English Grammer- In Urdu

GRAMMAR ????? ??????????????? ?????????? : GRAMMAR ????? ??????????????? ?????????? Prepared by: Mulla (2002) May 2002 (version 0) Reference: “Grammar For All Levels” By Adnan Naim

Main Menu ??????? ???????? : Main Menu ??????? ???????? English Alphabetic ???????? ?????????? Parts of Speech ????? ?????? Sentences ????? ?????? Verb to BE “??? ”???? Verb to DO “??? ”???? Verb to HAVE “??? ”???? Nouns ??????? Countable Nouns ??????? ???????? Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? Definite & Indefinite Articles ????? ??????? ? ?????? Pronouns ??????? Object Pronouns ????? ??????? ?? Reflexive Pronouns ????? ?????????? Relative Pronouns ????? ????? Making Questions ????? ??????? ????????? How some/??? any/?? Making Negative ????? ????? TENSES ??????? Present Simple Tense ??????? ?????? Past Simple Tense ?????? ?????? Future Simple Tense ???????? ?????? Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? Past Continuous Tense ?????? ??????? Future Continuous Tense ???????? ??????? Present Perfect Tense ??????? ????? Past Perfect Tense ?????? ????? Future Perfect Tense ???????? ????? Present Perfect Continuous ??????? ????? ??????? Imperatives ???? ????? Modals ??????? ??????? Comparing Adjectives ?????? ?????? Adverbs?????? ??????? Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????... Prepositions ???? ???? Question-Tags ??????? ??????? Conditional “if” ”??“ ??????? Reported Speech ?????? ??????? Countries and Nationalities ??????? ? ????????

English Alphabetic ???????? ?????????? : English Alphabetic ???????? ?????????? Capital Letters ???????? ?????????? ??????? Small Letters ???????? ?????????? ??????? Consonant Letters ?????? ??????? Vowels Letters ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

Parts of Speech ????? ?????? : Parts of Speech ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Parts of Speech ????? ?????? : Parts of Speech ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Parts of Speech ????? ?????? : Parts of Speech ????? ?????? a an the ???? ??? ??????? ????????

?????? : : ?????? : ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? :(??? ????) ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? : Ali doctor. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? : Ali is a doctor ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Sentences????? ?????? : Sentences????? ?????? Simple Sentences ??? ????? Compound Sentences ??? ????? Complex Sentences ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Simple Sentences ??? ????? : Simple Sentences ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???: ????: I saw a boy. The boy was riding a bicycle. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????: I saw a boy riding a bicycle. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Compound Sentences??? ????? : Compound Sentences??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???: and/ but /or and: ??? ????? :???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? : Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Compound Sentences??? ????? : Compound Sentences??? ????? but: ??? :???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? Khaled is rich. He is unhappy. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????: Khaled is rich but he is unhappy. or: ?? :???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? We can play football. We can watch TV. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? : We can play football or we can watch TV. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Complex Sentences??? ????? : Complex Sentences??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??????: Main Clause???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????: Subordinate Clause ???? ?????? Noun Clause???? ????? Adjectival Clause???? ????? Adverbial Clause???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Clause & Phrase?????? ? ??? ?????? : Clause & Phrase?????? ? ??? ?????? A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ???. ????: I saw the man who was carrying a stick. A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ????: I saw the man carrying a stick. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Verb to BE “??? ”???? : Verb to BE “??? ”???? It is used as a principal and a helping verb. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? : ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Verb to BE “??? ”???? : Verb to BE “??? ”???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. :Examples ????? I am a pupil. They are boys. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE ????? ??????? ?????? ”????“ : Negative Sentences with the verb to BE ????? ??????? ?????? ”????“ We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be. ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? (????) ???? ???? ???? . (not) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions with the verb to BE ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ : Making Questions with the verb to BE ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers ??????? ?(???) ? (??) ? ???????? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Verb to DO “??? ”???? : Verb to DO “??? ”???? It is used as a principal and a helping verb. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? : ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Verb to HAVE “??? ”???? : Verb to HAVE “??? ”???? It is used as a principal and a helping verb. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? : ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb ????? ??????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? : Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb ????? ??????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? : Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb ??? ”???? “ ???? ????? : Verb to HAVE as a helping verb ??? ”???? “ ???? ????? Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????: They have lived here for two years. Adel has just finished his work. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ????? ??????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? : Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ????? ??????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?????: I have lived here for a long time. I have not lived here for a long time. not ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? : Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ????? ?????? ?? ??? ”????“ ???? ????? “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers ??????? ?? ??? ? ?? ? ???????? ??????: ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ????: They have lived here for a long time. Have they lived here for a long time? Yes, they have. No, they have not. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE ????????? ???? ?? ??? ”????“ : Other Uses of Verb to HAVE ????????? ???? ?? ??? ”????“ To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??????. ????: I have to leave now. ____________________________________________________ With some model auxiliaries. ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ????: You had better see a doctor. ____________________________________________________ To show that something is caused by another person. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ????: I have my shoes cleaned every week. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Nouns ??????? : Nouns ??????? Nouns are words we use to name: ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? : ??? ? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ? ????? ? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Countable & Uncountable Nouns ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? : Countable & Uncountable Nouns ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on. ??????? ????????: ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ?????. Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted. ??????? ????? ??????: ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Countable Nouns ??????? ???????? : Countable Nouns ??????? ???????? These nouns have singular and plural forms. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???. Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? . You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? (a/an) ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s” to the singular noun. ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. “s” ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? sh, ch, z, x, s es ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? y ies y ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? : ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? : Spelling Rules for Plurals ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? : Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????: salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood. ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? es , s a an ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? : Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? : Uncountable Nouns ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????: Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia. Milk has many minerals. ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. Two cups of tea are not enough for me. Five liters of oil do not operate this machine. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Definite & Indefinite Articles ????? ??????? ? ?????? : Definite & Indefinite Articles ????? ??????? ? ?????? a/an are used as indefinite articles. ???????? ?????? ????. The is used as definite articles. ?????? ????? ???????. We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????. We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? : Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????. We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????? : Vowels a – e – i – o - u a an ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? : Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? We use a/an: ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? : Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ????? ?????? We DO NOT use a/an: ???? ??? ??????? ????????

