. No estudiamos nunca antes de un examen.-We never study before a test. No hay ninguna bandera en esta aula.-There’s not a flag in this classroom. Using double negatives in English is incorrect, but in Spanish there must always be a negative word in front of the verb. If that word is no, then the other negative words will follow the verb. In English, once a negative word has been used, no other negative words can be used. Instead, indefinite words are used. I never write anything instead of I never write nothing. But in Spanish, once a sentence is negative, no other indefinite or affirmative words can be used. All indefinite ideas must be expressed using a negative word. So I never write anything will be translated to Nunca escribo nada instead of Nunca escribo algo. If you need, you can use 3 or 4 negative words in a sentence. No uso nada de la tiza nunca.-He never uses any of the chalk. No puedo ver nunca a nadie de mi escritorio tampoco.-I can’t see anybody from my desk either. Negative and Indefinite Words Indefinite Negative Algo Something Nada Nothing Alguien Somebody Nadie Nobody Alguno Some, any, a Ninguno No, None Siempre Always Nunca Never También Also Tampoco Neither, Either Practice-Choose between the indefinite word and the negative word. If you don’t see any other negative words in the sentence, pick the indefinite word because the sentence is affirmative. If you see other negative words, then pick the negative word because the sentence is negative. No uso (siempre/nunca) el proyector en mis clases.-I never use the projector in my clasees. No traje (algo/nada) en mi mochila a clase hoy.- I did not bring anything in my backpack to class today. Hay (alguien/nadie) en mi pupitre.-There is somebody at my desk. ¿Puedes prestarme (algún, ningún) lápiz?-Can you lend me a pencil? Reference Words in this lesson backpack la mochila paper el papel chalk la tiza pen el bolígrafo chalkboard la pizarra pencil el lápiz classroom el aula projector el proyector computer la computadora ruler la regla flag la bandera school la escuela folder la carpeta student la alumna world globe la bola del mundo student desk el pupitre marker el rotulador teacher desk el escritorio notebook el cuaderno uniform el uniforme Lesson 12 Informal Commands in the Kitchen There are two types of commands when following a recipe: When you buy a cook book, all the verbs in the instructions are still in its infinitive form and not conjugated. This is impersonal, general commands used often in cook books. Mezclar el azúcar y la mantequilla en un cuenco.-Mix the sugar and the butter in a bowl. Cocinar las verduras en un sartén.-Cook the vegetables in a frying pan. Hornear en un molde en el horno por 30 minutos.-Bake in a pan in the oven for 30 minutes. Informal Tú Commands are for your friends, close relatives, children and classmates etc. You address people as tú instead of usted. Mezcla los ingredients con una cuchara.-Mix the ingredients with a spoon. Saca la mantequilla y la leche de la nevera.-Take the butter and milk out of the refrigerator. Hierve el azúcar y la leche en una cacerola.-Boil the sugar and the milk in a saucepan. All the verbs are conjugated to the 3rd person singular. Practice-conjugate these infinitives to the 3rd person singular fill in the gaps (Batir) Bate los huevos con una batidora.-Beat the eggs with a whisk. (Combinar) Combina los ingredientes en una olla.-Combine the ingredients in a pot. (Hervir, stem change:e-ie) Hierve el agua en una cacerola.-Boil the water in a saucepan. There are only 8 verbs that do not follow the 3rd person singular rule. They have their own special forms for the impersonal commands. The first five are GO verbs. For these, conjugate the infinitive to the 1st person singular and then take off “go” and you get the command. Decir-to tell Digo-I tell Di-tell Dime lo que sigue.-Tell me what comes next. Notice that the indirect object pronoun “me” is attached to the end of the command form. Always attach object pronons to the end of affirmative commands. Poner-to put Pongo-I put Pon-put Pon la mesa con un tenedor, un cuchillo, una servilleta, un plato, y un vaso para agua.-Set the table with a fork, a knife, a napkin, a plate and a water glass. Tener-to have Tengo-I have Ten-have/take Ten cuidado con la cocina caliente.-Take care with the hot stove. Salir-to leave Salgo-I go Sal-leave Sal de la cocina.-Leave the kitchen. Venir-to arrive Vengo-I arrive Ven-come Ven aquí para batir los huevos.-Come here so you can beat the eggs. The last 3 irregular verbs are Ir-to go, Hacer-to make/do and Ser-to be. Ir-to go becomes Ve-go Ve a la nevera para la leche.-Go to the refrigerator for the milk. Hacer-to make becomes Haz-make Haz un bizcocho chocolate para la fiesta.