1.Are Bacteria Essential?

Slide 1 : Dr. Aman Biswas Are Bacteria Essential ?

Hit at … http://bisbio.inorCall bisbio.in at 09814016083, 09855516083oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com : Hit at … http://bisbio.inorCall bisbio.in at 09814016083, 09855516083oremail … bisbioin@gmail.com or amanbiswas60@gmail.com For all your Biology Problems UGC/ CSIR NET Life Sciences PMT SAT Advance Program Civil Services Entrance to Biotechnology and Post graduate Sciences

Slide 3 : Whenever we think of bacteria, what thoughts come in your mind ? Sickness Rotting of food The pictures projected here on this free session belong to the beholder on the internet. We thank them

Now, I’m learning that bacteria are.. : Now, I’m learning that bacteria are.. Being harnessed to generate electricity To process waste, To sense chemicals. and also……. To clean water for drinking

Slide 5 : Andrew Kato Marcus and colleagues Cesar Torres and Bruce Rittmann funded by NASA have achieved serious impending that may lead to commercialization of a gifted microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. What did they do ?

Slide 6 : In the microbial fuel cell, bacteria form a biofilm, a living community that is attached to the electrode by a sticky sugar and protein coated biofilm matrix. When grown without oxygen, the byproducts of bacterial metabolism of waste include carbon dioxide, electrons and hydrogen ions.

Electrons produced by the bacteria are shuttled onto the electrode by the biofilm matrix, creating a thriving ecosystem called the biofilm anode and generating electricity. : Electrons produced by the bacteria are shuttled onto the electrode by the biofilm matrix, creating a thriving ecosystem called the biofilm anode and generating electricity.

Still you think bacteria are more a nuisance ? : Still you think bacteria are more a nuisance ? Wow ! cool abilities More on a development platform to build new technologies This presentation is brought to you by ….. Bisbio.in

Don’t forget they only welcomed you about 3.4 billion years ago!!!!!!!!! : Don’t forget they only welcomed you about 3.4 billion years ago!!!!!!!!!

Bacteria have got a bad reputation : Bacteria have got a bad reputation In this modern age when antibiotics are available in…. Soaps Sprays and Cleaning supplies

Slide 11 : Though it is true that many diseases, some extremely horrible, are caused by these microbes, but our life will be impossible without them. As there are many beneficial and sometimes necessary, bacterial species for human life. This presentation is brought to you by ….. Bisbio.in

Slide 12 : A normal healthy person is actually colonized by bacteria both on their skin and in their body.

Bacteria has been divided into six groups by Bergey : Bacteria has been divided into six groups by Bergey ... Archaebacteria ... Actinomycetes ... Rickettsia ... Chlamydia ... Mycoplasma ... Modern Bacteria EUBACTERIA and CYANOBACTERIA

POSITIVE SIDE OF BACTERIA : POSITIVE SIDE OF BACTERIA Relation to soil fertility Commercial importance Human symbionts In Biotechnology

1. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility : 1. Bacteria in relation to soil fertility Ammonifying Release ammonia in soil by decay and putrefaction E.g. Bacillus ramosus ; B. vulgaris Nitrifying bacteria Convert ammonia to nitrites E.g. Nitrosomonas Convert nitrite to nitrate E.g. Nitrobacter Nitrogen fixing bacteria Symbiotic : Rhizobium Non-Symbiotic : Clostridium and Azotobacter

Slide 16 : The largest cells of all prokaryotes. Oscillatoria princeps, that reach up to 60 mm in diameter. Some are unicellular colonial ,Chrococcus and Gloeocapsa. The symbiotic forms are Nostoc and Anaebaena. CYANOBACTERIA

Slide 17 : CYANOBACTERIA This presentation is brought to you by ….. Bisbio.in

Slide 18 : Heterocyst cells

: Contains Aerobic bacteria Produces a substrate mycelium, i.e., a mat of branching hyphae. This mycelium may range from rudimentary to extensively developed ones. ACTINOMYCETES

ACTINOMYCETES : ACTINOMYCETES Several genera possess mycolic acids (nocardomycolic acids) in the cell walls. The walls of the nocardioform bacteria have peptidoglycan compounds meso-diaminopimelic acids in all Propionic acid and acetic acid in Propionicbacterium Butyric and acetic acid in Eubacterium Acetic acid & succinic acid in Actinomyces and Acetic and lactic acid in Bifidobacterium.

