Stress and Disease : Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Aerobic Exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
Why Does Exercise Work? : Why Does Exercise Work? Exercise and Mood
Releases chemicals
-- norepinephrine
-- serotonin
-- endorphins
Sense of accomplishment
Improved physique
Why Does Exercise Work? : Why Does Exercise Work? Exercise and Health
Strengthens heart
Lowers blood pressure
Lowers blood pressure reactivity to stress
Moderate exercise adds two years to one’s expected life.
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
blood pressure
muscle tension
Biofeedback : Biofeedback Feedback about subtle bodily responses
e.g., tension in forehead
Not controlling body’s responses
People can influence some of these responses
finger temperature
forehead tension
Reduce intensity of migraines
Help with some chronic pain
Relaxation crucial to biofeedback success
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Relaxation : Relaxation Meditation can lower blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption
Can it help with stress-related disease?
Social Support : Social Support Feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and family--promotes happiness and health.
Social support calms the cardiovascular system and lowers stress hormones.
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Social support across the life span
Spirituality & Faith Communities : Spirituality & Faith Communities Personal prayer, meditation, or other spiritual and religious practices can enhance medical treatment.
Those who attend religious services experience lower death rates from coronary heart disease.
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Religious Attendance
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Predictors of mortality 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Promoting Health : Promoting Health The religion factor is mulitidimensional
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Complementary and Alternative Medicine
unproven health care treatments not taught widely in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Smoking-related early deaths 40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Slide 19 : The Physiological Effects of Nicotine
Promoting Health : Promoting Health Fewer Canadian smokers
Smoking Prevention : Smoking Prevention U.S. teen smoking
Smoking Prevention : Smoking Prevention Results of a smoking inoculation program
Slide 23 : “You are what you eat”. Eating foods that provide the biochemical building blocks for those neurotransmitters affect our mood and behavior. People feeling tense or in a bad mood, often snack on carbohydrate-rich foods for a mood lift.
Obesity and Weight Control : Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and mortality
Weight Discrimination : Weight Discrimination When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Weight Control : Weight Control Trading risks
Weight Control : Weight Control Thinning of Miss America
Weight Control : Weight Control Most lost weight is regained
Weight Control : Weight Control Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television
The Physiology of Obesity : The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells
A fat cell can vary from relatively empty, like a deflated balloon, to overly full. In an obese person, fat cells may swell to two or three times their normal size and then divide. Once the number of fat cells increases– due to genetic predisposition, early childhood eating patterns, or adult overeating– it never decreases. Fat cells may shrink on a diet, but they never disappear.
Set points and Metabolism : Set points and Metabolism Set point: “weight thermostats” that are set to maintain body weight within a higher-than-average range. Then their weight drops below the set-point range, their hunger increases and metabolism decreases. The body adapts to starvation by burning off fewer calories.
Metabolism is the rate at which we burn calories.
The Genetic Factor : The Genetic Factor There is a genetic influence on body weight. The body weights of adoptive siblings are uncorrelated with one another and with those of their adoptive parents.
Rather, people’s weights resemble those of their biological parents.
Identical twins have closely similar weights, even when reared apart.
Losing Weight : Losing Weight Fat cells, set points, metabolism, and genetic factors all conspire to make losing weight a big problem.
Obese people find it difficult to lose weight permanently because the number of fat cells is not reduced by dieting, because the energy expenditure necessary for tissue maintenance is lower in fat than in other tissues, and because overall metabolic rate decreases when body weight drops below the set point.