THE MEMORY GURU OF INDIA : THE MEMORY GURU OF INDIA How to Improve your Memory
Prof N. L. Shraman 1
Is Seeing Remembering? : 2 Is Seeing Remembering? The Memory Guru of India
Is Memory... : 3 Is Memory... “The power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms; A particular act of recall or recollection.”
Webster Dictionary
Memory is… : 4 Memory is not just the recall of information but, the product of attention,
encoding, storage and recall. Memory is…
Memory is… : 5 Memory is… “ Memory is an integral part of what makes us human. Memories connect us to the past and guide us through the future. They provide us with continuity and enable us to make sense of our world.”
Weinstein, 1995
Memory & Assistive Technology : 6 Memory & Assistive Technology To use the available assistive technology effectively, a knowledge of the processes involved in memory is needed.
Statistics : 7 Statistics 20 million people with cognitive impairments in the USA
( 7% of General Population)
Cognitive Disabilities : 8 Cognitive Disabilities Acquired Brain Injury
Mental Retardation
Autism
Degenerative Neuro-Diseases (MS, ALS)
Diabetes Cerebral Palsy
Mental Illness
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Mental Illness
Components of Memory : 9 Components of Memory (Sohlberg, Johansen, Geyer & Hornbeck, 1994)
Attention : 10 Attention Basic level is arousal and alertness.
Complex level can be thought of as the ability to sustain attention over time
The ability to resist distractions, and the efficient use of attention based on the demands of the task or processing needs.
Attention : 11 Attention Allows the brain to “in-put” sensory data, and internal thought processes.
Distractions such as noise, worry,pain etc. impair encoding and recall
Encoding: : 12 Encoding: The Process by which Information is Made Meaningful
This is the step of processing the sensory input of what was seen, heard, tasted, felt, smelled, & etc.
The point where information is understood and what was said and or read and is sent to “storage”
Encoding : 13 Encoding Language and visuoperceptual systems are essential for efficient processing.
(Garbage in = Garbage out! )
Slide 14 :
HOW DID YOU ENCODE? : 15 HOW DID YOU ENCODE? Vital organ?
Valentine’s Day?
Romance?
Love?
Slide 16 : 16
Slide 17 :
Storage Hippocampus/ Temporal Lobes : 18 Storage Hippocampus/ Temporal Lobes The assignment of a temporary memory to a form or location for more permanent storage or access.
(Common area of dysfunction)
Recall Frontal Lobes : 19 Recall Frontal Lobes Information that is needed is pulled back to conscious thought.
Recall : 20 Recall Free Recall “remembering” without assistance of cues and do not have recall information in a certain order.
Cued Recall : cues are used to facilitate the act of recalling information.
Example: Thirty days has September, April, June and November.
Components of Memory : 21 Components of Memory Attention
Encode
Storage
Recall
Types of Memory : 22 Types of Memory
Types of Memory : 23 Types of Memory Short Term Memory
Temporary and limited capacity storage of information
Gone in 30 seconds to a few minutes.
If a conscious effort is made, short term memory can be processed by working memory and retrieved at a later time.
Types of Memory : 24 Types of Memory Working Memory
Uses these methods to “hold”, or “encode” information.
Rehearsal
Visual imagery
Verbal elaboration
Chunking
Long Term Memory : 25 Long Term Memory Permanent Storage of Information
And
has no limits in capacity
Types of Long Term Memory : 26 Types of Long Term Memory Declarative
Factual knowledge.
Explicitly learned and recalled.
Includes facts, episodes, lists and routs
The knowledge of word meanings
Types of Long Term Memory : 27 Types of Long Term Memory Episodic Memory:
Tied to a specific time and place; Dependent on context.
Personally experienced events in life are stored and retrieved.
Semantic Memory: : 28 Semantic Memory: The knowledge of word meanings
Well learned facts
Classes of information
Ideas and abstract concepts that we generally consider “knowledge”
Not reliant on context or space.
