PARTS OF SPEECH IN A NUTSHELL

Parts Of Speech The 8 parts of speech are: Noun Adjective Pronoun Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection NOUN Name, place, or thing. Abdul Kalam is the president of India The Jasmine smells sweetHis courage won him honor Four Kinds Of NounsCommon nounProper nounsCollective Noun Abstract noun COMMON NOUN Common Noun is a name given in common to every person, place or thing  of the same kind or class Example: Boy, girl, Man, Woman, park, Lion, River. The crowd was very bigA committee of 5 was appointed.The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.Bees build hives.The garden has many flowers. PROPER NOUN Proper nouns -  Is the name of a particular person, place or thing. Proper nouns must always begin with a capital letter when we write.The Brahmaputra over flows its banks every yearMr. Raman is the chairman of that companyThe Earth revolves around the sun.Mumbai is the capital of Maharahstra. COLLECTIVE NOUN–Is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.Crowd, mob, team, flock, family, army, jury, nation, herd, swarm, crew, fleet, set, group ABSTRACT NOUNIs usually the name of a quality , an action or a state, considered apart from the subject to which it belongs.Goodness, kindness, darkness, laughter, sleep, poverty, sickness, slavery. NUMBERA noun that denotes one person or thing is called a singular numberBoy, girl, cow, bird, chair, book. A noun that denotes more than one person or thing is called a plural numberBoys, girls, cows, birds, chairs, books.Tree/trees, box/boxes, ox/oxen, man/men IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALSWhen a noun ending with “y” is preceded by a consonant, change the “y” to “I” and add  “es” Example:Baby – babiesLady – ladies IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALS (cont.)If a noun ends with in “fe” or “f”, the ending is changed to “ves”  Example:life– livesthief– thievesAdd “es” to nouns ending in “sh”, “ch”, “s”, “Z” and “x”Wish – wishesClass - classes IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALS (cont.)If a noun ends with in “fe” or “f”, the ending is changed to “ves”  Example:life– livesthief– thievesAdd “s” or “es” to nouns ending in “o”tomato– tomatoes, tomatoshero- heros IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALS (cont.)The plural forms of these nouns is also irregular:Child – childrenFoot-feetGoose-geeseMan-menTooth-teeth ADJECTIVE Word used with a noun to describe or point out the person, an.. which the noun names, or to tell the number of quantity- is called an adjective- adds meaning!We may say an Adjective is a word used with  a noun to add meaning (added to) CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVEAdjective of QualityDistributive AdjectiveAdjective of QuantityDemonstrative  AdjectivesInterrogative AdjectivesAdjective of numberAdjective of quality Tells us something about the quality of the noun.Kolkotta is a large city.He is an honest man.The foolish crow tried to singRe red car sped past our house. Distributive AdjectiveDistributive Adjective point to each one of a number  of countable nouns. For example:He is a man  of few words.Every dog has his dayEach boy must take  his turn. Adjective of QuantityAdjective  of quantity tell us what amount  of an uncountable noun is meant. For example:I ate some rice.There hasn’t been sufficient rain this year.He lost all his wealth. Demonstrative AdjectivePoint to what or which noun is meant.These grapes are sourThose houses must be expensiveI was in such a pain after the fall INTERROGATIVE  ADJECTIVESAre what, which and whose when they are used  with nouns  to ask questions.What is the time?        Which way shall we go?Whose hat are you wearing? ADJECTIVE OF NUMBERAdjective of number tell us  how many of a countable noun is  meant  or in  what order a  countable  noun stands.The hand  has five fingers.Most People Like  cricketThere are several issues to deal with. USING COMPARISONSThere are two ways to make a comparison in English:Use More in front of the AdjectiveIts More excitingAdd –er to end of the adjectiveA bus is cheaper than a taxiUsing ThanI am older than my wife DEGREES Listen to the following sentences:Chitra’s voice is sweetAsha’s voice is sweeter than  Chitras’Lata’s voice is the sweetest of allPositive ending with “er” Most adjectives  form the comparative by adding  “-er” to positive  degree. Similarly the superlative of such adjectives are formed  by adding “-est” to the positive degree. POSITIVE COMPARITIVE SUPERLATIVE Small Smaller Smallest Bold Bolder Boldest Tall Taller  Tallest Great Greater Greatest Young Younger Youngest Cold Colder Coldest Positive ending with “e”In cases when +ve ends in “e”, Only “r” & “st”are added to positive to form the comparative and superlative respectively. "e" “r” “st” Brave braver bravest Fine finer finest Large larger largest Wise wiser wisest White whiter whitest Positive ending with “y”When +ve ends in “y”, then “y”is changed to “I” before  adding  “er” to form the comparative  degree  and “est” to form the superlative  