The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ : The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ The is used before: ?????? ???? ??????? ”??“ ???: ???? ??? ??????? ????????

The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ : The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ The is used before: ?????? ???? ??????? ”??“ ???: ???? ??? ??????? ????????

The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ : The Definite Article “The” ????? ??????? ”??“ ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Pronouns ??????? : Pronouns ??????? A pronoun replaces a noun . ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Pronouns ??????? : Pronouns ??????? We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about . ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. Examples ????? Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Object Pronouns ????? ??????? ?? : Object Pronouns ????? ??????? ?? We use an object pronoun ?????? ???? ??????? ?? . After a preposition. ??? ???? ???? After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show. Do you live near them? Send the box directly to me. The little boy made it for her. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reflexive Pronouns ????? ?????????? : Reflexive Pronouns ????? ?????????? Reflexive pronouns are used: ?????? ???????????????. for emphasize ??????? With some special expressions ?? ??? ???????? ?????? Did you do the decorations yourself ? I did the painting myself. Help yourself . Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. I live by myself. (I live alone) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????: 1- ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? . ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????. ? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? . 2- ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. who whom which whose that ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????: Here is the man. The man is a doctor. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????: Here is the man who is a doctor. ?????: 1) The man came here. The man was a doctor. The man who was here is a doctor 2) My friend swims well. He lives here. My friend who lives here swims well. who Who ????? ???? [?????? ??????] The man who ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????: The man came here. I visited him. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (???? ???? ????? ??????) ?????: The man whom I visited came here. ?????: 1) The man was working with me. I paid him. The man whom I paid was working with me. 2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower. This is the girl whom you gave a flower. whom Whom ????? ???? [??????? ?? ??????] him whom ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????: He found his book. He lost it yesterday. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (???? ???? ????? ??????) ?????: He found his book which he lost yesterday. ?????: 1) This is the house. I live in it. This is the house which I live in. 2) This book is cheap. It is very useful. This book which is very useful is cheap. which Which ????? ???? [?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??] him his book which ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????: This is the boy. You met her. This is the boy that (whom) you met. I have a bird. It sings. I have a bird that (which) sings. that That ????? ???? [?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??] ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Relative Pronouns ????? ????? : Relative Pronouns ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????: This is the man. His car hit the boy. This is the man whose his car hit the boy. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? . ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? whose Whose ????? ???? [???????] car car whose the man ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions ????? ??????? : Making Questions ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??: Helping Verbs am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to ??????????????: They are doctors. Are they doctors? She can help us? Can they help us? I will go to the market? Will you go to the market? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions ????? ??????? : Making Questions ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 1) ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? : ??????????????: They play tennis. Do they play tennis? I write books. Do you write books? 2) ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? : ??????????????: ?Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis? Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (??????? ?????) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (??????? ?????) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? s s do does ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions ????? ??????? : Making Questions ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 3) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? : ??????????????: They watched TV last night. Did they watch TV last night? I played football yesterday. Did you play football yesterday? ??????????????: ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (??????? ?????) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? Yes No did ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions ????? ??????? : Making Questions ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????: Wh Questions ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Questions ????? ??????? : Making Questions ????? ??????? Wh Questions (Cont.) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? : Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? 1) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???: When, Where, Why………..etc 2) ?? ????? ??????? (?? ???) ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. 3) ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: * ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? * ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? * ?? ????? ?????? ?????? 4) ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. 5) ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. helping verb s do s does did ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? : Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? : They are going to eat meat. What are they going to eat? * ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. They played tennis at school. Where did they play tennis? * ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. they are meat did ed at school ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? : Steps for Making a Question ????? ????? ?????? ??????: ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???: I ???? you you ???? I your ???? my you ???? we ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ?????: Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window? The book describes accidents. What describes accidents? who what ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

