Southeast Asia

World Geography : World Geography Southeast Asia

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Major Geographic Qualities : Major Geographic Qualities A fragmented realm of numerous island countries and peninsulas Physiography dominated by high relief, crustal instability, and tropical climates Exhibits characteristics of a shatter belt Political instability and conflict Clustered population patterns Poor intraregional communications Cultural fragmentation (complex ethnic, linguistic, and religious patterns)

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Southeast Asia- Physical Geography : Southeast Asia- Physical Geography Mountainous Volcanoes Large Rivers systems Mekong Irrawaddy Natural disasters Earthquakes Tsunamis Volcanic eruptions Typhoons

Slide 6 : Southeast Asia’s relative location: Located on various plate boundaries

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Slide 8 : Ethnic Patterns

Slide 9 : Long-term Chinese immigrants form a significant part of the cultural landscape of Southeast Asia

Slide 10 : The Colonial Imprint

Political Geography : Political Geography A systematic field of geography that focuses on the spatial expressions of political behavior Friedrich Ratzel (1844 - 1904) Boundaries State territorial morphology Does the shape of a territory have an impact on the governability of a state?

Political Geography : Political Geography Boundaries Definition vs delimitation vs demarcation Morphological classifications Geometric Physiographic Anthropogeographic Genetic classifications Antecedent Subsequent Superimposed Relict

Slide 13 : Boundary Classifications in Southeast Asia

Territorial Morphology : Territorial Morphology

Compact State : Compact State A politico-geographic term to describe a state that possesses a circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the center to any point on the boundary exhibits little variation Relatively easy to govern Cambodia, Uruguay, and Poland are examples CAMBODIA

Elongated State : Elongated State A state whose territory is decidedly long and narrow; its length is at least six times greater than its average width Difficulties with transportation and communications; often high regionalism Chile, Vietnam, and Laos are classic examples. VIETNAM

Protruded State : Protruded State A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory ‘protrusion’ is often peripheral from the core with differing culture and economy Thailand and Myanmar are leading examples THAILAND

Fragmented State : Fragmented State A state whose territory consists of several separated parts, not a contiguous whole The individual parts may be isolated from each other by the land area of other states or by international waters Separation is a challenge to communications and transportation; high regionalism Philippines and Indonesia are also examples. MALAYSIA

Perforated State : Perforated State Completely surrounded the territory of other states A ‘hole’ exists within the state’s territorial extent Access to the outside world is difficult for the ‘hole’ state – needs to be on friendly terms with the ‘perforated’ state No Southeast Asia example South Africa is an excellent ‘out of this realm’ example (Lesotho and Swaziland are the ‘holes’)

Regions of Southeast Asia : Regions of Southeast Asia Mainland Southeast Asia Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand Myanmar (Burma) Insular Southeast Asia Malaysia Singapore Brunei Indonesia East Timor Philippines

Mainland : Mainland Five states: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar Buddhism dominates the cultural landscape A multicultural and multiethnic region Low levels of urbanization Some countries have more than one core area (e.g. Vietnam, Myanmar) due to political histories

Slide 22 : French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

Slide 23 : 87 million people Mekong River delta Not a homogenous country Divided into three units Tonkin (Hanoi) Cochin China (Saigon) Annam (Hue) Was North Vietnam and South Vietnam Vietnam

Vietnam : Vietnam Population (87 million) has doubled since the end of war in 1975 A classic ‘elongated country’ Advantageous relative location on Pacific Rim Economic development retain communist political system but pursue market economics Special economic zone downstream from Saigon

Vietnam : Vietnam A bi-polar arrangement exists between Saigon and Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) has advantage over Hanoi (capital) accessible by ocean-going vessels

Slide 26 : Mekong River Core area in the interior A classic compact state Phnom Penh (1.2 million) principal city and capital Population of 14.7 million, with strong ethnic and cultural homogeneity 85% Khmers Cambodia

