Slide 1 : Plants and animals through microscopic eye Dr Aman Biswas
Slide 2 : The world is made of atoms
Which differ only in numbers of protons and electrons.
The world to be uniformly made only of three particles, protons, neutrons and electrons.
You will see everything only in terms of particles and see no liquid, gas or solids.
If you can break the protons, neutrons and electrons and reach the absolute basic particle that makes these three, you will see only that basic particles of light.
Why variable Model Organismshave been selected to be explored in Human Genome Project ? : Why variable Model Organismshave been selected to be explored in Human Genome Project ? Escherichia coli and its phage
(the T phage and phage ?)
Baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
The house mouse Mus musculus
The crucifer plant Arabidopsis thaliana
Slide 4 : Some Amazing facts !! In just the last 3 weeks, a quadrillion (1015) atoms, have gone through your body that have gone through the body of every other species on this planet.
Slide 5 : And if you do radioactive isotope studies which have been done very elegantly, you can prove beyond a shadow of doubt that you replace 98% of all the atoms in your body in less than one year.
Slide 6 : You make a new liver every 6 weeks
Slide 7 : A new skin once a month
Slide 8 : A New stomach
lining every 5 days
Slide 9 : A new skeleton seems so hard and solid,
but the skeleton you have now you didn’t
have three months ago.
Slide 10 : Even the brain cells that you think with as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, as those basic elements, they weren’t there one year ago.
Slide 11 : And the DNA that holds memories of millions of years of evolutionary time, in fact hundreds of millions of years; the actual raw material of it comes and goes every six weeks. Those atoms drift in and out like migratory birds every six weeks.
Slide 12 : Human white blood cells Xenopus embryos Sea urchin embryo Amoeba Mouse embryonic
Stem cells Human cheek cells Elodea cells Human red blood cells Zebrafish embryo Whole Biological world looks alike on basic plain
Slide 13 : Single celled microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis. Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport Or vesicular transport! Circulation of materials in the body by all unicellular eukaryotes is same osmosis diffusion active transport vesicular transport Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up
Slide 14 : Study of tissues
Word was coined by Mayer
The founder of general histology is French surgeon, anatomist and physiologist F.X. Bichet
The father of animal histology is Marcello Malpighii
Formation of tissues from germinal layers is called as Histogenesis. Histology
Slide 15 : A Presentation of BBIPL Founder of plant Anatomy
- Marcello Malphighi
Father of plant Anatomy
- Nehemiah Grew
Large tracts of organized cells of similar origin, structure that perform a collective function. : Large tracts of organized cells of similar origin, structure that perform a collective function. Tissues
Slide 17 : CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES
Classified on the basis of Structure and Origin
Two types
SIMPLE
Group of same cells with same origin performing same functions
COMPOUND
Group of Simple tissues performing same functions = ORGANS
Animal Tissues : Animal Tissues
EPITHELIAL TISSUE : EPITHELIAL TISSUE The first tissue to be formed in Kingdom Animalia
“Epithelium” ……… coined by Ruysh
The epithelial cells are closely packed so that Inter cellular spaces are reduced or absent.
This is the only tissue with basement membrane.
The cells are tightly packed due to Desmosomes (Macula-adherens), interdigitations or tight junctions.
Basement membrane is secreted by the cells of epithelia and connecting tissue both.
Slide 20 :
Junctions complexes of epithelial cells : Junctions complexes of epithelial cells
EPITHELIAL TISSUE : EPITHELIAL TISSUE Only tissue with variable origin
Eg. Skin epidermis from ectoderm
Coelomic epithelium from mesoderm and
Lining of alimentary canal is from endoderm.
Surface of these cells may have grooves and ridges which form tight junction known as zonula occludens
Some of the functions of epithelium : Some of the functions of epithelium To protect the underlying tissues from dehydration, infection, and mechanical and chemical damage is the primary role of epithelia.
Epithelia act as selective barriers, controlling the passage of all materials passing across the exposed surfaces they cover.
Ciliated epithelia of neurocoel, respiratory and genital passages they serve to conduct mucus or fluids in the ducts .
Slide 24 : Epithelia of intestine and uriniferous tubules are absorptive.
The epithelium of uriniferous tubules is specialized for urine-formation for excretion.
In receptor organs, these are specialized exclusively for sensory function.
Epithelia are highly regenerative; when damaged they regenerate more rapidly than other tissues
Facilitate rapid healing of wounds.
This tissue helps in protection and absorption mainly. Some of the functions of epithelium
Connective Tissue : Connective Tissue Mesodermal in origin.
Hertwig (1883) introduced the term “mesenchyma" for the connective tissues.
They form about 30% of body mass .
Connective tissues have two basic components- a non-living matrix and cells.
The matrix consists of fibres and the fibres may be of
three kinds-collagen, reticular and elastic.
The cells may be of several types of which some may be of wandering types while others-are fixed in definite positions.
Slide 26 :
Connective Tissue Proper : Connective Tissue Proper On basis of matrix type and cells.
Areolar or Loose Connective Tissue : Areolar or Loose Connective Tissue Areolar tissue in the body called a fixing and packing tissue.
It has a large amount of matrix and almost all types of cells of connective tissues and fibres
Slide 29 : Types of cells in the areolar tissue Fibroblast or
Fibrocyte cells
These synthesize
the proteins
(collagen, elastin
and reticulin) that
form the
connective tissue
fibres and secrete
bulk of matrix.
Slide 30 : Histiocytes or Clasmatocytes
Large wandering-macrophages cells
E.g. connective tissue septa of lungs,
often referred as 'dust cells',
in liver 'Kuppfer Cells'.
In brain Astrocytes
Slide 31 :