H:\GUM\New GUM School\02 Parts of Speech\POS Study Sheet Rev. 8.06.doc (art) articles (det) determiner adjectives = describe nouns /np \ lv adj adj n All I bought was a blue water bottle. Parts of Speech Study Sheet KEY Key Words/Definitions Examples Commentary/Notes Abbreviations pronouns = vague nouns (can be part of np) pro n tv io do Her brother gave me (a ride). pro tv do They made noodles. p /np \ (across the kitchen) prepositions/phrases preposition + object (p + ob/np) p /np \ (on the stove) p /np \ (in the pot) det n (The celery) is green. = things, places, ideas, objects *To check for a n, try to put a, an, or the in front of the word. np lv pa (The homemade egg noodles) were great. (n/np) nouns/noun phrases adverbs = modify verbs; Never and not are adv. *To check for an adv, see if it answers where?, when?, or how? /np \ iv adv adv The snake slithered quickly and quietly. verbs = show action or state of “be”ing *To check for an action verb, see if you can answer the following questions: (* “be” verbs are am, is, are, was, were, be, being, and been.) *To check for a “be” verb, ask yourself does it “link” the subject and the predicate? NO YES The verb is a linking verb (lv) and what follows it is either a predicate nominative (pn) or a predicate adjective (pa). (* words like appear, feel, seems, becomes, remains, etc., are also linking verbs) n lv pa Lauren feels tired. n bv adv ph (where?) Lauren was at the mall. The verb is simply a “be” verb and may have an adv or adv ph following it. verb + what? verb + who? n tv do Hannah peeled carrots. n tv do Hannah knows Ashlyn. *The “who” and “what” answers are called direct objects (do). In turn, verbs that have direct objects are called transitive verbs (tv). YES A predicate nominative (pn) renames the subject. n lv /pn \ Hannah is my daughter. A predicate adjective (pa) further describes the subject. n lv pa Lauren is funny. NO *If you cannot answer verb + what? or verb + who?, the verb is intransitive (iv). In this case, the verb will not have a direct object (do). (where?) n iv adv Lauren went shopping. n iv Harry jumped. (where/adv) n iv /pp \ Harry jumped in the river. conjunctions 4 types of conjunctions (boxed below) = words that connect, transition, and show relationships between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. 1. coordinating = join words, phrases, or sentences (FANBOYS= for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) 2. correlative = work in pairs (Memorize the 5.) 1. both/and 2. either/or 3. neither/nor 4. whether/or 5. not only/but also 3. subordinate =show relationships and make one idea more or less important than the other 4. conjunctive adverbs = transition between complete ideas, can end in “ly” (Watch for punctuation.) We made chicken noodle soup; however, we did not eat it. /sc \ [After we had lunch], we studied. after, although, as if, so that, until, whenever, which, even though, while, whichever, etc. accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally, further, hence, likewise, moreover, etc. = typically tiny words that show location, proximity, direction, time, or condition.