Biology 2201 : Biology 2201 Unit 3 – Dynamic Equilibrium
Section 6- Immune System Visit www.worldofteaching.com
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What is Immunity? : What is Immunity?
Immunity : Immunity Immunity
The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells.
Immune System
The system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from nonharmful organisms and produces an appropriate response.
Foreign Invaders : Foreign Invaders Called Pathogens
Viruses, bacteria or other living thing that causes disease/immune response.
Antigens
Toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism.
Parts of the Immune System : Parts of the Immune System Blood - White Blood Cells in particular.
Lymph nodes
Thymus Gland – Produces T Lymphocytes
Bone Marrow – Produces B Lymphocytes
How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders? : How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders? The Body’s THREE lines of Defense
First Line of Defense – The Skin
Provides Physical and Chemical barriers
Physical – hard to penetrate, made of indigestible keratin
Chemical – tears, sweat
Second Line of Defense – Nonspecific Immune Response : Second Line of Defense – Nonspecific Immune Response These are defenses the body uses no matter what the invader may be. These defenses include:
Phagocytosis – done by Macrophages
Natural Cell Killers
Inflammation - caused by release of Histamine from leukocytes
Fever – caused by histamines. The fever (high temp) kills invaders by denaturing their proteins. Macrophage: A phagocytic cell found in the liver, spleen, brain and lungs. Travels
to all areas of the body to find and eat pathogens.
Third Line of Defense – Specific Immune Response : This is a specific response to a specific pathogen/antigen.
The response involves the creation of Antibodies. Third Line of Defense – Specific Immune Response
Antibodies : Antibodies Y-shaped protein molecule.
Made up of variable and constant regions.
Made up of Heavy and Light chains.
Produced by B-Lymphocytes
Function: Recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them.
Note: Variable region recognizes the anitgens.
How an antibody operates/works? : How an antibody operates/works? Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.
The Pathway of Specific Immune Response : The Pathway of Specific Immune Response
Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity : Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity Carried out by T-Cells
Infected cells are killed by Cytotoxic T –Cells. Carried out by B-cells
Antibodies are produced and dumped into blood stream.
Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them. Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity
Immune Response Explained : Immune Response Explained Antigen infects cells.
Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface.
Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active.
Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T – Cells.
Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.
At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B- Cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.
Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears.
Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed.
Immune Response Summary : Immune Response Summary Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity
Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response : Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response Primary Immune Response
This is a response to an invader the First time the invader infects the body.
No measurable immune response for first few days.
Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows steadily
Secondary Immune Response
A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time it invades the body.
Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period..
Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response : Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response
Passive .vs. Active Immunity : Passive .vs. Active Immunity Active Immunity
This is immunity where the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection.
Ex: You have a throat infection and you are actively creating antibodies to fight it.
Vaccination: An injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to undergo active immunity (produce antibodies).
Passive Immunity
This is immunity where antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal.
This immunity only lasts for a short period of time.
ex: Breastfeeding mothers pass antibodies to their children through the milk.
Autoimmune Disease : Autoimmune Disease Autoimmune diseases are diseases where the immune system begins to attack itself.
Ex:
Rheumatoid Arthritis – crippling disease of the joints.
Lupus – disease of blood and organs.
Multiple Sclerosis – disease of nervous system
Cause(s): unknown
Cures/Treatments: No known cures. Usually treated with drugs.
Allergies : Allergies Allergy
- An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen.
Allergen: a normally harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction.
ex: dust, pollen, mould, food, insect stings
Types of Allergic reactions
There are two types of allergic reactions.
a. Immediate – occurs within seconds and normally lasts for about 30 mins.
b. Delayed – takes longer to react and can last for a much longer time.
What happens during an allergic reaction? : What happens during an allergic reaction? During an allergic reaction antibodies cause histamines to be released from certain cells.
Histamines cause:
a. Swelling of tissues
b. Release of fluids (runny noses and eyes)
c. muscle spasms (some cases)
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock:
This is the sudden and severe allergic reaction to a substance that can cause death.
Treatments for Allergies
Avoidance of material – especially food.
Epinephrine – “epi – pen”
Antihistamines -- benadryl
Homework : Homework Complete STSE – “What is Cancer?” (Scriptum)
Complete Q’s 1,2,4,6,7 on page 386 MHR