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NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PART-I : NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PART-I OMANA
Slide 3 : PROTEIN
Slide 4 : What is a Protein?
Proteins are machines that makes all living things function, from viruses to
Daffodils, spiders to sea Lions, and every thing in between them.
How do Proteins work in our body?
Our bodies are build up of 100 trillion cells !.
Each of these is responsible for a specific job.
Every cell contain thousands of Proteins, and they will do separate jobs, which
work together as tiny machines to run the cell.
You think of Proteins as parts of a car engine-each parts looks different ,and
they all do separate jobs to make the engine run.
Slide 5 : AMINO ACID
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Slide 8 : HEMOGLOBIN
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Slide 10 : A cell is the smallest part of any living thing, which contains Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell and it contains chromosomes with the DNA
Ribosome's - make protein for the cell
Slide 11 : DNA is the carrier of Heredity
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Slide 13 : What is Heredity?
Why do children look like their parents?
Why do brothers and sisters resemble each other?
This is because we “Inherit” traits from our parents.
The passing of traits from parents to child is the basis of heredity.
Slide 14 : What is a Trait?
A Trait is a notable feature quality in a person.
Each of us has a different combination of traits makes us unique.
Traits are passed from generation to generation.
We inherit our traits from our parents and we pass them on to our children
Slide 15 : Where exactly are our traits?
Our gene encode the instructions that define our traits.
Each of us has thousands of genes, which are made of DNA and reside in our chromosomes.
The environment we grow and live in also helps define our trait. Example while a persons gene specify a certain hair colour,exposure to chemicals or sunlight can change that color
What is DNA : What is DNA Let us examine a group of cells in your inner ear. They help the support the functioning of hearing.
How do these cells “know” their role is to support hearing instead of some thing else, like making your heart.
Slide 17 : The instructions providing all of the information necessary
for a living organism to grow and live reside in the nucleus
of the cell
These instructions tell what role it play in you body.
What these instructions look like?
Slide 18 : Instructions come in the form of a molecule known
as DNA.
DNA encode a detailed set of plans ,like the blue
print for the building of different parts of a cell.
How can a molecule holds the information?
Slide 19 : The DNA molecule comes in the form of a twisted ladder scientists called “DOUBLE HELIX".
The ladder rungs are built with the “Four –Letter-”alphabet.A C T U.These alphabet pieces are joined together according to special rules A always pairs with T and G pairs with C.
How can only four letters tell the cell what to do?
Slide 20 : The DNA strand is made of letters
A T G C T C G A A T A A A T G T C A A T T T G A
The letters make words A T G C T C G A A T A A A T G T C A A T T T G A
The words make sentences ( A T G C T C G A A T A A ) ( A T G T C A A T T T G A ) ………
These “Sentences”are called genes. Genes tell the cell to make other molecule called proteins
Proteins enable a cell to perform special functions, such as working with other group of cells to make hearing possible Similar is the case with all other functions of our body
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Slide 22 : Genes are instruction manuals of our bodies.
They are directions for building of all the proteins that make our body
Slide 23 : Genes are made up of DNA.One strand of DNA contains many Genes.
All of these are needed to give instructions for how to make and operate all parts of our bodies.For example ,blood contains red cells that transport Oxygen around our bodies. The cell uses a protein called “Hemoglobin” to capture and carry Oxygen. HEMOGLOBIN
Slide 24 : Of our 25000 Genes only a few contain the instructions for making Hemoglobin proteins.
The remaining Genes contain instructions for making other parts of our body.
Slide 25 : If our Hemoglobin Gene is normal, the Hemoglobin protein works fine. But if the instructions in that Gene are changed, or “Mutated”,changes in the Hemoglobin could result.
One such mutation causes a disorder called “Sickle cell Anemia”
Slide 26 : Genes contain instructions for building proteins, which are involved in all sorts of things.
Hemoglobin protein is an example.
Other proteins such as the enzymes that produce pigment in your eyes and “Keratin", responsible for growing hair and nails, are also produced by Genes. KERATIN KERATIN
Slide 27 : What is a Chromosome?