????????? How : ????????? How ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

????????? How : ????????? How ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

some/??? any/?? : some/??? any/?? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?????. ?? ??????: ?? ?????: some ???? ??? ??????? ???????? 1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there. 3) He is somewhere. any 1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home? 3) Is he anywhere? 1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody. 3) He is not anywhere. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Making Negative ????? ????? : Making Negative ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??: Helping Verbs am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to ??????????????: They are happy. They are not happy? He can help us? He can not help us? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? not ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be : Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be (Affirmative) ?? ??????? (Negative) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? Making Negative ????? ?????

Making Negative ????? ????? : Making Negative ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??: ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ??????: ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? (do, does, did) (not) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???: 1. Present Simple Tense ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? TENSES ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I go to school everyday. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m. We often drink coffee in the morning. She is never late to school. ??????: ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????. Ali drinks milk every morning. A cow gives us milk. 1. Present Simple Tense ??????? ?????? s 1. Present Simple Tense ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???: 2. Past Simple Tense ?????? ?????? ed Past Simple Tense ?????? ?????? TENSES ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? I, He, She, it was They, We, You were ??????????????????????????? I watched television last night. They visited their uncle yesterday. We went to Makkah two months often. 2. Past Simple Tense ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???: 3. Future Simple Tense ???????? ?????? shall will shall we I will shall will 3. Future Simple Tense ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I will go to school tomorrow. They will play foot ball next Friday. He will join the army in the future. ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????: am , is , are going to 3. Future Simple Tense ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? . ????? ??? ????? ?? : I am + verb + ing He, she, it is + verb + ing They, we, you are + verb + ing ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? am / is / are??? + + ing 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I am reading a story at the moment. They are watching television now. Look! the bus is coming. 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? TENSES ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ??? ????? ?? : ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : ??????: ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? was / were ???+ + ing 5. Past Continuous Tense ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room. (????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????) ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? . When we were eating , my father came . ( ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????) ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? 5. Past Continuous Tense ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? ??????: ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? : A thief entered my room while I was sleeping . ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? My father came when we were eating . ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? 5. Past Continuous Tense ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????: ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. while while 5. Past Continuous Tense ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? . ????? ??? ????? ?? : ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ( will + be ???+ + ing ) 6. Future Continuous Tense ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock . 6. Future Continuous Tense ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? has / have ??????? ?????? ?????+ I I 7. Present Perfect Tense ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I have lived in Riyadh for six years. I have not visited him since 1995. Ahmed has already finished his homework. She has written three letters just now. 7. Present Perfect Tense ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now” ???? ???? ”???“ ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????. For means “a definite period of time” ???? ???? ”????“ ??? ???? ?????. Since & For ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? had ??????? ?????? ?????+ I I 8. Past Perfect Tense ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I had washed before I prayed. They went home after they had finished their work. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. 8. Past Perfect Tense ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? will + have ??????? ?????? ?????+ I I 9. Future Perfect Tense ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters. 9. Future Perfect Tense ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? : 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? has / have + been ???++ ing I I 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??????????????????????????? I have been studying English for six years. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock. 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

