Chapter 3 Minerals

Chapter 3 Minerals : Chapter 3 Minerals What is a Mineral About 20 minerals make up the Earth’s crust Known as Rock forming minerals Naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

What is a Mineral : What is a Mineral Naturally Occurring Occur with out help from man kind Inorganic Means that the mineral cannot arise from materials that where once part of a living thing Solid Minerals are ALWAYS solid They will keep their shape because the particles can not flow freely

What is a Mineral : What is a Mineral Crystal Structure Made up of include patterns that repeat over and over again Has flat sides, called faces Has sharp edges where the faces meet, called corners Definite chemical composition Elements are composed of a single kind of atom Compounds are 2 or more elements combined together Each compound has its own properties and generally very greatly from that of the elements that make them up

Identifying Minerals : Identifying Minerals Each Minerals has its own properties that can be used to identify it Hardness Minerals can scratch any mineral softer then itself and can only be scratch by that of a mineral harder then it Color Can only be used to identify those minerals that have their own characteristic color

Identifying Minerals : Identifying Minerals Streak A mineral is rubbed against a hard tile that causes it to leave a power behind A mineral my change colors, but its steak always has one color characteristic Luster Term used to describe how a mineral reflects light from its surface Terms to describe luster are: Glassy, earthy, waxy, and pearly

Identifying Minerals : Identifying Minerals Density Density is the mass in a given space, or mass / Volume Crystal shape Crystals grow atom by atom There are six shapes that crystals can form

Identifying Minerals : Identifying Minerals Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage is when a mineral splits along flat surfaces Fracture is when a mineral does not split apart evenly Minerals that form a rough uneven surface when broken have an uneven fracture Special properties Some minerals glow under ultraviolet light Some minerals give off a radiation or can react to Acid Some minerals even have electric properties

Processes that form Minerals : Processes that form Minerals Crystallization of melted materials Crystallization of materials dissolved in water

Minerals From Magma : Minerals From Magma Size of Crystals depend on Several Factors Rate at which magma cools Fast cooling produces small crystals

Minerals from Hot Water Solutions : Minerals from Hot Water Solutions Solution is a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another As a solution cools, the material dissolved starts to form crystals

Minerals formed by Evaporation : Minerals formed by Evaporation When a solution evaporates it reaches a point where it can no longer hold the complete amount of solid dissolved in it As a solution evaporates it is forced to let the solid material crystallize out

Uses of Minerals : Uses of Minerals Sources of metals, gemstones, and other materials Gemstone Hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster. Metals Useful because that can be stretched into wire, flattened into sheets, and hammered or molded with out breaking Common metal minerals are: Aluminum, Iron, copper, and Silver

Uses of Minerals : Uses of Minerals Other useful Minerals Minerals can be used or found in: Food Medicine Fertilizers Building Materials Quartz helps to make glass as well as electronic equipment Calcite is used to make microscopes

Ores : Ores Rock that contains a metal ore economically useful mineral is called ore Must under go a purification process to take out the other rock and leave just pure metal or minerals Most Metals and Minerals do not occur in a pure form

Prospecting : Prospecting Prospector is anyone who searches for an ore deposit Most prospectors are geologist They look for ore by looking at features on Earth’s surface They also do chemical testing of the surface and use sonar to look below the surface

Mining : Mining Three Types of Mines: Strip, Open Pit, Shaft Strip mining scrapes away the Earth’s surface to expose the ore Open Pit mines resemble strip mines, but these mines are just one big pit that extends down hundreds of meters Shaft mines follow veins of ore under the earth’s crust

Smelting : Smelting Is the process where ore is melted to separate the useful metal from the other elements that the ore contains If you beyond smelting you can remove additional impurities and also mix pure metal with other pure metals Steel is a mixture of iron and other elements to create an Alloy An Alloy is a mixture of 2 or more pure metals