Food factories of the Nature

Food factories of the Nature : Food factories of the Nature Presentation by Dr. Aman Biswas

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AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION : AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Let us see what are Chemosynthetic bacteria : Let us see what are Chemosynthetic bacteria Extremophiles Can survive in harsh conditions In the absence of sunlight In wide range of water temperatures Some approaching the boiling point.

EXTREMOPHILES : EXTREMOPHILES Adapted to high temperatures are called thermophiles. Those that require cold temperatures for growth and reproduction are called psychrophiles . Those that love acidic environmentse., with low pH) are called acidophiles, Whereas those found in highly alkaline conditions (high pH) are alkaliphiles. Organisms that live under high pressure are called piezophiles, and Those found in high-radiation environments are as yet unnamed.

Polyextremophiles : Polyextremophiles Some organisms occupy more than one environmental extreme simultaneously and are known as polyextremophiles. An example is the archaebacterial species, Sulfolobus acidocalderius, which thrives in boiling mudpots at temperatures exceeding 80°C (176°F) and at acidities less than pH 3. Although mostly microbial, extremophiles include a few species of multicellular organisms such as worms, amphibians, mollusks, and crustaceans.

Slide 7 : The hotsprings of Yellowstone National Park's show here different colours due to different types of algae and other microbes. As the hot spring water leaves the ground, it cools as it moves outward (downslope), creating different temperature zones, with the cooler zones located farther from the spring outlet. Each microbial species (or strain) is adapted to a very specific temperature zone, as is evident by the color patterns caused by their presence.

Chemosynthetic bacteria : Chemosynthetic bacteria Known for living inside one another Engaging in symbiotic and parasitic relationships Maximizes their chances of survival.

Chemosynthetic microbes : Chemosynthetic microbes Provide the foundation for larger communities of organisms which consume the microbes to survive.

The Abyss : The Abyss Deepest part of the ocean Extends to depths as great as 6,000 meters (about 19,685 feet or 3.7 miles). Characterized by cold temperatures Lack of light. No photosynthesizers exist A diverse array of detritivores feed on dead organic matter that floats down from above. Numerous predatory and parasitic species exists.

What are TUBE WORMS ? : What are TUBE WORMS ?

Interesting to note : Interesting to note Tubeworms are filled with billions of chemosynthetic bacteria. Starts life with a mouth and gut, which it uses to intake many bacteria. Its mouth then closes and it continues to survive by consuming food produced by its internal bacteria.

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs : Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Capable of manufacturing organic matter Directly from inorganic feedstock. Use exceptional enzymes Capable of resisting high temperatures and pressures

Slide 14 : Organisms live on the bottom of the ocean floor, Subjected to much pressure from the water above. Ecologies surrounding deep sea vents are extremely prosperous relative to those located further away from such chemical factories, which must survive solely on dead organic matter slowly descending from the waters above. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs

Chemosynthetic organisms : Chemosynthetic organisms Viewed by the biotech industry… As a means of converting toxic chemicals into harmless organic variants.

Slide 16 : If life exists on other planets as Mars or moons such as Titan, it has been postulated that they may use chemosynthesis.

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Hydrothermal vent : Hydrothermal vent The average temperature of deep-ocean water is only 2°C (36°F). Vent temp. can reach up to 350°C (662°F) Rich in dissolved chemicals. The hot spring water rises like a smoke (plume). Chemosynthetic bacteria survives such harsh environment

Archaea : Archaea Major domains of life on Earth. Discovered in 1970 Found in many extreme environments on Earth On the ocean floor. Also exist in the open sea. These microbes comprise up to half the mass of life in the oceans. Play an important role in the processes that occur in the oceans.

Giant bacterium discovered in sea floor sediments off the coast of Nambia : Giant bacterium discovered in sea floor sediments off the coast of Nambia Some marine bacteria can interact with diatoms, another type of marine microbe, in such a way that influences the cycling of silicon in the ocean. Diatoms, a group of unicellular algae, are characterized by their highly ornate two-part shell-like structures made from silica.

