Slide 1 : Dr. Aman Biswas Our Food Requirements
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Advance Program
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Entrance to Biotechnology and Post graduate Sciences
Slide 4 : Insects are
eating too much pesticides
So I am turning Vegetarian !!
What about you?
Toxins around us…. : Toxins around us…. Our body is like a magnetic field which attracts toxins around us.
Slide 6 : Almost everything we eat contains toxins and no one can deny that.
Plus, the widespread pollution makes us breathe and inhale a pretty dangerous number of chemicals and toxins.
Indeed, there should be a way of getting rid of these disease-causing toxins in order to unshackle ourselves from the deadly grasps of both acute and chronic diseases brought about by everyday living. Toxins around us….
Slide 7 : Which food can help in Detoxification of our body ?
DETOX THE BODY : DETOX THE BODY Water fasting is a popular method of detoxifying.
In water fasting, a person basically drinks 8-10 glasses of water every day
Tea can also be used as a substitute but the key point is not adding any sweetener to it. : Tea can also be used as a substitute but the key point is not adding any sweetener to it.
Slide 10 : Lemon juice can also be added because lemon can provide nutrients that helps in the detoxifying
process
Slide 11 : A vegetarian diet is an effective way of cleansing the body from toxins.
Slide 12 : Eating raw fruits in the morning, vegetables during lunch and more vegetables for dinner would surely cleanse your digestive tract because of their high-fiber content.
Eating these fruits and vegetables raw or slightly cooked is also ideal for faster detoxifying
Cause of Fast AgeingTheFree Radicals : Cause of Fast AgeingTheFree Radicals
What are Antioxidants ? : What are Antioxidants ? Nutrients that prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body.
When our body cells use oxygen, they naturally produce free radicals (by-products) which can cause damage.
Slide 15 : Antioxidants act as "free radical scavengers" and hence prevent and repair damage done by these free radicals.
Which foodis an antioxidant ? : Which foodis an antioxidant ?
Which vitamins would you find in these in maximum? : Which vitamins would you find in these in maximum? Carrots,
Squash,
Broccoli,
Sweet potatoes,
Tomatoes,
Cantaloupe,
Peaches and
Apricots Vitamin A and Carotenoids
(in bright-colored fruits and vegetables!)
Vitamin C : Vitamin C Citrus fruits (oranges and lime ) green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, strawberries and tomatoes
Vitamin E : Vitamin E Green leafy vegetables,
Nuts,
Whole grains,
Vegetable oil and
Liver oil
Which food has Selenium ? : Which food has Selenium ? Fish and shellfish, red meat, grains, eggs, chicken and garlic.
Slide 21 : What does
Selenium
help in ?
Antioxidant substances : Antioxidant substances Coenzyme Q10
Glutathione
Flavonoids / polyphenols
Lycopene
Lutein
Lignan
Antioxidant enzymes made by the body :
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
What American Dietetic Association has to say ? : What American Dietetic Association has to say ? Healthy vegetarian diets support a lifetime of good health and provide protection against numerous diseases
Three biggest killers…
Heart disease
Cancer
Strokes
Slide 24 : Vegetarians have
“Lower rates of death from ischemic heart disease
Lower blood cholesterol levels
Lower blood pressure
Lower rates of hypertension,
Lower rate of type 2 diabetes
Lower “prostate and colon cancer”
Vegetarians are less likely than meat-eaters to be obese. What American Dietetic Association has to say ?
Slide 25 : Well-planned vegetarian diets provide us with all the nutrients that we need, minus all the saturated fat, cholesterol and contaminants found in animal flesh, eggs, and dairy products. Non-veg food is more contaminated…
Slide 26 : The consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy products has also been strongly linked to
osteoporosis,
Alzheimer's,
asthma and
male impotence.
Dr. T. Colin Campbell, nutritional researcher at Cornell University and director of the largest epidemiological study in history, says : Dr. T. Colin Campbell, nutritional researcher at Cornell University and director of the largest epidemiological study in history, says "The vast majority of all cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other forms of degenerative illness can be prevented simply by adopting a plant-based diet.
Rich Nutrientsto save you in this polluted world : Rich Nutrientsto save you in this polluted world Calcium and Vitamin D
Iodine and Iron
Omega fatty acids
Soya proteins
Antioxidants
Slide 29 : Also know Amygdalin or Laetrile,
Found in Raw Apricot seeds and many other raw Fruit seeds
Known to cure cancer!
In1950 discovered by Dr. Ernest T. Krebs,
He called it B-17 or 'Laetrile‘. Vitamin B17
Other foods with B17 vitamin : Other foods with B17 vitamin Bitter almond
Millet
Lima beans
Slide 31 : Basal Metabolic Rate
Slide 32 : Amount of heat produced in the body in a given time in complete state of physical and mental rest at 20oC room temperature. What is Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) ?
