You are smarter than you think you are!Premise: As we increase our selfknowledge, we become more effective at everything we do.Everyone can arrive at his or her destination although each may take a different route to get there.Learning Style is more than how you take in information, whether you’re auditory, visual, tactile or kinesthetic.Learning style also takes into account type as well as the perceptual modes and other characteristics of style. seeing hearing doing social independent sensing intuitive Analytic/globalWhat is TYPE? Type is indicated by the MBTI (Myers Briggs Personality Type Indicator), a personality assessment. It is the most widely used psychological assessment in the world.MBTI measures preference. • MBTI does not measure ability. • MBTI does not measure pathology (what is normal versus what is abnormal). • MBTI is not an intelligence test. • MBTI is easily-biased (if you answer the way you’d like to be or the way you think you should answer).INTROVERT EXTROVERT S ENSING iNTU ITIV E TH IN K IN G FEEL IN G PERCEIV ING JUDGING Dimensions of Type <...Dimensions move along a continuum...>Dimensions of Type Most of us are a balance of type, having some characteristics of each dimension.I or E Where do you get your energy?• E’s get their energy from without – by interacting with and being around others.•Extravert Types like • to discuss ideas and information in class. • to ask questions. • to learn through experiences such as lab work and field experiences. • to “think aloud.” • to communicate by talking (instead of writing). • to move through material quickly, going for breadth (not depth).If you are an E, you Must monitor class participation for appropriateness, learning when to speak and when to listen. Benefit from studying with a seriousminded partner. Should study in a group before studying alone.• I’s get their energy from within – spending time alone in reflection and contemplation.•Introvert Types like • to reflect on ideas. • to listen instead of talking. • to work on individual projects. • to observe and absorb in class (keeping a low profile). • to learn through inner thought (reading and writing). • to participate in writing, tests, or individual projects instead of speaking before the class. • to understand a few things in depth rather than quickly go over a wide-range of material.If you are an I, you Must put forth effort to get involved in class, ask questions and participate in discussions. Must learn the name and phone number of at least one person in each class. Must learn to sit front and center. Should study alone before going to a study group.assertiveness training listening skillsS or NS or N S’s are Sensors, sensitive to their environment and preferring to learn through the senses. N’s are iNtuitives, preferring to learn by insight and inspiration. Big implications for the classroom!Sensing Types like • learning facts. • memorization work. • following step-by-step procedures. • going from specifics to the general. • working with concrete problems. • seeing actual results. • learning what is useful and practical. • specific, exact directions and assignments from teachers.iNtuitive Types like • learning new ideas. • getting the BIG picture, rather than details. • skipping around and following hunches. • starting with the theory, then going to examples. • working with new, complex problems and symbols. • being original. • asking lots of “What if” questions.S or N information can dramatically improve test performance if you know how to use the information and use it.knowledge control Flavell’s taxonomy metacognitionYou need to balance the Sensing and iNtuitive aspects of your personality--HOW? If you prefer iNtuition • Deliberately write out your notes in a step-by-step way. Fill in the details from the text. • Label your notes. • Make flash cards for specific drill to develop your memorization skills.• If you prefer iNtuition • Schedule time for repetition in memory work. • Don’t “tune out” during lecture just because you have the gist of the idea. • Find someone (a study partner) who is a Sensing type and observe how s/he studies.If you prefer Sensing • Cluster your notes (use mindmapping techniques). Look for organizational patterns: “Is the information in chronological order, cause and effect, comparison and contrast?” • Ask yourself: “What is a broad statement that would summarize this set of facts?” If you prefer Sensing • Allow time to re-do your notes if the teacher skips around or leaves out details. • Put labels on your notes: “What is the topic?” • If you get lost in lecture, raise your hand and ask a question. Ask for a specific example or restate what you don’t understand.S or N Preference and Test-taking and Study SkillsSN Preferences Sensors take tests slowly, reading questions repeatedly and answering fewer questions. Sensors must have access to facts and time to assimilate facts. Sensors learn by familiarization.Especially important for S types Include all senses in the learning process: seeing, hearing, touching and doing. Even taste and smell can be a part of the learning process for sensors.Especially important for S types Include the RECITE step in SQ3R when studying. When RECITING, elaborate with many possibilities. It is not enough to repeat the facts, but think about what the facts mean and represent.Sensors are great at getting the facts; they are great at application. However, they MUST verify learning; that means they must DO HOMEWORK.Cornell Notes Notes with information. Questions from key terms, headings, study guides.Make notes interactive. Notes with information. Go back over notes to add important key questions. Quest ions Add Why and How questions.Interactive notes (cont). Fold this side over and recite answers and information from memory. Use questions as a Study Guide to prep for the test.If you are an S Then you know more than a typical, objective-type test can measure. You do not trust your intuition or gut reaction. You do not skim (when you read); you fear you’ll miss something. You often run out of time when taking a test, leading to panic.If you have an S preference Read the directions and questions one time carefully. Pace yourself to move quickly through T-F and multiple-choice items. Trust your intuition.If you have an S preference Sit where you will not be easily distracted. Sit facing the wall. Wear earplugs if you must. Answer the questions you know first. Then, come back to the ones you skipped.If you have an S preference Use a pen (or don’t change your answers). Don’t argue with yourself over the answers. Don’t read more into the question than what is there.If you have an S preference When you finish, then you have permission to go back over the test. BUT don’t change your answers unless you realize that you misread the question.Sensors are linear learners. Linear learners are great fact learners and memorizers. • On exams, 1/3 of the material is memorized; • On exams, 2/3 of the material requires higher-order thinking. Step-by StepS preference learners benefit from instruction in Question-analysis (according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, Sanders Taxonomy, etc.) with emphasis on higher-order thinking skills.Bloom’s Taxonomy Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis EvaluationBloom’s Taxonomy Knowledge (Define and locate skills) Comprehension (Define, locate, select, present, organize skills) Define, recognize, recall, identify, label, understand, examine, show, collect, list, etc. Translate, interpret, explain, describe, summarize, demonstrate, etc.Bloom’s Taxonomy Application (Locate, select, present skills) Analysis (Locate, organize, select skills) Connect, relate, differentiate, classify, arrange, interpret, take apart, compare, etc, Apply, solve, experiment, demonstrate, construct, show, make, illustrate, record, etc.Bloom’s Taxonomy Synthesis (Select, organize, present skills) Evaluation (Select and assess skills) Interpret, assess, judge, criticize, decide, discuss, verify, dispute, choose Design, combine, consolidate, compose, hypothesize, construct, translate, invent, create, produce, predict, infer, etc.Question Analysis Prepare for tests by using practice questions. Analyze answers by asking these two questions: What would I need to know in order to know this is the right answer? What would I need to know in order to know the wrong answers are not correct? 1 2The opposite of an S is an N.If you are an N You don’t know as much as you think you do. You get maximum mileage from what you do know. You quickly grasp the gist of things. If you are an N You’re fast at recognizing the general idea or concept. You have a tendency to dismiss details. You are tempted to daydream.If you have an N preference Slow down on tests. Read the directions. Listen to instructions. Don’t skip the details. Proofread.If you have an N preference You are a good test-taker. Your test performance correlates to your level of preparation.S types help N types keep their heads out of the clouds. N types help S types keep their heads out of a rut.• Ts are Thinkers. • Fs are Feelers.• Am I more logical or empathic? • Am I more analytical or sensitive? • Do I make decisions carefully weighing the pros and cons? • Do I make decisions based on how I feel and how others will be affected?• Is it better to be truthful (even if it hurts someone’s feelings) or to be tactful (even if it requires a white lie)? • Is it better to be tough or tender?Thinking Types like • logic and cause and effect reasoning. • studying and writing about impersonal material (technical, factual, scientific). • a grading system that is absolutely and consistently fair and impartial. • teachers who clearly demonstrate their own expertise. • being shown WHY. • being able to critique an idea or project and debate it.Feeling Types like • personal values and reactions to evaluate material. • content which is personally meaningful. • writing assignment which allow for a personal touch. • courses where personal values, peopleissues and expressiveness are important. • knowing a teacher cares and takes a friendly approach. • a classroom with a sense of belonging.• In all situations, Fs FEEL. They FEEL for their instructors. They form an emotional response to their professors, whether they like or dislike them. They FEEL for the subject matter. This can affect the learning and achievement of Fs.Based on your T or F preference Pick teachers who will inspire you. If you are a T • You might ask a feeling teacher for special assignments and projects appealing to your thinking preference. • If your Why questions irritate your feeling teacher, then find the answers to your questions in other sources.Based on your T or F preference Pick teachers who will inspire you. If you are a F • Make an effort to get to know your teacher in a more personal way. Feeling connected will help you do better in the class. • If your teacher is a Thinking type, get acquainted with classmates. They can help motivate you for class.J or P Plan it? Wing it?P or J Ps are Perceivers, flexible thinkers, making decisions based on many observations. Js are Judgers, rigid and structured decision-makers who prefer rules and regulations.Judging Types like a structured class with clearly defined assignments. frequent quizzes so they know how they’re doing. time to plan the work and not be surprised.Judging Types like • finishing one project before starting something else. • completing an assignment. • avoiding deadline pressure by beginning early. • teachers who are punctual and who stick to the syllabus. • sticking to the subject.•J’s are orderly, planned, and focused (Some say “anal”). They are driven to get things done way ahead of the deadline.Perceiving Types like • flexible classes. • some surprises in activities and assignments. • teachers who are spontaneous and not too strict. • freedom in class and in assignments.Perceiving Types like • juggling lots of projects at the same time. • the excitement of new beginnings (Don’t start too many things before you finish what you’ve already begun!). • starting assignments in the nick of time (with impending deadlines). • working under pressure and intensity of a close deadline.P’s are flexible, adaptive to life (more laid-back); they may procrastinate or wait until the weekend to “catch up.”Whether you have P or J preferences is the second most important factor in determining your academic success.“Act like” a J! Get organized. Get tools to help. Stop procrastinating. Realize motivation is a continual process. Be certain of goals. Stay in touch with values. Relax. Manage time wisely through the use of effective study skills. Manage stress. Overcome “perfectionism.”WARNING: TYPE is not destiny; TYPE is information. TYPE is not a penalty; TYPE is a preference. All types have strengths.WARNING: Type is information. PEOPLE LEARN. WITH INFORMATION, PEOPLE CAN PERFORM THE OPPOSITE OF THEIR PREFERENCE.Type is not a limitation. Type is an informed opportunity.When you do your opposite, you are thinking and working hard.You can increase test performance and earn better grades! A+PowerPoint2000Slide Show created by Gail M. Platt, Ph.D. South Plains College Levelland, TX 79336 © 1999