: Original sources of such well-known antibiotics as tetracycline, neomycin, aureomycin, erythromycin and streptomycin. Streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces griseus, which is common in soil and is the largest genus of actinomycetes. ACTINOMYCETES

Streptomyces griseus..organism from which first antibiotic was extracted by WAKSMAN..Streptomycein : Streptomyces griseus..organism from which first antibiotic was extracted by WAKSMAN..Streptomycein

Slide 23 : Actinomycetes (streptomycetes) are the most abundant organisms of the soil. Their conidia are rich in calcium carbonate, hence produce the characteristic odour of damp soil. The various species of Streptomyces play a significant role in breaking down and recycling plant and animal products such as lignin, latex and chitin. ACTINOMYCETES

Slide 24 : Frankia species are nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes that, like other kinds of nitrogen-fixers, form nodules on the roots of legumes and other higher plants. Thermoactinomyces is common and active in compost piles and haystacks, where it thrives at temperatures between 45°C and 60°C. ACTINOMYCETES

Frankia is only actinomycetes member to fix nitrogen for nonlegumes, plants called actinorhizal : Frankia is only actinomycetes member to fix nitrogen for nonlegumes, plants called actinorhizal

Rhizobium and the legumes : Rhizobium and the legumes Nature doesn't always provide the most hospitable environment for legume seeds Inoculation can overcome hostile environment Inoculants like useful bacteria , Rhizobium that infect roots, form nodules, and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable forms

2. Bacteria of commercial importance : 2. Bacteria of commercial importance Source of antibiotics Bacitracin extracted from …………………..Bacillus subtilis Fermentation and industrial application Synthesis of Riboflavin (Vit.B2) ………….. Clostridium Production of acetone and methanol, butanol ……. ……… Clostridium acetobutylicum Acetic acid from alcohol ……………… Acetobacter aceti Sugar solution to acetic acid …………. Mycoderma aceti Lactose to lactic acid …………………… Lactobacillus & Streptococcus

Slide 28 : Retting of fibres For extraction of fibres from jute; Hemp ; coir : Bacillus subtilis, B. polymyxa; Clostridium tertium and C. felsimium Silage preparation By action of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Curing of Tea and Tobacco Bacillus megatherium (tea and tobacco), Mycococcus candisans (tea)

Bacteria as human symbionts : Bacteria as human symbionts Escherichia.coli Lactobacillus Streptocopccus Staphylococcus Found in human intestine, synthesize Vitamin K and B and help in food fermentation

Acidophilus friends of ours!!! : Acidophilus friends of ours!!! The most well-known bacterial inhabitant of the digestive tract is Lactobacillus acidophilus, which aids in the digestion of lactose and byproducts of this breakdown discourage colonization by other bacteria. This bacterium is sometimes found in yogurts to aid in dairy consumption. These are expected to aid in immune responses and digestion, as well as alleviate lactose intolerance.

Slide 31 : Acidophilus bacteria also aids in niacin, folic acid, and Vitamin K formation Assists in the recycling of amino acids from bile. Also found in the vagina, as the lactic acid it produces discourages fungal growth. Reason Why women are susceptible to yeast infections when on antibiotics.

Important roles of Bacteria for us… : Important roles of Bacteria for us… Bacterial species living inside gastrointestinal (GI), or digestive tract. From the mouth to the anus They break down and digest food Converting nutrients and dietary fiber for absorption, synthesizing vitamins, and degrading toxins.

Slide 33 : Aid the immune system to develop vigorous responses. More than half of the body’s immune tissue is located in the lining of the small intestines, called Peyer’s Patches. All bacteria are expelled and renewed daily.

Roles for Bacteria for us… : Roles for Bacteria for us… Both within and without, friendly bacteria compete with infectious agents for space. We inhale and ingest virulent bacteria on a daily basis. Without the normal oral and intestinal flora, disease would be much more common and severe

Slide 35 : In fact, when taking antibiotics, a person is much more susceptible to infection because the beneficial bacteria are depleted and leave space for other cultures to grow. This also occurs when antibiotic lotions or creams are used in excess upon the skin

Other Types of Commensal Bacteria : Other Types of Commensal Bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proprionibacterium acnes are naturally present on the skin and are less virulent Flesh-eating bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus could take their places if given the opportunity. P. acnes is often the cause of skin acne, but is usually commensal, meaning that it exists on the skin without doing harm. The bacterium lives off of fatty acids and sebaceous fluid secreted by the pores of the skin.

Slide 37 : Streptococcus mutans is present in the mouth and converts sucrose, sugar, to lactic acid. If not kept in check, this species can cause dental plaque and tooth decay.

Bacteria in Biotechnology : Bacteria in Biotechnology Production of Growth Hormone 2 gallons of bacteria can produce… 5 mg. of somatostatin

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED : GENETICALLY ENGINEERED Bt cotton Using Bacillus thurigensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Insulin was first synthesized by Eli Lily company for commercial production. They used recombinant technology using genes of human introduced to Escherichia coli.

Bacteria in Biotechnology : Bacteria in Biotechnology Crop production and protection through biological control of insects, fungal diseases, frost damage, etc., Biodegradation of xenobiotics (waste from non-biological systems) and toxic waste transformations, Production of fuels and chemicals including antibiotics, enzymes and diagnostics chemicals Extraction of metals from ores.