Rise in Basal Metabolic Rate : Rise in Basal Metabolic Rate (1) Muscular activity like exercise
(2) Cold weather, when body temperature is maintained by shivering
(3) After food intake.
(4) Nervous tension, when muscles tend to be tense.
(5) In certain pathological conditions like
hyperthyroidism, fever, severe anaemia malignancy (leukaemia) and cardiac disorders causing over- work of the heart.
Fall in Basal Metabolic Rate : (1) Hypothyroidism.
(2) Adrenal cortex deficiency
(3) Hypopituitarism
(4) During hypothermia
(5) During starvation
(6) Under-malnutrition Fall in Basal Metabolic Rate
Slide 35 : PROTEIN 56-65 g /day 4.1 Cal. (17KJ)
CARBOHYDRATES 400-450 g/day 4.1 Cal. (17KJ)
FATS 50-60 g/day 9.1 Cal. (37 KJ) POTENTIAL ENERGY/g How much food do you need per day ?
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES : NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES MARAMUS
Malnutrition
Seen in infants less than one year
Retarded growth in child, underweight, depletion of fats and muscles with emaciated body
Child is always hungry
Diarrhoea and Vomitting both symptoms present
Slide 37 : KWASHIORKOR
Deficiency of proteins will cause diseases like KWASHIORKOR
Seen in older children of age after 2 to 3 year of age
retarded growth but without emaciated body rather looks blown up due to Odema
Child loses appetite
Only Diarrhoea occurs
Slide 38 : Essential accessory food factors
in 1880 by F. Crowl and Hopkins VITAMINS C. Funk Term 'VITAMIN' was coined by Funk in 1912
Characteristics of Vitamins : Characteristics of Vitamins Organic compounds
Synthesized by plants
Daily requirement is low
Slide 40 : Few can be stored in the body
Vit. A ,D and K in liver
Vitamin C in adrenal cortex (Zona fasciculata)
Few can be synthesized in the body
Vit. D in skin
Vit. K and Vit B in intestine
Two types : Two types FAT SOLUBLE
WATER SOLUBLE
Differences : Differences FAT SOLUBLE
cause diseases in excess as well as in deficiency
can be excreted only by liver through bile
E.g. Vit. A,D,K,E WATER SOLUBLE
cause diseases in only in deficiency
can be excreted by kidney with urine
E.g. Vit. B and C
Slide 43 : The vitamins act as coenzymes
Act as electron acceptors or donors
E.g.,In tissue respiration, the oxidases and dehydrogenases, are needed where the protein part (apoenzyme) is enzyme specific
While electron which can last for acceptor or donor part is co-enzyme.
Vitamins concerned in reactions are vitamins A, C, E, K, B and niacin Modes of Action of Vitamins
Slide 44 : Certain vitamins like Vit. B1, being most important, act as CO2 splitters
E.g. oxidation of pyruvic acid bicarboxylase requires Vit. B1 as coenzyme
Still others (e.g. Pantothenic acid) act as activators
E.g. activation of acetates to form acetyl CoA.
Slide 45 : FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Slide 46 : Common Name
Anti-xerophthalmic vitamin
Chemical name
Retinol or Axerophthol
Vitamin A is destroyed by heat oxidation from which it is protected in the intestine by Vit. E (an antioxidant) Vitamin A
Vitamin A : Vitamin A Special features
Fat soluble
Stored in the liver after absorption
Other storing sites being kidneys, lungs, adrenals and gonads.
Vitamin A is retinol while its aldehyde form is retinine
Found in mammals and salt water fish.
Slide 48 : Physiological functions
Helps in synthesis of rhodopsin
Acts as growth promoting factor as it controls epithelial cell activity
Chemical nature
Alcohol (C20H30O) insoluble in water Vitamin A
Where is vitamin A availabile ? : Where is vitamin A availabile ? ln, vegetables and fruits (carrots, green leaves etc.) it exists in provitamin A form called carotene, a and b
Carotene b being more important.
Carotene is converted into vitamin A in the intestine.
Slide 50 : Deficiency diseases of vitamin A Keratomalcia
Slide 51 : Keratinization Deficiency diseases of vitamin A
Slide 52 : Xerophthalmia Deficiency diseases of vitamin A
Slide 53 : Dermatoses Deficiency diseases of vitamin A
Slide 54 : Common Name
Antirachitic
Chemical name
Calciferol or Ergocalciferol Vitamin D
Special features of Vitamin D : Special features of Vitamin D Synthesized from ergosterol by exposure to ultraviolet rays
In the skin the sterol, when irradiated by ultra-violet rays is converted into 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is a form of vitamin D
Commercially it is.avallable as calciferol, a synthetic preparation.