-Make some brownies for the party. Ser-to be becomes Sé-be (the accent is to differentiate from the reflexive pronoun se) Sé una cocina Buena.-Be a good cook. The informal command for Ser is exactly the same for the yo form Saber-to know. Reference Words in this lesson fork el tenedor saucepan la cacerola spoon la cuchara baking pan el molde knife el cuchillo refrigerator la nevera plate el plato oven el horno glass el vaso to boil hervir napkin la servilleta bowl el cuenco whisk el batidor butter la mantequilla to mix mezclar stove la cocina pot la olla flour la harina frying pan la sartén sugar el azúcar Lesson 13 Negative Informal Commands in the Wilderness There are rules to be followed when you are in a museum, or historical sites etc. Mostly rules began with no. No fumes.-Do not smoke. No pises las plantas.-Do not step on the plants. No nades en la catarata.-Do not swim in the waterfall. If you are going with a friend, they will use the tú form to talk to you. The affirmative tú commands use the 3rd person singular of the simple present. The negative tú commands use the 2nd person singular of the present subjunctive. The subjunctive-tú form (Caminar) No camines en el barro.-Don’t walk in the mud. (Comer) No comas de esa parilla sucia.-Don’t eat from that dirty grill. (Subir) No subas las piedras.-Don’t climb the rocks. (Salir) No salgas del sendero.-Don’t not leave the trail. Caminar-no camines Comer-no comas Subir-no subas Usually you will find the indicative stem by removing the infinitive ending. But to find the subjunctive stem, conjugate the infinitive to the 1st person singular and then minus the “o”. For most verbs, the subjunctive stem will be the same as the indicative stem. Indicative: Caminar-Camin Subjunctive: Caminar-Camino-Camin But there are some verbs that are different. Salir-No salgas Indicative stem: Salir-Sal Subjunctive stem: Salir-Salgo-Salg The Subjunctive tú endings: For AR verbs-es For ER and IR verbs-as Practice-Conjugate the infinitive to the subjunctive tú to fill in the gaps (Olvidar-to forget, Yo-Olvido) No olvides usar el repelente antiinsectos y el bloque del sol.-Don’t forget to use . (Permitir, Yo-Permito) No permitas a los mosquitoes ni las moscas entrar en la tienda de acampar.-Don’t let the mosquitos nor the flies in the tent. (Usar, Yo-Uso) No uses los fósforos para la leña mojada.-Don’t use the matches on the wet wood. (Pisar, Yo-Piso) No pises las hormigas.-Don’t step on the ants. (Mirar, Yo-Miro) No mires el sol con los binoculares.-Don’t look at the sun with the binoculars. (Molestar, Yo-Molesto) No molestes las ardillas.-Don’t bother the squirrels. Reference Words in this lesson ant la hormiga plant la planta binoculars los binoculares rock la piedra insect repellent el repelente antiinsectos squirrel la ardilla firewood la leña stream el riachuelo flashlight la linterna sun el sol fly la mosca sunblock el bloque del sol grill la parrilla tent la tienda de acampar match el fósforo to step on pisar mosquito el mosquito trail el sendero mud el barro waterfall la catarata Lesson 14 Formal Commands in a Restaurant We will be learning about formal commands using the usted and the ustedes of the subjunctive. Pase la sal y la pimiento.-Pass the salt and the pepper. Coma la ensalada con el aderezo italiano.-Eat the salad with the Italian dressing. Sirva el pan en una cesta.-Serve the bread in a basket. Traiga la cuenta, por favor.-Bring the check please. Let’s look at the verbs with the infinitive: Pasar-Pase Comer-Coma Servir-Sirva Traer-Traiga The usted subjunctive endings: AR verbs-e ER and IR verbs-a To find the subjunctive stem, conjugate the infinitive to the 1st person singular and then minus the “o”. Practice-fill in the gaps using the usted subjunctive (Mirar, Yo-Miro) Mire el menú para los platos del día.-Look at the menu for the specials. (Beber, Yo-Bebo) Beba un café con ese pastel.-Drink coffee with that cake. (Traer, Yo-Traigo) Traiga mostaza, ketchup y mayonesa con mi hamburguesa.-Bring mustard, ketch up and mayonnaise with my hamburger. (Sentarse, Yo-Me siento) siéntese en esta silla.-Sit in this chair. Remeber that pronouns are attached to affirmative commands. For ustedes commands, add an n to the usted subjunctive. Beban el jugo de naranja. Es buenísimo aquí.-Drink the orange juice. It is excellent here. Coman el bistec con papas.-Eat the steak and potatoes. Siéntense aquí. Es la mejor mesa en el restaurante.-You all sit here. It is the best table in the restaurant. Infinitive: Beber 1st person singlar: Bebo Ustedes subjunctive: Beban Infinitive: Comer 1st person singlar: Como Ustedes subjunctive: Coman Ustedes subjunctive endings: AR verbs-en ER and IR verbs-an Practice-fill in the gaps using ustedes subjunctive (Pasar, Yo-Paso) Pasen todos los platos aquí.