Bioplants and Energy Crops

Slide 1 : Dr. Subroto Biswas Biofuels And Energy Crops

The Fossil Fuels : 2 The Fossil Fuels

The Renewable Fuels : 3 The Renewable Fuels CO2 Photosyntesis

What is Bioenergy ? : What is Bioenergy ? Energy obtained from any biomass

From…biological sources : From…biological sources Animal energy Biofuels Fossil fuels Bioenergy (organic matter)

Animal energy : Animal energy HMP……Human Muscle Power DAP……Draguht Animal Power

HMP……Human Muscle Power : HMP……Human Muscle Power Equals to one fifth of total electricity generated anually in India Labourers Farmers Artisans Household working women

DAP……Draught Animal Power : DAP……Draught Animal Power Animals used for… Agriculture Transport

India has how many millions of work animals ? : India has how many millions of work animals ? 84 millions animals Bullocks…….70 millions Buffaloes…….8 millions Horses…….1 million Camels …….1 million

Many animal drawn carts are used in India ? : Many animal drawn carts are used in India ? 15 millions

Enormous DAP : Enormous DAP An animal produces………….0.5 hp Total DAP……………………42million hp Equal to …..Total electric power in India =

What is biomass or dried organic matter ? : What is biomass or dried organic matter ? Renewable sources of energy Photosynthetic in origin Dried twigs Woods Leaves Cow dung Burning oils Fats from animals

Which is the most important source of energy ? : Which is the most important source of energy ? Fuel wood in developing countries It provides…….45% of the total energy consumed That is 14% of the total world’s energy production

Do you know how much animal dung and crop residues are used up in cooking food ? : Do you know how much animal dung and crop residues are used up in cooking food ? 28% A sheer waste Could have been used as fertilizer

What is GOBAR GAS ? : What is GOBAR GAS ?

Gobar gas yields…… : Gobar gas yields…… Gas for cooking……FUEL For fields……………FERTILIZER

Name some fossil fuel : Name some fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas

Some methods to overcome fuel wood crisis : Some methods to overcome fuel wood crisis Growing energy plantations with fuel/wood efficiency

Slide 19 : Use improved chullas

Who discovered biogas for the first time? : Who discovered biogas for the first time? Volta in 1776 Demonstrated the presence of methane in it

What are the other names of biogas? : What are the other names of biogas? Klar gas Marsh gas Biofuel, Sewerage gas, Sludge gas, Will-o-the wisp of marsh lands, Fool’s fire, Gobar gas, Bio-energy Fuel of the future.

Name the major constituents of a biogas : Name the major constituents of a biogas Methane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

What are the three basic steps in the production of biogas ? : What are the three basic steps in the production of biogas ? 1.Solubilization and hydrolysis of organic components 2.Acidogenesis 3.Methanogenesis

Which bacteria help in this process ? : Which bacteria help in this process ? Clostridium Bacteroides Ruminococcus E. coli Bacillus sp.

What is the ratio of methane and CO2 produced ? : What is the ratio of methane and CO2 produced ? 60 :40

What are biofuels ? : What are biofuels ? Fuels of biological origin Alcohol Ethers Esters From……Cellulosic biomass Wood Agroindustrial residues Petroleum and oil producing plants

Name the two most important biofuels : Name the two most important biofuels Bioethanol Biodiesel

Slide 29 : Biofuel Derived from the living or dead biological material.

Slide 30 : Used as pure or in a specified mixture to fossil fuel to drive vehicles. Gaseous Biofuel like Gobar gas is used for cooking. Biofuel industries are expanding in most of the energy starved continents. Biofuel

What is the advantage of biofuel ? : What is the advantage of biofuel ? Biofuel produces energy No increase in carbon content in the atmosphere Does not contribute to global warming (Though still in debate) as fossil fuels.

Biodiesel : Biodiesel Produced from plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil (oil palm, soybean or jatropha) which on heating can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or the oils can be chemically processed to produce fuel.