Slide 56 : Physiological functions
Vitamin D is associated with calcium metabolism. Since calcium and phosphorus,metabolism go hand in hand, it can be said that both Ca and P metabolism are dependent on Vit. D
Chemical nature
Sterol compound which exists as 6 different kinds where D2 is of plant origin and D3 synthesized by skin Vitamin D
Availability of vitamin D : Availability of vitamin D Cod liver oil
Ghee
Eggs
Butter
Cheese
Milk
Slide 58 : Deficiency diseases of vitamin D
Occurs due to
1. Lack of vitamin D in diet.
2. Lack of sunlight so that ultraviolet rays cannot synthesize vitamin D in the body.
3. Ultraviolet rays may also be held back due to heavy dust and smoke in atmosphere especially in big cities
Slide 59 : Vitamin D Deficiency causes
Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults, and
Dental caries.
Osteomalacia : Osteomalacia Softening of the bones
Due to defective bone mineralization
Signs such as diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones.
Common cause.. deficiency in vitamin D
Slide 62 : Common Name
Anti sterility
Chemical name
Tocoferol.
Exists in eight chemical forms
Alpha- tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements
Physiological functions
Maintenance of structural integrity of muscles
Synthesis of germinal epithelium Vitamin E
Availability : Availability Vegetable oils
Alfa alfa
Asparagus,
Eggs,
Milk,
Nuts,
Spinach and
Most of vegetable oils
Slide 64 : Chemical nature
Unsaturated alcohol (yellow oil)
Special features
There have been some theories that Vitamin E, especially when coupled with selenium may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Vitamin E
Slide 65 : Deficiency disorders
Sterility
Abortion
Neuromuscular dystrophy
Permanent damage of germinal epithelium
Peripheral neuropathy,
Ataxia,
Skeletal myopathy
Impairment of the immune response.
Slide 68 : Vitamin E Sterility
Slide 69 : Common Name
Anti-haemorrhagic
Chemical name
Phylloquinoe or Napthoquinone
Special features
Vitamin K1 is phtomenadione synthesized by green plants and K2 is synthesized by bacteria in intestine. Vitamin K
Slide 70 : Physiological functions
Formation of coenzyme-Q
Concerned with the process of blood coagulation
Being associated with prothrombin formation in the liver
Chemical nature
Naphthoquinone derivative
Slide 71 : Availability Alfa alfa, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage etc.
Deficiency diseases : Deficiency diseases Obstructive jaundice when absorption is impaired due to lack of bile salts, the intestine.
Hypoprothrombinemia
This results in deficiency of prothrombin, giving rise to haemorrhagic tendency in the body.
Slide 73 : WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B Complex Vitamin C
Features : Features B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins
Not stored in the body
Must be replaced each day.
Easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation.
The B-complex group is found in a variety of foods: cereal grains, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, legumes and fresh vegetables.
Citrus fruits are good sources of vitamin C
Vitamin B-Complex : Vitamin B-Complex Eight of the water-soluble vitamins
Thiamin (vitamin B1),
Riboflavin (vitamin B2),
Niacin (vitamin B3),
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6),
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
Folate
Biotin
Slide 76 : Common Name : Anti neuritic
Chemical Name : THIAMINE
Requirements increases if carbohydrate intake is increased Vitamin B1
Slide 77 : Physiological function
Essential as coenzyme with carboxylase enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism
Concerned with following processes:
1. Decarboxylation of Pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
2. Decarboxylation of a-ketogluteric acid to succinyl CoA (in citric acid -Cycle).
3. In relation to fructose-6-phosphate formation.
Synthesize T P P Vitamin B1
Availability : Availability Yeast
Wheat embryo
Rice
Husk of grains
Pulses
Green peas
Germinating pulses
Slide 79 : Chemical Nature
Thiamine hydrochloride with `SULPHUR`
Special feature
HEAT LABILE Vitamin B1
Deficiency Disease : Deficiency Disease Beriberi
Named so as the patient suffers from sheep-like gait.
Two types, Dry and
Wet beri-beri
Polyneuritis in birds
Oedema
Weak and Enlarged heart Vitamin B1
Slide 81 : Dry beri beri
Peripheral nervous involved
Atrophy of the muscles gradually resulting in Paralysis (C.N.S. is not involved). Vitamin B1 Hypersensitivity , mental depression.