TENSES ??????? : TENSES ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? : ???? ??????? ???????: Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. ?? ??? ???????? ?????: Present Perfect Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ????? She has been making cakes for three hours. Present Perfect Tense ??????? ????? She has made 100 cakes. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? ????? Present Perfect ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Imperatives ???? ????? : Imperatives ???? ????? Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,….etc. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Imperatives ???? ????? : Imperatives ???? ????? ??????????????????????????? Give Instructions ????? ??????? Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ?????) Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ?????) Make Invitations ???? ?????? Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ?????) Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative ???) Tell someone what to do ????? ??? ?? ?????? Open your book. (Affirmative ?????) Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ???) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Imperatives ???? ????? : Imperatives ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????????? Give Warnings ????? ??????? Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ?????) Make Signs & Notices ????? ?????? ? ??????? Push. (Affirmative ?????) Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ?????) Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ?????) Make Requests ????? ????? Please open the door. (Affirmative ?????) ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???. Form ?????? shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + (??????? ????? ?????) Modals have no infinitives or past participles. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Modals ??????? ??????? : Modals ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? : Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? 1. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? Ali is older than Ahmed. My Car is faster than yours. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???. safe safer than simple simpler than ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????. easy easier than heavy heavier than 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? er ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1. Comparing Short Adjectives ?????? ?????? ??????? than e r er y y i ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? : 2. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????: ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????. Everest is the highest mountain. This is the biggest building in Riyadh. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. safe the safest ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????. easy the easiest 4. Present Continuous Tense ??????? ??????? the est ???? ??? ??????? ???????? Comparing Adjectives?????? ??????

Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? : 1. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?? . ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh. French is more difficult than English. er est 2. Comparing Long Adjectives ?????? ?????? ??????? than more ???? ??? ??????? ???????? Comparing Adjectives?????? ??????

Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? : 2. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????: ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class. This is the most important subject in this book. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? 2. Comparing Long Adjectives ?????? ?????? ??????? the most ???? ??? ??????? ???????? Comparing Adjectives?????? ??????

Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? : ??????????????????: Adel is better than his brother at school. This girl is the worst one in her class. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? 2. Comparing Long Adjectives ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? Comparing Adjectives?????? ?????? ??????

as……..as ???? ??? (??????) not as….as ??? ???? ??? : as……..as ???? ??? (??????) not as….as ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. Ali is as tall as his brother. This bag is as big as my bag. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. Ali is not as tall as his brother. This bag is not as big as my bag. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? as……..as ???? ??? (??????) not as……..as ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

Adverbs?????? [???????] : Adverbs?????? [???????] An Adverb always modifies a verb. ????? ??? ????? ?????? Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. slow slowly nice nicely happy happily careful carefully ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ly ly ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbs?????? [???????] : Adverbs?????? [???????] There are many kinds of adverbs: ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????: 1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? :?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. I closed the window carefully. The soldier fought bravely. 2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done. ???? ?????? :?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????. I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow. What’s going to happen next? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbs?????? [???????] : Adverbs?????? [???????] 3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done. ???? ?????? :?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. I shall stand here. I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen. Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ???: A daily newspaper is published daily. We get up early to catch an early train. ly ly ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbs?????? [???????] : Adverbs?????? [???????] 4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? :???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????: Verb to BE: ??? ????: ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? Ali is always on time. Other Verbs: ??????? ??????: ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? Ali sometimes reads a book. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Time????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? : Adverbial Clause of Time????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: I found a watch. I was walking in the street. I found a watch while I was walking in the street. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Place????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? : Adverbial Clause of Place????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? where, wherever These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: Wherever he goes his brother follows him. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Cause????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? : Adverbial Clause of Cause????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? because, since, as These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Manner????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? : Adverbial Clause of Manner????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? As, as if, as through These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????: He speaks as if he were a king. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????. It looks as if it would rain. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ????. as if will would was were ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Purpose????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? : Adverbial Clause of Purpose????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? that, so that, in order that These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future. ?????? (????+??????) ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????. ????: He works hard. He wishes to succeed. He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed. b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past. ?????? (????+??????) ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????: He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Result????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? : Adverbial Clause of Result????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? We use: to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: The man is so weak that he can not walk. He wrote such good answers that he got he marks. so + adverb + that such + noun+ that ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Contrast????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? : Adverbial Clause of Contrast????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? though, although These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: He is poor. He is happy. Although (though) he is poor, he is happy. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Contrast????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? : Adverbial Clause of Contrast????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? as….as, so……as These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: Nabeel is as clever as his father. Sami is not so strong as his brother. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Adverbial Clause of Condition????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? : Adverbial Clause of Condition????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? Conjunctions: ????? ????? if, unless These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????: If we are ill, we go to bed. If we work hard, we will succeed. If we worked hard, we would succeed. If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

