Emotions

Emotion : Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

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Slide 3 : Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion : James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion : Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

Slide 7 : Cannon Bard Theory

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion : Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal

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Cognition and Emotion : Cognition and Emotion Must cognition precede emotion? Some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking.

Cognition and Emotion : Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions

Emotion and Physiology : Emotion and Physiology Autonomic Nervous System– controls our arousal. Epinephrine--a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency.

Emotion and Physiology : Emotion and Physiology

Emotion-Lie Detectors : Emotion-Lie Detectors Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

Emotion--A Polygraph Examination : Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

Emotion--Lie Detectors : Emotion--Lie Detectors Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie

Emotion--Lie Detectors : Emotion--Lie Detectors NORMAL LIE

Emotion--Lie Detectors : Emotion--Lie Detectors 50 Innocents 50 Thieves 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Emotion--Lie Detectors : Emotion--Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

Emotion--Lie Detectors : Emotion--Lie Detectors Guilty knowledge test--typically used to assess a suspect’s responses to details of a crime.

Nonverbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication– people are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of anger. In a crowd of faces, a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy one. Introverts tend to do better at reading others’ emotions, although extraverts are easier to read.

Nonverbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior : Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior Females are better at reading people’s emotional cues. Women are also far more likely than men to describe themselves as empathic (identifying with others). Women also react more visibly to films displaying emotions. Women and men also differ in the emotions they express best. Women recalled being happy nearly 2/3's of the time, but they were able to spot it less than half the time when observing men. Men, however slightly surpassed women in conveying their anger.

Expressed Emotion : Expressed Emotion Gender and expressiveness

Detecting and Computing Emotion : Detecting and Computing Emotion Psychologists are now linking various emotions with specific facial muscles (Paul Ekman) We don’t do well using our intuition to determine if someone is lying (50% of the time we guess right). When people aren’t seeking to deceive us, we do much better. Our brains are amazing emotion detectors. Computers outperformed human non-experts, with 91% accuracy in recognizing six facial expressions. E-mail communication. Problems??? :) :-(

Expressed Emotion : Expressed Emotion Culturally universal expressions

Culture and Emotional Expression : Culture and Emotional Expression Facial expression such as happiness and fear are common throughout the world. (Universal language) Americans are more likely than Asians to openly display their feelings by their facial expressions. Children’s facial expressions – even those of blind children who have never seen a face– are also universal. To effectively manage emotions, people would be best advised to control their facial expressions.

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Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

The Effects of Facial Expressions : The Effects of Facial Expressions When people mimicked expressions of emotion, they experienced those emotions.

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion The ingredients of emotion

Slide 32 : Emotion and Facial Expressions Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression Facial expressions are innate and “hard-wired” Innate facial expressions the same across many cultures Display rules—social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

Learning Fear : Learning Fear The Amygdala- a neural key to fear learning. Fears are learned!

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The Biology of Fear : The Biology of Fear The amygdala plays a key role in associating various emotions, including fear, with certain situations.

The Biology of Fear : The Biology of Fear Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the amygdala

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Anger (Rage) : Anger (Rage) Anger is most often evoked by events that not only are frustrating or insulting but also are interpreted as willful, unjustified, and avoidable. Blowing off steam may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger. Expressing anger can actually cause more anger.

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Changing materialism

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness?

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion The Adaptation-Level Principle: Happiness is Relative to Our Prior Experience– If our current condition– income, grade point average, or social prestige, for example– increases, we feel an initial surge of pleasure. We then adapt to this new level of achievement, come to consider it as normal, and require something even better to give us another surge of happiness.

Experienced Emotion : Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Happiness is... : Happiness is...

How to be Happier : How to be Happier 1. Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success. 2. Take control of your time 3. Act happy 4. Seek work and leisure that engages your skills. 5. Give to others 6. Give your body the sleep it wants 7. Give priority to close relationships 8. Focus beyond self 9. Be grateful 10.Nurture your spiritual self

Close Up: Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion : Close Up: Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion Opponent process theory--every initial emotional reaction triggers an opposing emotion that diminishes the intensity of the initial emotional reaction.

Religious Studies : Religious Studies Studies show that actively religious people are less likely to be depressed and have related problems They are more likely to be healthy as well Some attribute this to the meditative nature of prayer Others believe it is a result of a relationship with God.