Motivation - Motivational Behaviour

Motivation : Motivation Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motivation : Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Slide 3 : Homeostasis -- tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state -- regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Motivation : Motivation Incentive a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior High Achievement Motivation Will select moderate challenges or tasks Low Achievement Motivation Will select very easy or very difficult tasks Overjustification Effect Extrinsic rewards are unnecessary Loss of intrinsic motivation

Motivation : Motivation Optimal Arousal Rather than reducing a physiological need or tension state, some motivated behaviors increase arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates. Easy task = needs high arousal Best performance = moderate level of arousal

Slide 6 : Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow suggested that motives are divided into several levels from basic survival needs to psychological and self-fulfillment needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs : Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

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Motivation-Hunger : Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

Motivation-Hunger : Motivation-Hunger Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger Insulin and Glucose are two substances in the blood that are critical in regulating hunger levels.

Motivation-Hunger : Motivation-Hunger Set Point the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure

Slide 12 : Basal Metabolic Rate The rate at which the body uses energy for vital functions while at rest Factors that influence BMR Age Sex Size Genetics Food intake

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Motivation-Hunger : Motivation-Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Slide 17 : Hunger Drive Two areas of the hypothalamus, the lateral and ventromedial areas, play a central role in the hunger drive

Slide 18 : Lateral Area The lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger. When electrically stimulated there, a well fed animal would begin to eat; when the area was destroyed, even a starving animal had no interest in food.

Slide 19 : Ventromedial Area Thee ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating; destroy it and the animal’s stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing it to eat more often and to become obese.

Slide 20 : A lesion near the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus caused this rat’s weight to triple.

Slide 21 : Research on Weight Regulation and Dieting Fat cells are determined by genetics and food intake They increase with weight gain, but merely shrink with weight loss; may stimulate hunger Weight loss causes a decline in basal metabolism

Slide 22 : Effects of Culture and Habits on Body Weight Baseline body weight—cluster of genetic and environmental factors that cause a person’s weight to settle within a given range Weight can be affected by factors like diet, exercise, and daily habits (e.g., stairs instead of elevator)

Slide 23 : Countries with hot climates, in which food historically spoiled more quickly, feature recipes with more bacteria-inhibiting spices India averages nearly 10 spices per meat recipe, Finland 2 spices.

Slide 24 : Factors Contributing to Being Overweight Highly palatable food—we eat because it tastes so good Supersize It—food portions are larger than necessary for health Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more variety leads us to eat more Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at dinner BMR—changes through the lifespan Sedentary lifestyles Media

Motivation-Hunger : Motivation-Hunger

Eating Disorders : Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve Usually college age females

Eating Disorders : Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Slide 28 : Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa An anorexic is defined as a person who has stopped eating and is at least 25% underweight. Anorexics have low self-esteem and a distorted body image. They see themselves as being overweight. Every system in the body can be damaged. As the body adjusts to extremely low food intake, it becomes unable to handle nourishment except in very, very small amounts. As with bulimia, most victims are female.

Slide 29 : Bulimia is characterized by overeating (binging) and induced (forced) vomiting. 80-85% of bulimics are female Low self-esteem is a major factor Males lose weight for sport competition Causes irritation to the throat and mouth and future digestive problems Causes erosion to the teeth enamel Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa

Women’s Body Images : Women’s Body Images

SOCIALIZATION NEEDS : SOCIALIZATION NEEDS THE NEED TO BELONG A motivation to form and maintain enduring, close personal relationships.

AIDING SURVIVAL : AIDING SURVIVAL Social bonds--children staying close to their caregivers serve as a powerful survival impulse. Cooperation in groups also enhance survival

WANTING TO BELONG : WANTING TO BELONG What makes life meaningful? -- satisfying close relationships

ACTING TO INCREASE SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE : ACTING TO INCREASE SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE To avoid rejection, we generally conform to group standards and seek to make favorable impressions. To win friendship and esteem, we monitor our behavior, hoping to create the right impressions. Seeking love and belonging, we spend billions on clothes, cosmetics, and diet and fitness aids— all motivated by our quest for acceptance.

ACTING TO INCREASE SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE : ACTING TO INCREASE SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS : MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS People resist breaking social bonds Familiarity breeds liking, not contempt

FORTIFYING HEALTH : FORTIFYING HEALTH People who feel supported by close relationships live with better health and at lower risk for psychological disorder and premature death than do those who lack social support. Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide, and early death than are unattached people.

Motivation at Work : Motivation at Work Flow a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Motivation at Work : Motivation at Work Personnel Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Harnessing Strengths : Harnessing Strengths Identifying people’s strengths and matching strengths to work is a first step toward workplace effectiveness.

Motivation at Work : Motivation at Work Structured Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales

Achievement Motivation : Achievement Motivation Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

Motivation : Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Motivation : Motivation Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Motivation : Motivation Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from above Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

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Motivational Theories and Concepts : Motivational Theories and Concepts Drive Theories Homeostatic model to motivation Organisms seek to reduce unpleasant states of tension called drives Incentive Theories Emphasize how external goals energize behavior Evolutionary Theorists Adaptive value of motives Madsen’s list of biological needs and Murray’s list of social needs illustrate multiple motivation of human behavior

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating : The Motivation of Hunger and Eating Regulated by biological and environmental factors Brain: hypothalamus lateral, ventromedial and paraventricular Involved in control of hunger, but role is unclear

Incentive-oriented models of hunger : Incentive-oriented models of hunger Eating regulated by availability and palatability of food Learning exert influence over what we eat and the amount of what we eat Culture influences food preferences Stress can stimulate eating

Set-Point Theory : Set-Point Theory Body monitors fat stores to keep them fairy stable Multitude of factors contribute to weight stability Indicates that there is a genetic predisposition to obesity But like alcoholism, the environment also plays a role

AFFILIATION : AFFILIATION Differs among individuals People high in need for affiliation Devote more time to interpersonal activities Worry more about acceptance than others

ACHIEVEMENT : ACHIEVEMENT McClelland: use of TAT to measure achievement motivation High in need for achievement: Work harder More persistent Usually tackle challenges of intermediate difficulty More successful