American Secondary Schooling

American Secondary Schooling : American Secondary Schooling Linda Robertson Center for International and Intercultural Education Kent State University

The Historical Context. . . : The Historical Context. . . The US Constitution does not mention education. Therefore, the role of education has been delegated to the individual states. Each state has as one of its primary purposes the education of the population.

The Historical Context. . . : The Historical Context. . . US Constitution Legislative Branch—Laws affecting education like English as a Second Language Requirements, Eisenhower Vocational Education Act (2+2 programs) Judicial Branch—Recent rulings about charter schools, prayers in school, separate but equal Executive Branch—Appointed by president, regulation and administrative responsibilities

US Department of Education : US Department of Education Secretary of Education appointed by the president. Some financial contribution to both K-12 and higher education from the federal government budget. Many mandates from US Congress—Title IX, Americans with Disabilities Act, Pell Grants, Head Start Programs. Some regulatory responsibilities with government funding.

State Educational Systems : State Educational Systems Each state’s constitution, practices and policies are different. What a child studies in some states may be different than in another state Trends toward a more national educational system Federal appropriations for special programs National subject area standards such as the National Math Standards Now national mandates for “high stakes” testing.

National Standards by Subject : National Standards by Subject Math National Council of Teachers of Mathematics http://NCTM.illuminations.org Social Studies National Council of Social Studies http://www.ncss.org/standards Science Project 2061 http://www.project2061.org

National Standards by Subject : National Standards by Subject English as a Second Language American English Language Foundation www/aelf/com GlobalEnglish Website http://www.eslcafe.com/search Language Arts International Reading Association http://reading.org National Council of Teachers of English http://www.ncte.org

National Organizations:  Resources for You : National Organizations: Resources for You National Association of Elementary School Principals www.nasep.org National Association of Secondary School Principals www.nassp.org Association of Supervision, Curriculum and Development www.ascd.org

State of Ohio Educational System : State of Ohio Educational System K-12 public education system K-12 religious and private education system Higher educational post-secondary state system Higher educational post-secondary private and religious system.

State of Ohio Educational System : State of Ohio Educational System State Board of Education (K-12)—11 elected by district in state and 8 appointed by governor State Superintendent of Education—hired by state board of education State Board of Regents (higher education)—appointed by governor Chancellor—hired by state board of regents.

State of Ohio Educational System : State of Ohio Educational System Local school boards elected by the citizens Five members for small school districts, seven members for larger urban districts. Cleveland Public Schools taken over by the State Legislature. Mayor now is in control. Hire a school superintendent to be the Chief Executive Officer of the district; and a treasurer to be the Chief Fiscal Officer of the district.

K-12 Public Educational System : K-12 Public Educational System Districts received some money from the State based on per pupil basis Other money comes from local citizens based on property taxes. Individual differences in amount of funding for local schools.

K-12 Educational System : K-12 Educational System Students must attend school on the year of their sixth birthday. Most student begin in kindergarten at aged five. Many students attend day care and nursery school education classes from birth to age 5.

K-12 Public Educational System : K-12 Public Educational System Usually kindergarten students go one/half day—growing trend toward full day Others attend school for a minimum of 5 hours a day, five days a week, 180 days a year. Teachers work usually 183-185 days a year.

State Of Ohio Secondary Schools—private or public : State Of Ohio Secondary Schools—private or public Required to attend school until 16 May take the General Education Diploma test in lieu of a regular high school diploma Secondary Schooling usually includes grades 9-12, ages 14-18. Diploma program both in college preparatory and vocational education.

K-12 Teacher License System—private and public : K-12 Teacher License System—private and public Nursery-Grade 3: Childhood Education Grade 4-8: Middle Adolescence Education Grade 9-12: Secondary Education

School Organization—private and public : School Organization—private and public Usually K-5 in elementary schools Self contained classrooms, with some teaming of teachers for some subjects Specialists in art, music, physical education, library and media, counseling, social work 6-8 or 7-9 in middle schools Specialists in subjects, students have 7 or 8 classes per day. Specialists in art, music, physical education, library and media, counseling, social work, athletics

School Organization—Private and Public : School Organization—Private and Public Secondary Education Usually 7 periods a day, subject specialists Counselors, athletic coaches, etc. as support personnel

Minimum Requirements forHigh School Diploma : Minimum Requirements for High School Diploma 19 Credits (credit = 1 year of study) English—4 years Mathematics—2 years Physical Education and Health—2 years Science--2 years Integrated sciences, biology Social Studies—3 years American History, western civilization or world history, American government, economics

Suggested Curriculum for College Preparatory Students : Suggested Curriculum for College Preparatory Students English—4 years Math—4 years Social Studies—4 years Sciences—4 years Foreign Language—2 years The Arts--2 years Physical Education and Health Education—2 years Usually totals 22 credits

Courses in Sequence by Subject : Courses in Sequence by Subject English Integrated literature, composition, all genres all four years Emphasis in the 3rd year on American literature Emphasis in the 4th year on English literature

Courses in Sequence by Subject : Courses in Sequence by Subject Mathematics Movement now is toward a more integrated mathematics Traditionally the sequence had been Algebra, geometry, advanced algebra, trigonometry and pre-calculus for average student Geometry, advanced algebra, trigonometry and pre-calculus , calculus for advanced student

Courses in Sequence by Subject : Courses in Sequence by Subject Physical Education and Health Usually 1 year of Physical Education Usually ½ year of Health Education The Arts Visual arts, orchestra, instrumental music or vocal music

Courses in Sequence by Subject : Courses in Sequence by Subject Foreign language Most commonly taught: Spanish, German, French. 2 years for minimum, 4 years for advanced. Science Integrated science, biology, chemistry, physics for average students Biology, chemistry, physics, either earth science, advanced biology, advanced chemistry for advanced students

Advanced Placement Program : Advanced Placement Program College credit program offered to advanced students in secondary schools Web site: www.collegeboard.com

The International Baccalaureate : The International Baccalaureate The IBO offers schools three programmes Diploma Programme Middle years Programme 11-16 Primary Years Programme 3-12 It serves 1,182 schools in 101 countries Curriculum and assessment development Teacher training and information seminars Electronic networking Other educational services

Preparing for University Admissions : Preparing for University Admissions Two national tests for university admissions for domestic students ACT—American College Testing www.collegeboard.com SAT—Scholastic Achievement Testing PSAT—National Merit Scholarship and Preliminary Scholastic Achievement Testing Educational Testing Service—www.ets.org Also administers the TOEFL

Post Secondary Education : Post Secondary Education Post Secondary training programs— 2+2 programs with vocational schools—public community colleges and high schools Community colleges and branch campuses Vocational training based on local need Work Force Development responsibilities Adult Education training and retraining Private schools like manicure license or automobile repair Can be two years or perhaps six months

Post Secondary Education : Post Secondary Education Public University System 9 state institutions Private College and University System Liberal arts colleges (usually only 4 year) Private university On-line Colleges Religious sponsored colleges (Catholic and Protestant)