as……..as ???? ??? [?????? ] not as….as ??? ???? ??? : as……..as ???? ??? [?????? ] not as….as ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? as……..as ???? ??? [?????? ] not as……..as ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????: Statements ????? ??????? Questions ?????????????????? Command ?????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? Ahmed broke the window yesterday. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? . ______________________________________________________ The window was broken yesterday. The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. by Active Ahmed Passive Ahmed A. Statements ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????: 1. ??????? ?? ???? ??????. (???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????) 2. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??. 3. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. 4. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????. 5. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. by Active to be Passive A. Statements ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????????: A. Statements ????? ???????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???: A. Statements ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? to be

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? : 1. ??????? ?? ???? ??????. (???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????) 2. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????. 3. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. 4. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????. 5. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. by Active to be Passive B. Questions ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????????: B. Questions ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? : 1. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????. 2. ??????? ?? ???? ??????. (???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????) 3. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? . 4. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. be Active to be Passive C. Command ????? let ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????????: C. Command ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? : Active & Passive ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? : Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? :Intransitive Verbs (??????? ???????) ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??. ???: The sun rises. :Intransitive Verbs (??????? ???????) ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????. Ali raised his hand. *??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. *???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ????: Ahmed gave Huda a flower . ???? ????????: a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed). b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? . ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? to Huda ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Prepositions ???? ???? : Prepositions ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????. A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? Prepositions of Place?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? Prepositions of Place?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? Prepositions of Place?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? More Examples?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? More Examples?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? More Examples?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? : Use of Prepositions ??????? ???? ???? More Examples?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Question-Tags ??????? ??????? : Question-Tags ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ”???? ?????“ ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. * ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. * ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Question-Tags ??????? ??????? : ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????: * There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there? Yes , there is. *?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? (???????) ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? . * ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????: * You come from the United States, don’t you? Yes, I do. *?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. do Yes not Questions that we expect the answer “Yes” ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??“???“ Question-Tags ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Question-Tags ??????? ??????? : 1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you? No, I don’t. 2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it? No, it doesn’t. *???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. 3) You didn’t travel last year, did you? No, I didn’t. *???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? did do/does Questions that we expect the answer “No” ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??“??“ Question-Tags ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Conditional “if””??“ ??????? : Conditional “if””??“ ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ?????) If you eat too much, you will become fat. ????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Conditional “if””??“ ??????? : Conditional “if””??“ ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ? ???????? (?????? + ) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????: ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. If I were you, I would buy a new car. ????: would be were was ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Conditional “if””??“ ??????? : Conditional “if””??“ ??????? If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy. If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba. ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Conditional “if””??“ ??????? : Conditional “if””??“ ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????. If you boil water, it becomes steam. (?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????) ? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud. If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or Don’t drive a car if you are under 17. becomes ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. Indirect Speech There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???????: 1) Statement ?????? ??????? 2) Question ?????? 3) Command ????? 4) Exclamation ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? * ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????: 1- ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 2- ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ????. 3- ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???????: I he, she we they My his, her our their 4- ???? ??????? ??? ???: Present ????? Past ???? Past ???? Past Perfect ???? ??? 5- ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???: Now ???? then ????? here ??? there ???? Last night ??? the night before ???? this ??? that ???? yesterday ??? the day before ???? tomorrow ??? the following day ???? Statement ?????? ??????? that Direct Reported said ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? Statement ?????? ??????? and added that say, says ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? * ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????: 1- ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???: Present ????? Past ???? Past ???? Past Perfect ???? ??? 2- ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???. 3- ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. 4- ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. Question ?????? Direct Reported asked ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? if Question ?????? does do ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? Question ?????? did had ask, asks ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? * ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????: 1- ?????? ( ??? ) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ? ?????? ( ???? ) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????. ? ?????? ( ??? ) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ? ?????? ( ???? ) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. 2- ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? 3- ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. 4- ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???. I I Command ????? Direct Reported ordered begged advised told to Please, do ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? Command ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? * ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????: 1- ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???: 2- ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? 3- ??? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????: ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???: ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???: ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? !. Exclamation ?????? Direct Reported Alas, Hurrah, Oh that how, what ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Reported Speech?????? ??????? : Reported Speech?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? Exclamation ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????

Countries and Nationalities??????? ? ???????? : Countries and Nationalities??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ”?“ ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????: ???????? : ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??: i, n, ian, ish, ese ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???????: ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????