Chromosome is a larger collection of DNA that contains many genes and the support proteins needed to control the genes.
Each cell in our contains a lot of DNA.
If you pull the DNA from a single cell and stretch it out it will be three meters long!!!!!!!!!. That is about as long as a car.
How does all that DNA fit into a cell.?
The DNA is packed into compact units called “Chromosomes”
Slide 28 : The packing of DNA into a Chromosome is done in several steps, starting with Double Helix of DNA.
Then the DNA is wrapped around some proteins.
These proteins are tightly packed together until they form a Chromosome.
Chromosomes are efficient storage units of DNA
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Slide 30 : How many Chromosomes does one cell holds?
The correct answer to this depends on whether you are a fish ,man of fly or Gorilla.
Each human cell has 46 Chromosomes. All the DNA is organized into two sets of 23 Chromosomes.
We get genetic material from both of our parents. That is why children look like both their Mom and Dad. Not all living things have 46 hromasomes,like humans.Mosquitos have 6,Onions have 16 and Carp have 104.
Slide 31 : Cells use the information encoded in their Genes which a sort of Protein Library,as the “Blue Print” for making Proteins.
Each Gene in the DNA encodes information how to make an individual protein
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Slide 33 : Gene and the rest of the chromosomes are made from small pieces called 'nucleotides'.
This is compared to a train which is a chromosome, the compartments are genes and the passengers are DNAs
Slide 34 : BASE SUGAR What are the components of a Nucleotide? It consists of
Slide 35 : Polymers of nucleotides
Linked by alternating sugar-phosphate bonds
RNA: Ribose and A, G, C, U
DNA: Deoxyribose and A,G,C,T
nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide P P P P sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Base Base Base Base Structure of Nucleic acids
Slide 36 : What are Nucleosides Nucleosides contain a Sugar linked to a Heterocyclic Bases Sugar Base A Nucleoside
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Slide 38 : Bases are Adenine A, Guanine G,Thymine T,Cytosine C and Uracil U
Slide 39 : Nucleotides is Nucleosides + phosphate A Nucleotide
Slide 40 : A Nucleotide
Slide 41 : Nucleotides in DNA
Slide 42 : Nucleotides in RNA
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Slide 44 : Nucleic Acid Structure 3',5'-phosphodiester bond 3 5 ' '
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Slide 46 : We All Share the Same Building Blocks!!!! THE DNA
Slide 47 : The work of many scientists paved the way for the exploration of DNA. Way back in 1868, almost a century before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, a young Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher, isolated something no one had ever seen before from the nuclei of cells. He called the compound "nuclein." This is today called nucleic acid, the "NA" in DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) and RNA (ribo-nucleic-acid). STRUCTURE OF DNA The discovery of the Double Helix structure of DNA is to science what the MONA LISA is to painting.
Slide 48 : STRUCTURE OF DNA In 1953,James Watson,Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin discovered that the structure of DNA is actually a double helix.
Slide 49 : DNA contains two strands of
nucleotides
H bonds hold the two strands
in a double-helix structure
A helix structure is like a spiral
stair case
Bases are always paired as A–T and G-C
Thus the bases along one strand complement the bases along the other
Slide 50 : 50 DNA structure DNA consists of two helical chains wound around the same axis in a right-handed fashion aligned in an antiparallel fashion.
There are 10.5 base pairs, or 36 Å, per turn of the helix.
Alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups on the backbone form the outside of the helix.
The planar purine and pyrimidine bases of both strands are stacked inside the helix.
Slide 51 : 51 DNA strands The antiparallel strands of DNA are not identical, but are complementary.
This means that they are positioned to align complementary base pairs: C with G, and A with T.
So you can predict the sequence of one strand given the sequence of its complement.
Useful for information storage and transfer!
Note sequence conventionally is given from the 5' to 3' end
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Slide 54 : BASE PAIRING
Slide 55 : P P P P A G G C C T A T P P P Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar 3’ 3’ 5’ 5’
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