as shown in the following examples: "y" “ier” “est" Happy Happier Happiest Easy Easier Easiest Heavy Heavier Heaviest Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest Pronoun A word that is used instead of a noun is called a PRO-nounSubject  PronounsA subject pronoun takes the place of the noun or subject. Subject pronouns come in front of verbs while object pronoun follow them I We You You He, she, it They Examples:Deepa goes to schoolShe goes to schoolSantosh and Deepak live thereThey live there OBJECT PRONOUN me us you you him, her, it them Examples:We see our friendsWe see them (them takes the place of friends)Call the waiterCall him. (i.e. the waiter)They like CoffeeThey like it. (i.e. coffee) Placement of Object PronounsWhen there is a sentence with more than one object pronoun, the rule is as follows:Place the direct object pronoun directly after ht verbAny indirect pronoun will come lastWe the lawyer give you the envelopeHe Gives it to you.They will send me some lettersThey will send them to meHe is explaining the will to usHe is explaining it to us. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES / PRONOUN 1st person, singular – my3rd person, singular – his, her, its1st person, plural – our2nd person, sing/pl. – your3rd person, plural –    their1st person, singular – mine2nd  person, singular – yours3rd  person, singular– his, hers, its1st person, plural. –  - ours2nd person, plural - yours3rd person, plural –  theirsForms of “other” REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Examples: myself  ourselves yourself yourselves himself, herself, itself themselves A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject of a sentence:            We looked at ourselves in the mirror (we and ourselves are the same persons)Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis:            I washed my clothes myself RELATIVE PRONOUNS Examples:        WHO     (used for people)WHICH  (is used only for things)THAT     (to refer to person or thing)I tipped the waiter who (that) served us.We thanked the people who (that) helped us.She found the book which I needed DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES / PRONOUN To differentiate between things in English, use either:ThisThatTheseThose Examples:Do you what this box or that box?I would like some of that popcornDo you want these or those?This apartment is nicer than that one Relative Pronouns: ObjectsFollow the same rules for using who(m) which, and that, as you do with other relative pronouns. Only differnce,now these pronouns are objectsThe movie that we saw last night was very goodThe movie which we saw last night was very good Relative Pronouns: ObjectsFor people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is grammatically incorrect.The person who they saw was goodThe person whom they saw was goodThere is the driver who the police arrestedThere is the drive whom the police arrested. Using “Whose”Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.There’s the man whose house we boughtI have a book whose story is fascinating Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.You should learn how to combine short sentences using Whose. The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist. Using “Where”Where can be used to ask questions:Where are you going?Where can also be used in a dependent clause:I see the house where they live.In the later example, where is used to refer to a place, such as a city, state, country , room, etc. Note: In dependent clauses, where can be replaced with in which, which…in, that…in, or nothing.The building where they work is new.The building in which  they work is new.The building, which they work in, is new.The building that they work in is new.The building they work in is new. Using “When”When can be used to ask questions:When are you leaving?When can also be used in a depndent clause:I forgot the date when you arrivedIn the latter example, when is used to refer to a noun of time (i.e., a day, week, month etc.)Time clauses:I forgot the date that you arrivedI forgot the date on which you arrivedCombining sentences with when:I’ll always remember the day she was born. She was born then (on that day)I’ll always remember the day when she was born VERB The Verb is a word of action. It tells or assets something about a person or thing.There may be just  ONE word which makes meaning by itself showing Action. For Example:Run, Sit, Go, Do, Come, Look it, are verbs, so you may have a complete sentence with just this one word…The word (you) before Run is understood. Similarly when  we say “sit” the you before sit is understood. ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICEA verb is in Active Voice when the person or thing it denotes is doing the action.A verb is in Passive Voice when something is done to the person or thing it denotes. For Example:A mason is building the wall (active)The wall is being built by the mason (passive)The watch man opened the gate (active)The gate was opened by the watchman (Passive)Who did this? (Active)By whom was this done? (passive) 1