Prospective Memory : 29 Prospective Memory The ability to remember
to remember
Needed to carry out specific actions in the future (pay bills, take medication)
Most important for everyday living.
MetamemoryMemory : 30 MetamemoryMemory Awareness of your own ability to encode,
retain, retrieve and use information from
long and short term memory.
Slide 31 : SINS OF
OF MEMORY
Six of Seven Memory Sins : 32 Six of Seven Memory Sins FORGETTING
Fading over time
Transience
Aware of problem at time &could remedy it
Absent Mindedness
Shallow processing
Blocking
Memories temporally unavailable
Aware of problem at time &could remedy it DISTORTION
Right memory wrong source (Misattribution)
Suggestibility
(implanting memory-leading questions)
Bias
Distortions & unconscious influences
Sin of Fading : Sin of Fading Aware of the problem at time & could remedy it.
Example:
This information may fade but, you will know how to reference it if needed.
ABSENT-MINDNESS“ Action Slips” : ABSENT-MINDNESS“ Action Slips” Un-aware at the time of the event
Caused by shallow processing.
Distractions
Divided attention
Poor sensory input
Example: Discovering the eggs were forgotten after you left the grocer.
Sin of …Blocking : Sin of …Blocking Memories Temporally Unavailable
Aware of problem at time & could remedy it.
Failure is significant if the recall is urgent
Failure is irritating if information is trivial (movie star’s’ name)
Emergency number, highway name while driving
Sin of …Distortion : Sin of …Distortion The right memory, wrong source
Suggestibility : Suggestibility Implanting a Memory
Leading Questions
Bias : Bias Distortions
and
Unconscious Influences
PersistenceThe inability to forget : PersistenceThe inability to forget
Slide 40 : 40 The Saints
of
Memory
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory SENSATI0N
Vision
Touch
Smell
Hearing
Movement
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory Environment
Repetition
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory Repetition
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory Medication
Mnemonics
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory Repetition
Repetition
Repetition
Saints of Memory : Saints of Memory Assistive
Technology
“Low Tech” : 47 “Low Tech” Memory Books
Day Planners
Sticky Notes Wall Signs
Mnemonics
: 48 Electronic “High Tech”
Memory Aids
Are
“Cognitive Prosthetics’’
Electronic “High Tech” : 49 Electronic “High Tech” Reminder Alarms (timers)
Schedules
Calendars
To do lists
Money management
Maps (G.P.S)
Vocal Prompts
Cognitive Prosthetics : 50 Cognitive Prosthetics Can be covered by Medicaid if prescribed by a physician with documented justification.
Cognitive Prosthetics : 51 Cognitive Prosthetics Can be provided by Vocational Rehabilitation if needed for employment
Cognitive Prosthetics : 52 Cognitive Prosthetics Can be provided by IDEA if needed for educational goals
Scripts & AT : 53 Scripts & AT Through scripting, memory and other executive functions(organizing, priority setting, time management, and decision making), can be completed by the hand held device.
Scripts & Prompting : 54 Scripts & Prompting As technology advances with artificial Intelligence (AI) scripts will get more detailed.
AT=Assistive TechnologyAI=Artificial Intelligence : 55 AT=Assistive TechnologyAI=Artificial Intelligence
Scripts & Prompting : 56 Scripts & Prompting Script: Mop the floor.
The mop can not be found.
Prompt: Look in closet
The mop can not be found.
Prompt: Call Lee-Ann. Ask for instructions.
Cognitive Prosthetics : 57 Cognitive Prosthetics “Scripts” with “Prompts” can be composed of visual and verbal cues sequentially displayed on a hand held computer.
With the new technology memorization and decision making can be off loaded to the device.
POCKET SUPERVISOR : POCKET SUPERVISOR TeachEable, INC.