What is biodiesel ? : What is biodiesel ? Renewable fuel Produced from vegetable oil or animal fat Can be used as either direct substitute, extender or as an additve to fossil diesel fuel Can be utilized in existing design of diesel engine with no or very little modifications. It has positive energy balance Enviornmtally benign.

Bioethanol (petrol) : Bioethanol (petrol) Ethanol is produced from crops rich in either sugar (sugar cane or sugar beet) or starch (corn or maize) And then ferment to produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol).

Bioethanol : Bioethanol Brazil is a world leader in bio-fuels with decades of valuable expertise in using ethanol in cars.

Why do we need Ethanol ? : Why do we need Ethanol ? Multiple Issues, One Answer Cheaper fuel for consumers More energy security & diversified sources Higher farm incomes & rural employment Significant carbon emission reduction Lower Imports & energy prices

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum - family Gramineae) : Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum - family Gramineae) The main source of raw material for sugar industry. The wastes from sugar industry include bagasse, molasses and press mud. After extracting the cane juice for sugar production, the cellulosic fibrous residue that remains is called bagasse.

Bagasse : Bagasse Used as the raw material (biomass) Processed variously for the production of fuel, alcohols, single cell protein as well as in paper mills.

Molasses : Molasses An important by-product of sugar mills Contains 50-55% fermentable sugars. One ton of molasses can produce about 280 liters of ethanol. Molasses is used for the production of animal feed, liquid fuel and alcoholic beverages.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, family-Chenopodiaceae) : Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, family-Chenopodiaceae) Another plant which contains a high percentage of sugars stored in fleshy storage roots. It is also an important source for production of sugar as well as ethanol.

Slide 43 : In eastern England near Norfolk, Lord Rooker, Minister for Sustainable Food and Farming and Animal Health, attended the opening of the Wissington sugar beet to ethanol production facility

Slide 44 : US government helping in the production of corn and ethanol Reason… Alternative to fossil fuels.

Slide 45 : Ethanol burn more cleanly than petrol Helps the environment Most ethanol is produced in the U.S from corn Although other grains and biomass can be used Estimates have also shown that as many as 10 million acres of land are required to grow corn or maize to produce ethanol. Would increase farmers income Reduce farm subsidy payments Lessen the dependence on imported fuels.

What is good fire woods : What is good fire woods Must be highly combustible Should produce high calories Could be dried easily Should be non-resinous Should not produce smoke Should not release offensive smell

Why are dicot (hard) woods considered better than gymnosperm (soft) wood ? : Why are dicot (hard) woods considered better than gymnosperm (soft) wood ? Hard wood burn for longer time Provide uniform heat

Good fire woods : Good fire woods Acacia senegal (gum arabic)

Acacia nilotica (kikar) : Acacia nilotica (kikar)

Aibizzia (siris) : Aibizzia (siris)

Azadirachta indica (gum arabic) : Azadirachta indica (gum arabic)

Quercus (oak) : Quercus (oak)

Casuarina (Jhau) : Casuarina (Jhau)

Adina cordifolia (yellow teak) : Adina cordifolia (yellow teak)

Hopea (dammar tree) : Hopea (dammar tree)

Dalbergia sisso (shisham) : Dalbergia sisso (shisham)

Bad fire woods : Bad fire woods Pinus roxburghii (chir pine)

Mangifera indica (mango) : Mangifera indica (mango)

Madhuca indica (mahua) : Madhuca indica (mahua)

Bauhinia racemosa (kachnar) : Bauhinia racemosa (kachnar)

Michelia excelsa (champak) : Michelia excelsa (champak)

What are energy plantation ? : What are energy plantation ? Plantation of fuel wood

Which country is known to use alcohol as motor fuel : Which country is known to use alcohol as motor fuel Brazil 10-15 % alcohol is blended with petrol Also called GASOHOL

What are energy crops ? : What are energy crops ? Crops used for production of alcohol Potato Maize Sugarcane Sugar beet Tapioca Molasses

Energy cropping : Energy cropping Raising crops like sugarcane, sugar beet, tapioca, potato, maize etc. purely for production of ethanol These crops are called energy crops

What are petroplants and who first identified them ? : What are petroplants and who first identified them ? Plants that produce petroleum products like petrol and oils First identified by….Melvin Calvin

Petroleum plants or Petroplants : Petroleum plants or Petroplants Certain species of flowering belonging to different families convert a substantial amount of photosynthetic products into latex.

