Our Food Requirements

Slide 1 : Dr. Aman Biswas Our Food Requirements

http://bisbio.in 09814016083, 09855516083email … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com : http://bisbio.in 09814016083, 09855516083email … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com For all your Biology Problems UGC/CSIR NET Life Sciences PMT SAT Advance Program Civil Services Entrance to Biotechnology and Post graduate Sciences

Hit at … http://bisbio.in orCall 09814016083, 09855516083 oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com : Hit at … http://bisbio.in orCall 09814016083, 09855516083 oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com For all your Biology Problems UGC/CSIR NET Life Sciences PMT SAT Advance Program Civil Services Entrance to Biotechnology and Post graduate Sciences

Slide 4 : Insects are eating too much pesticides So I am turning Vegetarian !! What about you?

Toxins around us…. : Toxins around us…. Our body is like a magnetic field which attracts toxins around us.

Slide 6 : Almost everything we eat contains toxins and no one can deny that. Plus, the widespread pollution makes us breathe and inhale a pretty dangerous number of chemicals and toxins. Indeed, there should be a way of getting rid of these disease-causing toxins in order to unshackle ourselves from the deadly grasps of both acute and chronic diseases brought about by everyday living. Toxins around us….

Slide 7 : Which food can help in Detoxification of our body ?

DETOX THE BODY : DETOX THE BODY Water fasting is a popular method of detoxifying. In water fasting, a person basically drinks 8-10 glasses of water every day

Tea can also be used as a substitute but the key point is not adding any sweetener to it. : Tea can also be used as a substitute but the key point is not adding any sweetener to it.

Slide 10 : Lemon juice can also be added because lemon can provide nutrients that helps in the detoxifying process

Slide 11 : A vegetarian diet is an effective way of cleansing the body from toxins.

Slide 12 : Eating raw fruits in the morning, vegetables during lunch and more vegetables for dinner would surely cleanse your digestive tract because of their high-fiber content. Eating these fruits and vegetables raw or slightly cooked is also ideal for faster detoxifying

Cause of Fast AgeingTheFree Radicals : Cause of Fast AgeingTheFree Radicals

What are Antioxidants ? : What are Antioxidants ? Nutrients that prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body. When our body cells use oxygen, they naturally produce free radicals (by-products) which can cause damage.

Slide 15 : Antioxidants act as "free radical scavengers" and hence prevent and repair damage done by these free radicals.

Which foodis an antioxidant ? : Which foodis an antioxidant ?

Which vitamins would you find in these in maximum? : Which vitamins would you find in these in maximum? Carrots, Squash, Broccoli, Sweet potatoes, Tomatoes, Cantaloupe, Peaches and Apricots Vitamin A and Carotenoids (in bright-colored fruits and vegetables!)

Vitamin C : Vitamin C Citrus fruits (oranges and lime ) green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, strawberries and tomatoes

Vitamin E : Vitamin E Green leafy vegetables, Nuts, Whole grains, Vegetable oil and Liver oil

Which food has Selenium ? : Which food has Selenium ? Fish and shellfish, red meat, grains, eggs, chicken and garlic.

Slide 21 : What does Selenium help in ?

Antioxidant substances : Antioxidant substances Coenzyme Q10 Glutathione Flavonoids / polyphenols Lycopene Lutein Lignan Antioxidant enzymes made by the body : superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase glutathione peroxidase

What American Dietetic Association has to say ? : What American Dietetic Association has to say ? Healthy vegetarian diets support a lifetime of good health and provide protection against numerous diseases Three biggest killers… Heart disease Cancer Strokes

Slide 24 : Vegetarians have “Lower rates of death from ischemic heart disease Lower blood cholesterol levels Lower blood pressure Lower rates of hypertension, Lower rate of type 2 diabetes Lower “prostate and colon cancer” Vegetarians are less likely than meat-eaters to be obese. What American Dietetic Association has to say ?

Slide 25 : Well-planned vegetarian diets provide us with all the nutrients that we need, minus all the saturated fat, cholesterol and contaminants found in animal flesh, eggs, and dairy products. Non-veg food is more contaminated…

Slide 26 : The consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy products has also been strongly linked to osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, asthma and male impotence.

Dr. T. Colin Campbell, nutritional researcher at Cornell University and director of the largest epidemiological study in history, says : Dr. T. Colin Campbell, nutritional researcher at Cornell University and director of the largest epidemiological study in history, says "The vast majority of all cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other forms of degenerative illness can be prevented simply by adopting a plant-based diet.