-Pass the plates this way. (Comer, Yo-Como) Coman la sopa antes del plato principal.-Eat the soup before the main dish. (Servirse, Yo-Me sirvo) Sírvanse algo de esta paella rica.-Serve yourself some of this delicious paella. Reference Words in this lesson bread basket la cesta de pan eat coma check la cuenta pass pase salad dressing el aderezo you all, drink beban ketchup el ketchup you all, eat coman mayonnaise la mayonesa you all, look miren menu el menú you all, sit siéntense mustard la mostaza look mire sit siéntese serve sirva steak el bistec salt la sal drink beba pepper la pimienta Lesson 15 Healthy Recommendations and the Subjunctive We are in a doctor’s office and the doctor having a conversation with patients. Ay, doctor. Estornudo mucho. Creo que tengo una alergía.-Oh doctor, I sneeze a lot. I think I have an allergy. Recomiendo que evite gatos, perros y flores. También, sugiero que tome estas pastillas cada mañana.-I recommend that you aviod cats, dogs and flowers. Also, take these pills every morning. Doctor, tengo fiebre de 38 grados centígrados.-Doctor, I have a fewer of 38℃. Recomiendo que tome una aspirina con agua y duerma mucho.-I recommend that you take an aspirin with water and sleep a lot. Doctor, tengo mucha tos y me duele la garganta.-Doctor, I cough a lot and my throat hurts. Sugiero que tome este jarabe dos veces al día.-I suggest that you take the syrup 2 times a day. Ay doctor, me duele la cabeza. Y siempre estoy estornudando.-Oh doctor, I have a headache. And I am always sneezing. Tiene usted un resfriado. Recomiendo que beba mucha agua y coma sopa. Prohíbe que coma comida basura.-You have a cold. I recommend that you drink a lot of water and eat soap. I prohibit that you eat junk food. All of the examples above have 2 very important parts to them. The 1st part is the main/independent clause, which was in the indicative mood. The 2nd part is the subordinate/dependent clause, which was in the subjunctive mood. Present Subjunctive AR endings Singular Plural 1st person e emos 2nd person es éis 3rd person e en Present Subjunctive ER/IR endings Singular Plural 1st person a amos 2nd person as áis 3rd person a an Practice-pretend to be a doctor and fill in the gaps using the present subjunctive Doctor, soy gordo y siempre estoy cansado.-Doctor, I am fat and I am always tired. Recomiendo que (tú)(hacer, yo-hago) hagas cinta.-I recommend that you use the treadmill. Doctor, tú y yo necesitamos hacer más ejercicio.-Doctor, you and I need to do more exercise. Sugiero que (nosotros) (hacer, yo-hago) hagamos bicicleta o (hacer, yo-hago) hagamos ejercicios aeróbicos.-I suggest that we use stationary bikes or we do aerobic exercises. Doctor, queremos músculos grandes. ¿Qué nos aconseja?-Doctor, we want big muscles. What do you advice us? Os aconsejo que (vosotros)(hacer, yo-hago) hagáis flexiones y (levantar, yo-levanto) levantéis pesas.-I advice you do pushups and lift weights. Doctor, las piernas siempre me duelen cuando corro.-Doctor, my legs always hurts when I run. Recomiendo que (usted)(estirar, yo-estiro) estire bien antes de correr.-I recommend that you stretch well before running. Irregular Subjunctive-Dar, Estar, Ser, Ir and Saber The first 4 are easy because their indicative 1st person singular ends in “oy”. Doy, Estoy, Soy, Voy Dar-to give Its stem is the letter d, and it uses the regular AR subjunctive endings. And the 1st and the 3rd person singular (Yo-dé, Él, ella, usted-dé) will carry an accent (tilde) to differentiate the word from the preposition de-of/from. Estar-to be Its stem is est, and it uses the regular AR subjunctive endings. They carry tildes on all endings except for the nosotros form. Esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén. Ser-to be Its stem is se, and it also uses regular AR subjunctive endings. Ir-to go Its stem is vay, and it also uses the regular ER subjunctive endings. Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan. Saber-to know Its yo form is just sé which also means I know. Its stem is sep, and it uses the regular ER subjunctive endings. Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepias and sepan. Reference Words in this lesson aerobics los ejercicios aeróbicos she do push-ups haga flexiones allergy la alergía we eat comamos she use a stationary bike haga bicicleta he lift weights levante pesas fever la fiebre I run corra headache el dolor de cabeza she sleep duerma junk food la comida basura to sneeze estornudar pills las pastillas I stretch estire sore throat el dolor de garganta I take tome syrup el jarabe you use a treadmill hagas cinta to cough la tos you drink bebas 10