Petroplants : Petroplants The latex contains liquid hydrocarbons Of high molecular weight (10,000da). Can be converted into petroleum. Hydrocarbon producing plants = petrocrop Natural gas is also one of the products obtained from hydrocarbons.

Slide 69 : Petroleum plants = an alternative source For obtaining petroleum to be used in diesel engines. Normally, some of the latex-producing plants of families = petroplants Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Sapotaceae, Moraceae, Dipterocarpaceae

Petroplants : Petroplants Similarly, sunflower (family Compositae) Hardwickia pinnata (family Leguminosae) are also petroplants. Some algae also produce hydrocarbons

Euphorbia : Euphorbia Dr. M. Calvin (1979) was the first to collect the hydrocarbons from plants of Euphorbiaceae. The renewable substitute for the conventional petroleum sources. Similarly the carbohydrates (hexoses) from such plants can be used for ethanol formation.

PetroplantsLatex producing : PetroplantsLatex producing Of families…… Asclepiadaceae Euphorbiaceae Apocynaceae

Euphorbia lathyrus : Euphorbia lathyrus Gopher Purge or Mole Plant Latex of this plant contains fairly high percentage of terpenoids. These can be converted into high grade transportation fuel

Can algae give much needed ethanol ? : Can algae give much needed ethanol ? At first glance, algae looks like a dream feedstock. In addition to using the lipids of algae to make biodiesel and the starches of algae to make ethanol, algae also can be used to make methane and hydrogen. Proteins can be used to make high-grade livestock feed. Algae can also be harvested daily. An acre of algae can produce 8,000 gallons of algae oil, which can be used to make biodiesel. Compare that to 52 gallons of oil per acre for soybeans.

Slide 75 : However, algae has several major drawbacks. It’s expensive. Mass production would be heavily dependent upon subsidies. No infrastructure to make and distribute algae oil. So more readily available feedstocks…soybeans, will get more attention.

Someone truly said….Think outside the Barrel : Someone truly said….Think outside the Barrel Biofuels

Slide 77 : More Energy crops Miscanthus (Switch grass) Poplar Willow

Energy Crops: Switch Grass : Energy Crops: Switch Grass Natural prairie grass in the US; enriches soil Less water; less fertilizer; less pesticide Reduced green house gases More biodiversity in switchgrass fields (vs. corn) Dramatically less topsoil loss High potential for co-production of animal feed

Energy Crops: Miscanthus : Energy Crops: Miscanthus 1 years growth without replanting!

Miscanthus vs. Corn/Soy : Miscanthus vs. Corn/Soy Lower fertilizer & water needs Strong photosynthesis, perennial Stores carbon & nutrients in soil Great field characteristics….. longer canopy season More profit

Important Sources : Important Sources A rotation of switchgrass and corn might maintain or even increase soil fertility

Benefits and Benefits : Benefits and Benefits Increased biomass

Slide 83 : Flowering time

Slide 84 : Photosynthetic Efficiency

Slide 85 : Shade tolerance Stature control Herbicide tolerance

So that was the story : So that was the story Ethanol is renewable, Biodegradable, Water soluble Compared to gasoline, E85 reduces ozone-forming volatile organic compounds by 15%, Carbon Monoxide by 40%, NOx by 10%, and sulfate emissions by 80% Ethanol has a positive energy balance Ethanol creates over 40% more energy than it takes to produce it

The production of crude petroleum in India in 2006 : The production of crude petroleum in India in 2006 Was 32.19 as against its consimption of 131.6 million tonne Self reliance of 24.4% only . Government of India has spent 1717.02 billion rupess towards import of crude petroleum in 2005-06 What do we do then?

Slide 88 : Milletia pinnata

Can you search for more better plants ? : Can you search for more better plants ? The world is full of it until you find one

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