Rich Nutrientsto save you in this polluted world : Rich Nutrientsto save you in this polluted world Calcium and Vitamin D Iodine and Iron Omega fatty acids Soya proteins Antioxidants

Slide 29 : Also know Amygdalin or Laetrile, Found in Raw Apricot seeds and many other raw Fruit seeds Known to cure cancer! In1950 discovered by Dr. Ernest T. Krebs, He called it B-17 or 'Laetrile‘. Vitamin B17

Other foods with B17 vitamin : Other foods with B17 vitamin Bitter almond Millet Lima beans

Slide 31 : Basal Metabolic Rate

Slide 32 : Amount of heat produced in the body in a given time in complete state of physical and mental rest at 20oC room temperature. What is Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) ?

Rise in Basal Metabolic Rate : Rise in Basal Metabolic Rate (1) Muscular activity like exercise (2) Cold weather, when body temperature is maintained by shivering (3) After food intake. (4) Nervous tension, when muscles tend to be tense. (5) In certain pathological conditions like hyperthyroidism, fever, severe anaemia malignancy (leukaemia) and cardiac disorders causing over- work of the heart.

Fall in Basal Metabolic Rate : (1) Hypothyroidism. (2) Adrenal cortex deficiency (3) Hypopituitarism (4) During hypothermia (5) During starvation (6) Under-malnutrition Fall in Basal Metabolic Rate

Slide 35 : PROTEIN 56-65 g /day 4.1 Cal. (17KJ) CARBOHYDRATES 400-450 g/day 4.1 Cal. (17KJ) FATS 50-60 g/day 9.1 Cal. (37 KJ) POTENTIAL ENERGY/g How much food do you need per day ?

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES : NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES MARAMUS Malnutrition Seen in infants less than one year Retarded growth in child, underweight, depletion of fats and muscles with emaciated body Child is always hungry Diarrhoea and Vomitting both symptoms present

Slide 37 : KWASHIORKOR Deficiency of proteins will cause diseases like KWASHIORKOR Seen in older children of age after 2 to 3 year of age retarded growth but without emaciated body rather looks blown up due to Odema Child loses appetite Only Diarrhoea occurs

Slide 38 : Essential accessory food factors in 1880 by F. Crowl and Hopkins VITAMINS C. Funk Term 'VITAMIN' was coined by Funk in 1912

Characteristics of Vitamins : Characteristics of Vitamins Organic compounds Synthesized by plants Daily requirement is low

Slide 40 : Few can be stored in the body Vit. A ,D and K in liver Vitamin C in adrenal cortex (Zona fasciculata) Few can be synthesized in the body Vit. D in skin Vit. K and Vit B in intestine

Two types : Two types FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

Differences : Differences FAT SOLUBLE cause diseases in excess as well as in deficiency can be excreted only by liver through bile E.g. Vit. A,D,K,E WATER SOLUBLE cause diseases in only in deficiency can be excreted by kidney with urine E.g. Vit. B and C

Slide 43 : The vitamins act as coenzymes Act as electron acceptors or donors E.g.,In tissue respiration, the oxidases and dehydrogenases, are needed where the protein part (apoenzyme) is enzyme specific While electron which can last for acceptor or donor part is co-enzyme. Vitamins concerned in reactions are vitamins A, C, E, K, B and niacin Modes of Action of Vitamins

Slide 44 : Certain vitamins like Vit. B1, being most important, act as CO2 splitters E.g. oxidation of pyruvic acid bicarboxylase requires Vit. B1 as coenzyme Still others (e.g. Pantothenic acid) act as activators E.g. activation of acetates to form acetyl CoA.

Slide 45 : FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Slide 46 : Common Name Anti-xerophthalmic vitamin Chemical name Retinol or Axerophthol Vitamin A is destroyed by heat oxidation from which it is protected in the intestine by Vit. E (an antioxidant) Vitamin A

Vitamin A : Vitamin A Special features Fat soluble Stored in the liver after absorption Other storing sites being kidneys, lungs, adrenals and gonads. Vitamin A is retinol while its aldehyde form is retinine Found in mammals and salt water fish.

Slide 48 : Physiological functions Helps in synthesis of rhodopsin Acts as growth promoting factor as it controls epithelial cell activity Chemical nature Alcohol (C20H30O) insoluble in water Vitamin A

Where is vitamin A availabile ? : Where is vitamin A availabile ? ln, vegetables and fruits (carrots, green leaves etc.) it exists in provitamin A form called carotene, a and b Carotene b being more important. Carotene is converted into vitamin A in the intestine.