Occupational Support
Navigation System
Adult Literacy and Cognitive Abilities Assistant
Vocational Rehabilitation Tool
English As A Second Language Assistant
ESL Robotic Tutor
P.E.A.T. SYSTEM Planning & Executive Assistant Trainer : P.E.A.T. SYSTEM Planning & Executive Assistant Trainer Artificial Intelligence developed by NASA
Daily Schedules
Change plans when needed
Visual & Audible Cues
Brain Aid Inc.
FONIX fonix.com : 60 FONIX fonix.com Add-on software to pocket PC’s for auditory prompts
Alarms
Reads Calendar
Consumer Based Technology : 61 Consumer Based Technology “OFF THE SHELF” TECHNOLOGY
Personal Data Assistant : 62 Personal Data Assistant Or
PDA’s
Palm Zire palmpilot.com : Palm Zire palmpilot.com Pictures
Music
Alarms
Calendar
Organizer
Down load upgrades
IPOD / Mp3 Players : IPOD / Mp3 Players Video
Pictures
Recording
Music
Timex Data Link Watch : Timex Data Link Watch Alarms
Down load from personal computer
Interfaces with Outlook
Memos
Address/Telephones
Pagers : 66 Pagers Wireless
Programmable
Monthly Fee
Alarm System
Medication Reminders : Medication Reminders E-Pill
www.epill.com
Step Pad : Step Pad B INDEPENDENT INC.
BINDEPENDENT.COM
AUDIO RECORDERS : AUDIO RECORDERS Digital Recording
Reminder Alarms
Play Back At Different Speeds
With can interface with voice to text software
Note Taking
Easy to use
Multi-function Phones : Alarms/ Calendar
Contacts
Video/Music
Records
GPS
E mail-Phone
Pictures Multi-function Phones
PHOTO PHONE : PHOTO PHONE
E.A.D.L. (Electronic Aids for Daily Living) : 72 E.A.D.L. (Electronic Aids for Daily Living) Controls light, heat, etc.
Locks appliances
Automate bill paying, safety (fire, ambulance), e-mail family
TROUBLE : TROUBLE
Device Abandonment : 74 Device Abandonment 72% of memory of assisted technology for memory devices are abandon.
(Reimer-Reiss 2000)
DEVICE ABANDONMENT : 75 DEVICE ABANDONMENT Configuration/programming of care giver
Changing the device to fit the needs of the user
Awareness of need by user
Limited social support
SOLUTIONS : SOLUTIONS
A.T. Questions : 77 A.T. Questions What kind of technology is used now?
Telephone?
CD player?
Game Boy?
Mom-Dad?
A.T. Questions : 78 A.T. Questions What are the sensory skills?
Hearing
Vision
Touch
Pain
A.T. Questions : 79 A.T. Questions What are the physical abilities?
What is the dexterity?
What is the strength?
What is the coordination?
A.T. Questions : 80 A.T. Questions What is the cognitive function ?
What is the frustration tolerance ?
What is the intelligence ?
A.T. Questions : 81 A.T. Questions Can the user…
Respond to a prompt?
Complete a prompted task?
Follow iconic commands?
A. T. Questions : 82 A. T. Questions Interest?
Awareness?
(Does the user believe they need it?)
Commitment?
Fear?
A.T. Questions : 83 A.T. Questions Who will do the programming?
Who will do the training?
How hard is it to program?
AT Questions : 84 AT Questions How long is the battery life?
How often does it need charging?
What happens when the battery loses charge?
Summary : Summary
Summary : 86 Memory is not just seeing, or the recall of information but, the product of attention, encoding, storage and recall. Summary
Summary : 87 Summary To use the available assistive technology effectively, a knowledge of the processes involved in memory is needed, so the application of the assistive technology (AT) can be successful.
Summary : 88 Summary New AT solutions will bring increased ability.
Increased ability may bring a need for more AT solutions, so….
LET’S GET BUSY! : LET’S GET BUSY! Valued Customer: Valued Customer: