Lymphatic System Presentation

The Lymphatic System : The Lymphatic System Online Bio 112 December 10, 2009 Allison Poythress Kristeena Beasley Ashely Tosto

Topics discussed : Topics discussed Lymph nodes – Hodkin’s Lymphoma & Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - Ashley Spleen – Rheumatoid Arthritis & Sickle Cell Anemia - Kristeena Tonsils – Tosillitis & Tonsilloliths - Allison

Overview: Lymphatic System : Overview: Lymphatic System Consists of organs, ducts, and nodes Transports a watery, clear fluid called lymph Contains lymphocytes that protect the body against antigens Major job is to collect extra lymph fluid from body tissues and return it to the blood

Lymph nodes : Lymph nodes In their normal state are bean-shaped and range in size from a few millimeters to about 1-2 cm Numerous and widespread through human body, form a network linked together by the vessels in the lymphatic system “Usually situated at the junction between several lymphatic ducts and consist of densely packed immune system cells” Each contains an enclosed blood network of arteries and veins

Lymph nodes – cont’d : Lymph nodes – cont’d “Key nodes are the largest and are the axillary nodes under the armpits, the inguinal nodes in the groin, the mesenteric lymph nodes close to the gut, and the lymph nodes in the neck”

Lymph nodes – cont’d : Lymph nodes – cont’d The cortex has the highest concentration of lymphocytes and the cells are tightly packed nodules called follicles The medulla is the center of the lymph node

Hodgkin’s lymphoma : Hodgkin’s lymphoma Previously known as Hodgkin’s Disease Is a type of lymphoma – a type of cancer the originates from lymphocytes Named after Thomas Hodgkin who described abnormalities in the lymphatic system in 1832 “Characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease”

Hodgkin’s lymphoma – cont’d : Hodgkin’s lymphoma – cont’d Also characterized by Reed-Sternberg Cells on microscopic examination Was one of the first cancers which could be treated using radiation therapy and later was one of the first to be treated by combination chemotherapy

Hodgkin’s lymphoma – cont’d : Hodgkin’s lymphoma – cont’d Occurs in 2 peaks – first in young adulthood ages 15-35 and second in those over 55 years old Survival rate is generally 90% or higher when it is detected during early stages, making it one of the most curable forms of cancer

Non-hodgkin lymphoma : Non-hodgkin lymphoma Can occur at any age and is often marked by larger than normal lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss There are many types of this condition and can be divided into aggressive, fast-growing and indolent, slow-growing types. They can also be formed from either B-cells or T-cells Estimated new cases in 2009 – 65,980 Estimated deaths in 2009 – 19,500

Types of nhl : Types of nhl B-cell Non-Hodkin Lymphoma T-cell Non-Hodkin Lymphoma Burkitt lymphoma Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Follicular lymphoma Immunoblastic large cell lymphoma Precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma Mantle cell lymphoma Mycosis fungoides Anaplastic large cell lymphoma Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma

Tonsils : Tonsils Paired lymph nodules in the oral cavity that produce lymphocytes The location determines it’s name – palatine, pharyngeal, & lingual Protect the throat & respiratory system Outer surfaces are covered by epithelium that form in-foldings or crypts

Tonsils – cont’d : Tonsils – cont’d Doctors & researchers haven’t explained their exact role Play major part in defending the body against infection Become expendable in adulthood

tonsillitis : tonsillitis Inflammation caused by infection by a variety of different microorganisms Their anatomy allows for this – bacteria hide in the folds of the surface of the tonsil and is harbored Symptoms include, Sore throat Difficulty swallowing Fever Headache Swollen, painful lymph nodes in the neck

Tonsillitis images : Tonsillitis images

Tonsillitis – causes/risk factors : Tonsillitis – causes/risk factors Common in children up to 10 yrs old, but may occur at all ages Usually caused by a virus, but about 1/3 are caused by bacteria – isn’t possible to determine difference without doing tests In older children, severe tonsillitis is common along with lethargy and a rash In extreme cases peri-tonsillar abscesses occur around the tissues near the tonsils Pus collects around the tonsils, roof of the mouth, and neck causing breathing problems – a life-threatening emergency

Tonsillitis treatment : Tonsillitis treatment See MD for advice of tonsillitis Common treatments Pain-relieving syrup Plenty of fluids Antibiotics for bacterial infections Tonsillectomy may be suggested – performed less now

tonsilloliths : tonsilloliths Also called tonsil stones Small, cream colored lumps that are coughed up or swallowed. May give sensation of having something stuck in the throat Made up of dead skin cells, food particles, sulfur-producing bacteria, saliva, and dead white blood cells Debris collects in the crevices of the tonsils which eventually form to make tonsil stones

Tonsilloliths – cont’d : Tonsilloliths – cont’d Vary in size If the stones are burst after removal they give off very unpleasant odor due to type of particles within Highly linked to bad breath - halitosis Are not considered to be a health risk and are not serious enough to be operated on There are a range of oral products available to neutralize the bacteria that are harbored Oxygenating toothpastes Mouthwashes & mouth sprays Tongue scrapers

The spleen : The spleen Organ w/i the lymphatic system that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity under the diagphragm In humans is about the size of a fist and in humans is well supplied with blood “primary filtering agent of the blood” Plays an important role in storing & releasing certain types of immune cells that mediate tissue inflammation