Slide 50 : Deficiency diseases of vitamin A Keratomalcia

Slide 51 : Keratinization Deficiency diseases of vitamin A

Slide 52 : Xerophthalmia Deficiency diseases of vitamin A

Slide 53 : Dermatoses Deficiency diseases of vitamin A

Slide 54 : Common Name Antirachitic Chemical name Calciferol or Ergocalciferol Vitamin D

Special features of Vitamin D : Special features of Vitamin D Synthesized from ergosterol by exposure to ultraviolet rays In the skin the sterol, when irradiated by ultra-violet rays is converted into 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is a form of vitamin D Commercially it is.avallable as calciferol, a synthetic preparation.

Slide 56 : Physiological functions Vitamin D is associated with calcium metabolism. Since calcium and phosphorus,metabolism go hand in hand, it can be said that both Ca and P metabolism are dependent on Vit. D Chemical nature Sterol compound which exists as 6 different kinds where D2 is of plant origin and D3 synthesized by skin Vitamin D

Availability of vitamin D : Availability of vitamin D Cod liver oil Ghee Eggs Butter Cheese Milk

Slide 58 : Deficiency diseases of vitamin D Occurs due to 1. Lack of vitamin D in diet. 2. Lack of sunlight so that ultraviolet rays cannot synthesize vitamin D in the body. 3. Ultraviolet rays may also be held back due to heavy dust and smoke in atmosphere especially in big cities

Slide 59 : Vitamin D Deficiency causes Rickets in children Osteomalacia in adults, and Dental caries.

Osteomalacia : Osteomalacia Softening of the bones Due to defective bone mineralization Signs such as diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones. Common cause.. deficiency in vitamin D

Slide 62 : Common Name Anti sterility Chemical name Tocoferol. Exists in eight chemical forms Alpha- tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements Physiological functions Maintenance of structural integrity of muscles Synthesis of germinal epithelium Vitamin E

Availability : Availability Vegetable oils Alfa alfa Asparagus, Eggs, Milk, Nuts, Spinach and Most of vegetable oils

Slide 64 : Chemical nature Unsaturated alcohol (yellow oil) Special features There have been some theories that Vitamin E, especially when coupled with selenium may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Vitamin E

Slide 65 : Deficiency disorders Sterility Abortion Neuromuscular dystrophy Permanent damage of germinal epithelium Peripheral neuropathy, Ataxia, Skeletal myopathy Impairment of the immune response.

Slide 68 : Vitamin E Sterility

Slide 69 : Common Name Anti-haemorrhagic Chemical name Phylloquinoe or Napthoquinone Special features Vitamin K1 is phtomenadione synthesized by green plants and K2 is synthesized by bacteria in intestine. Vitamin K

Slide 70 : Physiological functions Formation of coenzyme-Q Concerned with the process of blood coagulation Being associated with prothrombin formation in the liver Chemical nature Naphthoquinone derivative

Slide 71 : Availability Alfa alfa, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage etc.

Deficiency diseases : Deficiency diseases Obstructive jaundice when absorption is impaired due to lack of bile salts, the intestine. Hypoprothrombinemia This results in deficiency of prothrombin, giving rise to haemorrhagic tendency in the body.

Slide 73 : WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B Complex Vitamin C

Features : Features B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins Not stored in the body Must be replaced each day. Easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation. The B-complex group is found in a variety of foods: cereal grains, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, legumes and fresh vegetables. Citrus fruits are good sources of vitamin C

Vitamin B-Complex : Vitamin B-Complex Eight of the water-soluble vitamins Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin (vitamin B3), Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) Pyridoxine (vitamin B6), Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) Folate Biotin

Slide 76 : Common Name : Anti neuritic Chemical Name : THIAMINE Requirements increases if carbohydrate intake is increased Vitamin B1

Slide 77 : Physiological function Essential as coenzyme with carboxylase enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism Concerned with following processes: 1. Decarboxylation of Pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA 2. Decarboxylation of a-ketogluteric acid to succinyl CoA (in citric acid -Cycle). 3. In relation to fructose-6-phosphate formation. Synthesize T P P Vitamin B1

Availability : Availability Yeast Wheat embryo Rice Husk of grains Pulses Green peas Germinating pulses

Slide 79 : Chemical Nature Thiamine hydrochloride with `SULPHUR` Special feature HEAT LABILE Vitamin B1

Deficiency Disease : Deficiency Disease Beriberi Named so as the patient suffers from sheep-like gait. Two types, Dry and Wet beri-beri Polyneuritis in birds Oedema Weak and Enlarged heart Vitamin B1

Slide 81 : Dry beri beri Peripheral nervous involved Atrophy of the muscles gradually resulting in Paralysis (C.N.S. is not involved). Vitamin B1 Hypersensitivity , mental depression. Intestinal atrophy with disturbances in general Metabolism and weight loss. Discovered by Takaki Kanehiro

Slide 82 : Wet beri-beri Prominence of cardiovascular Involvement Dilatation of heart and oedema along with nervous symptoms etc. as in dry beri-beri.