The largest prokaryote on earth ? : The largest prokaryote on earth ? Plays a critical role in hydrogen sulfide eruptions from diatomaceous sediments off Africa's Namibia coast. Andreas Teske discovered this bacterium Bacteria, Thiomargarita namibiensis

Slide 22 : Famous as the "sulphur pearl of Namibia,“ Anaerobic species Digests organic matter Under low-oxygen (or no-oxygen) conditions Caused by high rates of phytoplankton growth In the Benguela upwelling zone Subsequently decay of large masses of dead phytoplankton that have fallen to the seafloor.

Chemosynthesis : Chemosynthesis Anaerobic activity Leads to the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) in the sediment. The gases are released into the water as "sulfide eruption." At the water surface, the H2S oxidizes to microgranules of sulphur, discoloring it a milky green.

Slide 24 : Chemosynthetic microbes grow on and below the seafloor and even within other animals at the vents

Methanogenic bacteria : Methanogenic bacteria Strictest possible anaerobes known. Converts acetate, and CO2 + H2 into methane. Characteristics of Methane Producing Bacteria Tabular Form of Bacterial Classification From David Bergey's ManualCharacteristics of Methane Producing Bacteria

Famous Margulis and Schwartz : Famous Margulis and Schwartz Methanobacteria Most abundant organisms on earth.  Occur in sediments or any other substrate low in oxygen With enough water to support them.  In such environments they reduce carbon dioxide with hydrogen, formate, acetate, or methanol and release methane as a waste product.

Methanogens : Methanogens Sources of methane bubbles known as marsh gas Common to wetlands and anoxic lake sediments.  Also occur as commensals In the guts of termites and ruminants.  The primary contributors to atmospheric methane, a very powerful greenhouse gas.

Methanobacteria Types : Methanobacteria Types

Origin of Photosynthesis : Origin of Photosynthesis When early microbes evolved Some species developed ways to convert sunlight Into cellular energy and capture carbon from the atmosphere. Crucial to the later evolution of plants.

Slide 30 : The bacterium, Chlorobium tepidum, was originally isolated from a hot spring in New Zealand. It is a member of the green-sulfur bacterial group, so known because of the microbes' color and their dependence on sulfur compounds to carry out photosynthesis.

What are Chlorosomes ? : What are Chlorosomes ?

Slide 32 : Organelles in Green-sulfur bacteria In the microbe's cytoplasmic membrane. Instead of the choloroplasts Help in generating energy through an electron-transport chain Chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules differ from the molecules of other species The chlorosome is the most efficient photosynthetic antenna complex found in nature.

TETRAPYRROLE MOLECULE OFCHLOROPHYLL ‘a’ : TETRAPYRROLE MOLECULE OFCHLOROPHYLL ‘a’

Tetrapyrrole-based photosynthesis : Tetrapyrrole-based photosynthesis Within the prokaryotic domain, there are five main groups of bacteria that perform tetrapyrrole-based photosynthesis.

Slide 35 : Proteobacteria (also known as purple bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris) Heliobacteria (Heliobacillus mobilis), Chloroflexi (filamentous bacteria =green non-sulfur bacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus), Chlorobi (green sulfur bacteria, Chlorobium tepidum) and Cyanobacteria

Progenitors of chloroplast : Progenitors of chloroplast Cyanobacteria ... evolutionary progenitors In algae and plants …evolved later Therefore, to understand the early evolution of photosynthesis, one needs to focus on the photosynthetic prokaryotes.

Let us see what are Photosystems : Let us see what are Photosystems Photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus vary. Cyanobacteria contain two types of photosystems Type I, =Fe-S type, and Type II, =quinone type) Carry out oxygen-evolving photosynthesis. Other four groups …contain only one type of photosystem and Perform non-oxygen-evolving photosynthesis.