Intestinal atrophy with disturbances in general Metabolism and weight loss. Discovered by Takaki Kanehiro
Slide 82 : Wet beri-beri
Prominence of cardiovascular Involvement
Dilatation of heart and oedema along with nervous symptoms etc. as in dry beri-beri.
Slide 83 : Common Name : Anti ariboflavinosis
Chemical Name : Riboflavin or Lactoflavin
Daily requirement : 2 mgs
Special features
A yellow flourescent pigment
Heat-stable but is-readily destroyed by ultraviolet rays.
Chemical nature
Flavine derivative Vitamin B 2
Availability : Availability Liver
Meat extract
Eggs,
Kidneys
Fermented food
Yeast
Milk
Cheese
Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Concerned with protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
2. It is an essential.growth factor.
3. It is associated with tissue repairs.
4. It converts tryptophan into niacin.
5. In cells it is found in form of FAD or FMN.
6. It is associated as coenzyme in tissue oxidation and respiration. Vitamin B 2
Deficiency Diseases : 1 .Growth is retarded.
The skin develops cracks and fissures, especially at corners of the mouth.
3. Corneal ulcers. Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 2
Slide 87 : The nerves develop myelin degeneration
* Chelosis
* Glossites
* Photophobia
Slide 88 : Common Name
Pellagra preventing factor
Chemical Name
Niacin
Chemical nature
Nicotinamide derivative Vitamin B 3
Availability : Availability Whole meal flour
Milk
Meat extract
Liver
Kidneys
Eggs.
Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. In body fluids niacin is converted to nicotinamide; in bound forms it exists as NAD, and NADH.
2. Concerned with H+ ions donor-acceptor system in the body.
3.Tends to lower serum cholesterol levels.
4.Nicotinamide acts as coenzyme in metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate.
3.
4. Vitamin B 3
Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Pellagra, manifested by red, dry and rough skin, red and sore tongue
2. G.I. tract disturbances (diarrhoea etc.) and
3. Nervous symptoms (delirium). Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 3
Slide 92 : Common Name
Calcium pantothenate.
Chemical Name
Pantothenic acid Vitamin B 5
Availability of vitamin B 5 : Availability of vitamin B 5 Whole meal flour
Milk
Liver
Honey
Chemical nature
Gamma-dihydroxy-beta dimethyl-butyl-beta alanide
Physiological functions : Physiological functions Being a part of CoA in acetyl CoA,
It is associated with
(i) Cellular respiration.
(ii) Lipid metabolism.
(iii) Steroid formation.
2. Concerned with detoxification of substances in the liver.
3. Important for growth. Vitamin B 5
Deficiency Diseases : 1. Dermatitis
2. Graying of hair early
3. Irritibility
4. Fatigue Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 5
Slide 96 : Common Name
Antiacrodyania
Chemical Name
Pyridoxine
Availability
Whole meal flour, milk, vegetables, fish
Chemical nature
Pyridine derivative Vitamin B 6
Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Essential for normal aminoacid metabolism.
2. Associated with Hb synthesis.
3. Associated with enzyme activities in brain.
4. Concerned with decarboxylation of serotonin.
5. Acts as coenzyme in linoleic acid metabolism. Vitamin B 6
Deficiency Diseases : 1. PMS
2. Convulsions
3. Skin lesions Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 6
Slide 99 : Common Name
Anti-pernicious anaemia factor
Chemical Name
Cyanocobalamin
Chemical nature
Cobalt rich metal-porphyrin Vitamin B 12
Availability of vitamin B 12 : Availability of vitamin B 12 Whole meal flour
Milk
Vegetables
Fish
Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Erythrocyte maturation factor
2. Chromosome duplication.
3. Synthesis of myelin sheath Vitamin B 12
Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Pernicious anaemia
Megaloblastic anemia
2. Demyelination
Neurological disorders Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B 12
Slide 103 : Common Name
Antiscorbutic factor
Chemical Name
Ascorbic acid
Chemical nature
Cevitamic acid Vitamin C
Availability : Availability Embelica (amla)
All citrus fruits : All citrus fruits
Slide 106 : Germinating cereals
Slide 107 : Rose hips are the richest sources of Vit. C
Physiological functions : Physiological functions 1. Being antioxidant it serves to protect H+ carrier system and is thus important for
tissue oxidation.
2. Protects lntracellutar substance having collagen and other cementing substances.
3. Capillary vascular tone is maintained by keeping intact the main cementing of myelin sheath Vitamin C
Deficiency Diseases : 1 . Scurvy was probably first observed as a disease by Hippocrates
2. Gingivitis,
3. Petechiae,
4. Rash,
5. Internal bleeding,
6. Impaired wound healing Deficiency Diseases Vitamin C
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Slide 111 : THE END Dr. S. Biswas