Slide 83 : Common Name : Anti ariboflavinosis Chemical Name : Riboflavin or Lactoflavin Daily requirement : 2 mgs Special features A yellow flourescent pigment Heat-stable but is-readily destroyed by ultraviolet rays. Chemical nature Flavine derivative Vitamin B 2

Availability : Availability Liver Meat extract Eggs, Kidneys Fermented food Yeast Milk Cheese

Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Concerned with protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism. 2. It is an essential.growth factor. 3. It is associated with tissue repairs. 4. It converts tryptophan into niacin. 5. In cells it is found in form of FAD or FMN. 6. It is associated as coenzyme in tissue oxidation and respiration. Vitamin B 2

Deficiency Diseases : 1 .Growth is retarded. The skin develops cracks and fissures, especially at corners of the mouth. 3. Corneal ulcers. Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 2

Slide 87 : The nerves develop myelin degeneration * Chelosis * Glossites * Photophobia

Slide 88 : Common Name Pellagra preventing factor Chemical Name Niacin Chemical nature Nicotinamide derivative Vitamin B 3

Availability : Availability Whole meal flour Milk Meat extract Liver Kidneys Eggs.

Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. In body fluids niacin is converted to nicotinamide; in bound forms it exists as NAD, and NADH. 2. Concerned with H+ ions donor-acceptor system in the body. 3.Tends to lower serum cholesterol levels. 4.Nicotinamide acts as coenzyme in metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate. 3. 4. Vitamin B 3

Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Pellagra, manifested by red, dry and rough skin, red and sore tongue 2. G.I. tract disturbances (diarrhoea etc.) and 3. Nervous symptoms (delirium). Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 3

Slide 92 : Common Name Calcium pantothenate. Chemical Name Pantothenic acid Vitamin B 5

Availability of vitamin B 5 : Availability of vitamin B 5 Whole meal flour Milk Liver Honey Chemical nature Gamma-dihydroxy-beta dimethyl-butyl-beta alanide

Physiological functions : Physiological functions Being a part of CoA in acetyl CoA, It is associated with (i) Cellular respiration. (ii) Lipid metabolism. (iii) Steroid formation. 2. Concerned with detoxification of substances in the liver. 3. Important for growth. Vitamin B 5

Deficiency Diseases : 1. Dermatitis 2. Graying of hair early 3. Irritibility 4. Fatigue Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 5

Slide 96 : Common Name Antiacrodyania Chemical Name Pyridoxine Availability Whole meal flour, milk, vegetables, fish Chemical nature Pyridine derivative Vitamin B 6

Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Essential for normal aminoacid metabolism. 2. Associated with Hb synthesis. 3. Associated with enzyme activities in brain. 4. Concerned with decarboxylation of serotonin. 5. Acts as coenzyme in linoleic acid metabolism. Vitamin B 6

Deficiency Diseases : 1. PMS 2. Convulsions 3. Skin lesions Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 6

Slide 99 : Common Name Anti-pernicious anaemia factor Chemical Name Cyanocobalamin Chemical nature Cobalt rich metal-porphyrin Vitamin B 12

Availability of vitamin B 12 : Availability of vitamin B 12 Whole meal flour Milk Vegetables Fish

Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Erythrocyte maturation factor 2. Chromosome duplication. 3. Synthesis of myelin sheath Vitamin B 12

Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Pernicious anaemia Megaloblastic anemia 2. Demyelination Neurological disorders Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 12

Slide 103 : Common Name Antiscorbutic factor Chemical Name Ascorbic acid Chemical nature Cevitamic acid Vitamin C

Availability : Availability Embelica (amla)

All citrus fruits : All citrus fruits

Slide 106 : Germinating cereals

Slide 107 : Rose hips are the richest sources of Vit. C

Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Being antioxidant it serves to protect H+ carrier system and is thus important for tissue oxidation. 2. Protects lntracellutar substance having collagen and other cementing substances. 3. Capillary vascular tone is maintained by keeping intact the main cementing of myelin sheath Vitamin C

Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Scurvy was probably first observed as a disease by Hippocrates 2. Gingivitis, 3. Petechiae, 4. Rash, 5. Internal bleeding, 6. Impaired wound healing Deficiency Diseases Vitamin C

Slide 110 : This presentation is brought to you by ….. Bisbio.in The pictures projected on this free session belong to the beholder s on the internet. We thank them

Slide 111 : THE END Dr. S. Biswas