Slide 38 : Robert Emerson discovery of two photochemical processes are associated with two photosynthetic pigments Pigment system I Pigment System II

Characteristics of pigment system I and II : Characteristics of pigment system I and II Wavelengths shorter than 680 nm, effects both the pigments While longer than 480 affects PIGMENT SYSTEM-I Pigment system I is relatively very weak fluorescent (strong reductant and weak oxidant) while Pigment system II is strongly fluorescent.

Slide 40 : In green plants, pigment system I contains less chlorophyll b, more chlorophyll a; different forms of chlorophyll a (300 molecules), as 670; chl. a 680, chl. a 695 and others. A very small amount of special form of chl. a absorbing at 700 nm which is P-700 constitutes the reaction centre (or TRAP I)

Slide 41 : The pigment system II contains chl. b and same forms of chl. a (100 molecules) [ as chl. a-662, chl. a -670]. A very small amount of special form of chl. a called P-680 constitutes the reaction centre (TRAP II) of pigment system II. In some plants, P-690 constitutes the reaction centre.

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: PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS In bacteria .. Mesosomes In cyanobacteria .. Chromatophores In Algae .. Chloroplast

Slide 44 : In algae chloroplast is variable in shape , Cup shaped Chlamydomonas

Slide 45 : Spiral .. Spirogyra

Slide 46 : Star shaped .. Zygnema

Slide 47 : Bell shaped .. Chlorella

Slide 48 : Reticulate .. Oedogonium

Slide 49 : Girdle shaped Ulothrix

CHLOROPLAST in higher plants : CHLOROPLAST in higher plants Discoidal or ellipsoidal in shape 4-6 mm in length and 1-2 mm in thickness Bound by 2 unit membranes Lipoproteinous in nature. Filled with hydrophillic matrix called stroma Bundles of discs in it =Grana Generally 40-60 / chloroplast.

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Slide 52 : Quantasomes are considered as Photosynthetic units; measure about 180 Ao X 160 Ao X 100 Ao Each contains 230 chlorophyll molecules

Lateral heterogeneity of chloroplast : Lateral heterogeneity of chloroplast Thylakoid membranes have non-appressed and appressed membranes . Non-appressed membranes Exposed to stroma, E.g., stroma thylakoids, grana end membranes and grana margins. Pigment system I and ATP synthetase units are located here Appressed membranes Interior of grana stacks are not exposed to the stroma. Pigment system II units are located almost exclusively here The cytochrome complex, plastoquinone and plastocyanin are uniformly distributed throughout the membrane system.

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How to extract and separate photosynthetic pigments ? : How to extract and separate photosynthetic pigments ? By chromatography The leaves are grinded in a mortar and pestle A pinch of CaCO3, using 40 ml of 80% acetone and 5 or 10 ml of petroleum ether is added Pigments are separated clearly in the form of distinctly coloured bands on the paper The pigments are identified by their colours

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Slide 58 : What is QUANTUM REQUIREMENT ? Energy carried by a photon = quantum (hv) More energy is present in the light rays of short wavelengths. Less energy is present in the light rays of long wavelength. Robert Emerson showed that the quantum requirement for photosynthesis is 8 quanta of light.

Slide 59 : One photon of blue light contains about 70 kcal of energy One photon of red light contains about 40 kcal of energy. Number of photons required to release one molecule of O2 in photosynthesis is quantum requirement

QUANTUM YIELD : QUANTUM YIELD The number of oxygen released/photons of light is quantum yield ...1/8 = 0.125 Therefore, the quantum yield is 1/8 or 12 %

Slide 61 : Carotenoids are present in both the pigment systems. In case of red and blue-green algae, the pigment systems contain PHYCOBILINS in place of chlorophyll-b. Light energy absorbed by pigments in two systems is ultimately trapped by P-700 and P-680 forms of chlorophyll-a which alone can take part in future photochemical reactions.