Slide 27 : A victim of wars and insurgencies Vietnam spillover 1970 - military deposes of the king 1975 - communist revolutionaries (Khmer Rouge) Drove people from urban to rural areas Kampuchea Invaded by Vietnam in late 1970s UN sponsored elections 1993 Cambodia

Slide 28 : A landlocked state Importance of the Mekong River Population of 6.4 million, with 50% ethnic Lao Capital and main city Viangchan Laos

Slide 29 : A former French colony (1893-1953) Independence 1953 Lao people’s democratic republic (1975) Communist government Rural-based population, only 21% urban Undeveloped with no railroads, little industry, and few roads The realm’s poorest country Laos

Slide 30 : A classic protruded state Population of 66.1 million has the slowest growth rate in the realm Bangkok (Venice of Asia) a classic primate city of 6.8 million Kingdom of Thailand

Slide 31 : Economic success Relative location Natural environment Thai workforce Per capita GNI is higher than Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar combined Problems Mismanagement and corruption Cycles of military coups Muslim insurgency in the south Drugs along the northern border (‘The Golden Triangle’) Thailand A. WinklerPrins

Slide 32 : E. J. PALKA E. J. PALKA E. J. PALKA

Slide 33 : A ‘protruded state,’ with a very peripheral protrusion Irrawaddy River Core areas: Yangon & Mandalay A former British colony-Burma, which became independent in 1948 Myanmar

Slide 34 : Population of 52.1 million, ethnic diversity Burman 55% Shan 7% Karen 10% Independence: 1948 Military government since 1962 Closed, secretive society run by inward looking military junta Suppressed popular uprising led my Buddhist monks in 2007 Agricultural potential is good; varied soil and environmental conditions; self-sufficient in rice Myanmar

Slide 35 : A sub-realm of peninsulas and islands Southeast Asia’s southern and eastern periphery Comprised of five states, all of which have colonial histories Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Singapore Brunei Insular Southeast Asia

Insular Southeast Asia : Insular Southeast Asia Fragmented political entities A multicultural and multi-ethnic region Islam prevails Colonial legacies persist

Slide 37 : Malaysia

Slide 38 : Fragmented state- mainland-island type A former British colony Malaysia came into being in 1963, refers to the federal organization and expansion of Malaya (on the Malay peninsula) to include parts of Borneo Population of 27.8 million with strong adherence to Islam Rapidly growing economy Pinang-a future Singapore? Malaysia

Singapore : Singapore A city-state Seceded from Malaysia in 1965 Population of 4.6 million (77 % are Chinese, 14% Malay, 8% South Asian) Absolute location and site were initial considerations, but relative location and situation were its keys Per capita GNI: $29,780

Brunei : Brunei

Brunei : Brunei An anomaly in Southeast Asia - an oil exporting Islamic sultanate A British protected remnant Gained independence in 1984 430,000 people within 2,225 sq mi Oil discovered in 1929, natural gas in 1965 Population is 64% Malay, 20% Chinese

Indonesia : Indonesia

Indonesia : Indonesia A fragmented state of more than 17,000 islands A Dutch colonial creation Population of 231.9 million Major islands (Greater Sunda Islands): Jawa (Java) Sumatera (Sumatra) Kalimantan (part of Borneo) Sulawesi (Celebes) West Papua Jawa is the core with 130 million Transmigrasi – forced migration away from the core Largest Muslim population in the world

East Timor : East Timor Formerly a Portuguese colony Annexed by Indonesia in 1976 800,000 inhabitants Independent in 2002 World’s newest state Timor Leste

Slide 45 : Classic ‘fragmented’ state Archipelago of >7,000 islands, most of which are < 1 square mile Three main island groups Luzon and Mindoro (north) Visayan group (central) Mindanao (south) Manila: primate city Philippines

Philippines : Philippines Former Spanish colony for 300+ years U.S. possession (1898-1946) Independence in 1946 90.1 million people; 81% Catholic Agricultural economy Insurgencies on peripheral islands E. J. PALKA E. J. PALKA