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Slide 4 : As a Matter of FactIt’s what the world’s made of. Everything is matter! Anything that takes up space is matter. Your desk, paper, pencil, and even the air you breath are matter What is matter?
Slide 5 : What in the world is matter
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Slide 9 : Classification
Different states : Different states Solid Liquid Gas ,Plasma BEC Plasma
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Slide 12 : The molecules in a solid are very closely packed
The inter-molecular force of attraction is very strong in solids
Hence solids have a definite size and shape
Molecules of a solid vibrate about their mean position
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Slide 15 : In liquid, the inter-molecular space is larger than that in solids
Therefore, the inter-molecular force of attraction is weaker
Molecules in liquids have vibratory motion as well as strong translatory motion
Thus the molecules of a liquid can move freely within the liquid and also they set up convection currents
As a result, liquids don't have a fixed shape. It takes up the shape of the container. Liquids
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X-ray view of Sun Star formation in the Eagle Nebula
Slide 23 : The fifth state of matter above plasma is beam.
The difference between beam and the other four states is that the particles of solid, liquid, gas and plasma all move randomly in all directions whereas the particles of beam move harmoniously in one direction.
Slide 24 : Beam is harmonious and coherent whereas plasma is chaotic and erratic. The vast difference of temperament between the forth and fifth state of matter very well corresponds to the idea that there is greatest amount of chaos right before order, or there is greatest amount of confusion right before clarity appears. There is great war before there is great peace.
Slide 25 : Beam also differs from the other four states in terms of being non-thermal while the rest are thermal. The more energetic the vibrations of particles are, the more heat they would generate. But because the particles of beam are traveling in the same direction, they do not collide against each other to generate heat.
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Slide 27 : Other than these five states of matter, there is a state lower than all these states.
It is the zero state of matter.
The zero state of matter is known as the BEC or Bose-Einstein Condensate.
It is the most condensed condensate of all matter.
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Slide 30 : As we have seen, increasing energy leads to more molecular motion. Conversely, decreasing energy results in less molecular motion. As a result, one prediction of Kinetic Molecular Theory is that if we continue to decrease the energy (measured as temperature) of a substance, we will reach a point at which all molecular motion stops. The temperature at which molecular motion stops is called absolute zero and has been calculated to be -273.15 degrees Celsius..
Slide 31 : While scientists have cooled substances to temperatures close to absolute zero they have never actually reached absolute zero. The difficulty with observing a substance at absolute zero is that to “see” the substance, light is needed, and light itself transfers energy to the substance, thus raising the temperature. Despite these challenges, scientists have recently observed a fifth state of matter that only exists at temperatures very close to absolute zero
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