Spleen tissue : Spleen tissue Red Pulp White Pulp Serve as imp. resevoirs for large # of monocytes The monocytes travel rapidly through bloodstream to site of injury Regulate inflammation & facilitate tissue healing Body’s major site of destruction of RBC’s Contain lymphoid elements like plasma cells, lymphocytes, and follicles (lymphoid modules) Germinal centers serve as site of lymphocyte production

The spleen : The spleen Red Pulp & White Pulp

Sickle cell anemia : Sickle cell anemia Serious, inherited disease where the body makes sickle-shaped RBC’s – shaped like a “C” Normal-shaped RBC’s are shaped like doughnuts with holes in the center Sickle cells have abnormal hemoglobin which causes the irregular shape The cells are stiff and sticky and makes them hard to move through blood vessels and tend to clump The clump blocks blood flow to vessels that lead to the limb and organs

Slide 24 : Normal RBC’s last about 120 days Sickle-shaped RBC’s last only 16 days, due to having Hemoglobin type S instead of Hemoglobin type A If 1 parent has sickle cell anemia and 1 parent is normal = all of the children will possess the sickle cell trait If 1 parent has sickle cell anemia and 1 parent has the trait = 50% chance of having baby with sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait When both parents have the trait = 25% chance sickle cell disease with each pregnancy

Diagnosis & symptoms : Diagnosis & symptoms Diagnosis is by a simple blood test followed by a lab technique called Hemoglobin Electrophoresis that determines the type of hemoglobin you present Side effects Anemia Jaundice Formation of gall stones Lung tissue damage (Acute Chest Syndrome) Pain episodes in arms, legs, chest, & abdomen Damage to the spleen makes younger patients especially prone to and overwhelmed by certain bacterial infections

SCA treatment : SCA treatment There is no widely available cure Bone marrow transplants may offer a cure for a very small # of patients Folic acid supplementation at an early age Antibiotics, pain management, IV fluids, blood transfusion to help with pain crises (also decreases risk of stroke) Iron overload is potentially dangerous and toxic from numerous blood transfusions Medication Droxia approved by FDA in 1998 for reduced episodes of severe pain, only for adult patients though

Rheumatoid arthritis : Rheumatoid arthritis Long-term, autoimmune disease where the body mistakenly attacks it’s own tissues that causes inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues Symptoms include: Fatigue Loss of appetite Morning stiffness lasting > 1hr Widespread muscle aching Weakness, joint pain on both sides of the body (bilaterally) along with warmth & tenderness

RA Treatment : RA Treatment Joint destruction can occur 1-2 years following the appearance of the disease, thus treatment is lifelong Treatment includes: Medication – anti-rheumatic drugs/anti-inflammatory drugs Physical therapy Exercise Education Possible surgery

Ra – cont’d : Ra – cont’d Typically affects joints such as fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, toes, & neck Drugs such as Methotrexate Celebrex Corticosteroids Orencia Humira Enbrel

Ra – cont’d : Ra – cont’d Surgery may be needed to correct deformed joints Life-threatening joint complication can occur in the cervical spine when bones of the neck become unstable Synovectomy will be performed first to remove the inflamed joint lining Cause is unknown, can occur at any age, more often occurs in women 2-3 times more than in men, usually onset between ages 40-60 Anti-CCP antibody test is used to diagnose RA and rule out other types of arthritis

Works cited : Works cited http://www.nevdgp.org.au/info/ccv/patients/images/lymphatic.gif http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph_node.gif http://www.cvshealthresources.com/Imagebank/adam/8623.jpg http://www.netterimages.com/images/vpv/000/000/020/20996-0550x0475.jpg http://www.taxotere.com/images/experiment/tax_HN_2_lg.gif  http://gemininotcancer.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/reed-sternberg_lymphocyte_nci-vol-7172-300.jpg

Works cited : Works cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphaticsystem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodkin’slymphoma  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/non-hodkin http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/tonsil.jpg http://health.stateuniversity.com/article_images/gem_05_img0634.jpg

Works cited : Works cited http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/116/tonsillitis.jpg http://www.myhealth.gov.my/myhealth/eng/$public/story_images/adult/P14T3_Acute_Tonsillitis.jpg http://www.ghorayeb.com/files/peritonsillar_abscess_labeled.jpg http://www.tonsilstones.com/images/tonsillolith.jpg http://yukiblade.cafe24.com/zb4/data/show/Large_Tonsillolith.jpg

Works cited : Works cited http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/tonsillitis2.shtml http://www.tonsil-stones-cure.com/ http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/tonsil-stones-what-exactly-are-tonsil-stones-tonsilloliths-614041.html http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/lymphatic_immune/spleen1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/spleen.htm&usg=__RPjbXtcBGiGIBEA-o2dua3zIXTI=&h=291&w=403&sz=26&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=NfbL4ayJ6zi4pM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRed%2B%2526%2BWhite%2Bpulp%2Bof%2Bspleen%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

Works cited : Works cited http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis/DS00020 https://health.google.com/health/ref/Rheumatoid+arthritis https://health.google.com/health/ref/Rheumatoid+arthritis https://health.google.com/health/ref/Rheumatoid+arthritis http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.htm