QUANTASOME : QUANTASOME

Slide 63 : Sun … a giant thermonuclear reactor In each minute, more than 120 million metric tons of solar matter are converted to radiant energy. Much of this energy is released as radiations. NATURE OF LIGHT

Slide 64 : In eight minutes, about two-billionths (5 x 1024 kcal; 1.73 x 1017W) of this energy travels 160 million km and hits the earth's upper atmosphere. About one-third of the light coming to the atmosphere is reflected back to space and only about 1 to 5% of the light is used for photosynthesis.

Slide 65 : Out of total solar energy reaching the earth the total light perceived by plants during photosynthesis is fixed in form of carbohydrates is less than 5% only.

Slide 66 : 44% visible light Einstein proposed that light consists of packets of energy called photons, which are the smallest divisible units of light. The intensity (i.e., brightness) of light depends on the number of photons (i.e., the amount of energy) absorbed per unit of time. The wavelengths of visible light are measured in nanometers or billionths of a meter (10-9). Sunlight consists of about 4% ultraviolet radiation, 52% infrared radiation Each of these kinds of light has different energy and affects organisms differently.

Slide 67 : Ultraviolet radiation (UV) contains too much energy for most biological systems. It exits in two forms UV A and UV B. Indeed, its high-energy photons often drive electrons from molecules, thus explaining why UV is also called ionizing radiation. UV breaks weak bonds and causes sunburn. It is absorbed by O2, ozone (O3) and glass. That is the reason why we do not get a tan by sitting in front of a glass window. Ultraviolet radiation

Slide 68 : IR doesn't contain enough energy per photon to be useful to living systems. Cells absorb IR radiation, but this energy is insufficient to excite electrons. Consequently, most of the energy of IR is converted immediately to heat. IR is absorbed by water and carbon dioxide but goes through glass. Thus, we won't tan in front of a glass window, but will warm up. Infrared radiation

Slide 69 : Contains just the right amount of energy for biological reactions such as photosynthesis. To have an effect, however, light must first be absorbed. Light is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments. Visible light

Slide 70 : The wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm are utilized in photosynthesis and this light is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

Mechanism of Photosynthesis : Mechanism of Photosynthesis A complicated oxidation-reduction process Results in the oxidation of H2O and reduction of CO2. Involves TWO distinct reactions 1. Primary photochemical reaction or Light reaction or Hill's reaction 2. Dark reaction or Blackman's reaction or Path of carbon in photosynthesis

PHENOMENON INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS : PHENOMENON INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Absorption and Action spectra : Absorption and Action spectra The measurement of interaction of light and molecules is called spectrophotometry. By an instrument called spectrophotometer. The efficiency of light absorption and resulting physiological action can be displayed as a function of wavelength in form of absorption spectra and action spectra. Absorption spectra The resulting graph, in which the efficiency of absorption is plotted against wavelength, is known as a absorption spectrum. An absorption spectrum, is in effect a probability statement.

Action spectra : Action spectra A graph that shows the effectiveness of light in a particular process plotted as a function of wavelength. Most likely the light most efficiently absorbed by the responsible pigment will also be most effective in driving the response. In other words … the action spectrum for a light-dependent response should closely resemble the absorption spectrum of the pigment that absorbs the effective light.

IMPORTANT FEATURES : IMPORTANT FEATURES Photosynthesis is carried out by algae mainly growing in OCEANS and fresh water Every year 2 X 1011 TONNES of carbon are fixed on earth

Hit at … http://bisbio.inorCall bisbio.in at 09814016083, 09855516083oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com : Hit at … http://bisbio.inorCall bisbio.in at 09814016083, 09855516083oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com For Biology Problems UGC/CSIR NET Life Sciences PMT SAT/GRE Advance Program Biology USA Entrance to Civil Services, India Entrance to Biotechnology and Post graduate Sciences

Slide 77 : THE EN D For all the helping hands of Dr. S. Biswas & Wiziq team