Uranium waste bacteria (Metallireducens) : Uranium waste bacteria (Metallireducens) Bacteria is being used to digest uranium waste. This bacteria is able to survive in radioactive environments Turns the uranium waste from a soluble form (that can contaminate water supplies) to a solid form. Other species of Geobacter bacteria can eliminate petroleum contamination in polluted water Converts waste organic matter to electricity. Geobacter sp. (anaerobic … living without oxygen) uses metals to gain energy in the same way that humans use oxygen.

Metallireducens bacteria : Metallireducens bacteria

Superbug … Pseudomonas putida : Superbug … Pseudomonas putida Created by a senior professor of microbiology and genetics at the University of Illinois, distinguished scientist Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty. In 1980, for the first time ever, the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) in the United States issued the patent for Ananda Chakrabarty on Pseudomonas.

That is what he said on creation of superbug… : That is what he said on creation of superbug… Taking plasmids from three different kinds of bacteria, I transplanted them into the fourth. In simpler words, I just shuffled the genes, changing the characteristics of a bacteria that already existed. The `new' bacteria could guzzle the oil in case of oil-spills in seas or rivers, thus saving valuable marine life and preventing environmental degradation.

WASP with its own antibiotics !!!! : WASP with its own antibiotics !!!! A wasp's antenna is an odd place to find a medicine cabinet, but that is where some of these insects keep their drugs. Gene analysis may unlock the cabinet for our future use. Beewolf wasps, named for the females' habit of hunting bees, have special reservoirs in their antennae, filled with bacteria.

Slide 46 : Beewolves ,Philanthus triangulum cultivate the antibiotic-producing Streptomyces and secrete them into their underground brood cells. When a beewolf larva is ready to pupate, it applies the bacteria onto the silk threads of its cocoon. Chemicals produced by Streptomyces saves from fungal attack, so boosting larval survival. The bacteria benefit from the relationship too. "The antennal gland reservoirs are surrounded by gland cell units that may secrete nutrients for the bacteria into the reservoir,"

Negative Picture of Bacteria : Negative Picture of Bacteria 1. Reduction of soil fertility 2. Foodstuff spoilage Causative agents of animal diseases Causative agents of plant diseases Causative agents of human diseases

1. Reduction of soil fertility : 1. Reduction of soil fertility Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to free nitrogen gas during excessive water and poor aeration of the soil E.g. Bacillus denitificans Psuedomonas stutzeri P. denitrificans

2. Foodstuff spoilage : 2. Foodstuff spoilage Food poisoning bacteria … Clostridium botulinum Micrococcus pyogenes Salmonella typhimurium

3. Causative agent of Animal diseases : 3. Causative agent of Animal diseases Chicken Cholera … Salmonella sp. Sheep Anthrax … Bacillus anthracis Eye diseases … Chlamydia trachomatis Pneumonia … Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mycoplasmosis) Pullorum … Salmonella pullorum Coryza … Hemophilus gallinarum Fowl typhoid … Salmonella gallinarum Botulism … Clostridium botulinum

Mycoplasmosis (CRD) or Air Sac Sinusitis : Mycoplasmosis (CRD) or Air Sac Sinusitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum Associated with chronic respiratory disease (CRD)/air sac syndrome in chickens and turkeys and infectious sinusitis of turkeys.

Fowl Cholera : Fowl Cholera The causative organism …. Pasteurella multocida Observed by Louis Pasteur This presentation is brought to you by ….. Bisbio.in

Pullorum Disease : Pullorum Disease An acute or chronic infection Egg-transmitted disease of poultry Caused by a bacterium Salmonella pullorum. Characterized by dead birds at hatching time, by dyspnea , diarrhoea a reduction in egg yield and reduction in fertility of the eggs in adults. The disease has been largely eradicated.

Fowl Typhoid : Fowl Typhoid Fowl typhoid is an infectious, contagious bacterial disease that is usually acute but sometimes chronic. It affects most birds. It is caused by a distinctly different organism from humans the bacterium, Salmonella gallinarum

Infectious Coryza : Infectious Coryza A specific respiratory disease in chickens Occurs most often in semi-mature or adult birds. Not widespread and the incidence is relatively low. The disease is caused by a bacterium known as Hemophilus gallinarum

Coryza : Coryza

4. Causative agent of Plant diseases : 4. Causative agent of Plant diseases First bacterial plant disease discovered by ….T.J. Burril (1878) Fire Blight of pear ……………….Xanthomonas Angular leafspots of cotton …Xanthomonas malvacearum Soft rot of potato,tomato, cabbage, turnip …Erwinia aroideae

Slide 58 : Black rot of potato … Erwinia atroseptica Wildfire disease of tabacco …. Psuedomonas tabaci Plant tumours or crown galls … Agrobacterium tumefaciens Wilting of plants (e.g.Maize) ….Bacterium stewartii Leaf Blight of rice … Xanthomonas oryzae Citrus Canker ….. Xanthomonas citri

Citrus canker lesions on leaves : Citrus canker lesions on leaves

Xanthomonas axonopodis citri (bacterium) : Xanthomonas axonopodis citri (bacterium) Citrus canker