The Psychological TherapiesModule 52 : 1 The Psychological TherapiesModule 52
History of Insane Treatment : 2 History of Insane Treatment Maltreatment of the insane throughout the ages was based on irrational views. Many patients were subjected to strange, debilitating and downright dangerous treatments. The Granger Collection The Granger Collection
History of Insane Treatment : 3 History of Insane Treatment Pinel in France and Dix in America founded humane movements to care for the mentally sick. http://wwwihm.nlm.nih.gov Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) Dorthea Dix (1745-1826) Culver Pictures
Therapies : 4 Therapies Psychotherapy involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient. Biomedical therapy uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s nervous system curing him of psychological disorders. An eclectic approach uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the client’s unique problems.
Psychological Therapies : 5 Psychological Therapies We will look at four major forms of psychotherapy based on different theories on human nature: Psychoanalytical theory
Humanistic theory
Behavioral theory
Cognitive theory
Psychoanalysis : 6 Psychoanalysis The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud's famous couch Edmund Engleman
Psychoanalysis: Aims : 7 Psychoanalysis: Aims Since psychological problems originate from repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them. When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflict is released, the patient’s anxiety lessens.
Psychoanalysis: Methods : 8 Psychoanalysis: Methods Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts. The patient lies on a couch and speaks whatever comes to his mind. http://www.english.upenn.edu
Psychoanalysis: Methods : 9 Psychoanalysis: Methods During free association, the patient edits his thoughts to resist his feelings and to express his emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety. Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his innermost private thoughts to the therapist, developing positive or negative feelings (transference) towards him.
Psychoanalysis: Criticisms : 10 Psychoanalysis: Criticisms Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.
Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive.
Psychodynamic Therapies : 11 Psychodynamic Therapies Influenced by Freud, in a face-to-face setting, psychodynamic therapists understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient’s life.
Psychodynamic Therapies : 12 Psychodynamic Therapies Interpersonal psychotherapy, a variation of psychodynamic therapy is effective in treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here and now, not overall personality change.
Humanistic Therapies : 13 Humanistic Therapies Humanistic therapists aims to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Person-Centered Therapy : 14 Person-Centered Therapy Developed by Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy is a form of humanistic therapy. The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing his problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem.
Humanistic Therapy : 15 Humanistic Therapy The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings. Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.
Behavior Therapy : 16 Behavior Therapy Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. To treat phobias or sexual disorders behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.
Classical Conditioning Techniques : 17 Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning: a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.
Exposure Therapy : 18 Exposure Therapy Exposes patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared. The Far Side © 1986 FARWORKS. Reprinted with Permission. All Rights Reserved.
Exposure Therapy : 19 Exposure Therapy Exposure therapy involves exposing people to (fear of driving) objects in real or virtual environments. N. Rown/ The Image Works Both Photos: Bob Mahoney/ The Image Works
Systematic Desensitization : 20 Systematic Desensitization A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.
Aversive Conditioning : 21 Aversive Conditioning A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.
Operant Conditioning : 22 Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded and undesired behaviors are not or are punished. A number of withdrawn, uncommunicative 3-year-old autistic children have been successfully trained by giving and withdrawing reinforcements for desired and undesired behaviors.
Token Economy : 23 Token Economy In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy, where a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy : 24 Cognitive Therapy Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Cognitive Therapy for Depression : 25 Cognitive Therapy for Depression Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression. Beck believes that cognitions such as “can never be happy,” need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought into patients by gentle questioning.
Cognitive Therapy for Depression : 26 Cognitive Therapy for Depression Rabin et al., (1986) trained depressed patients to daily record positive events and relate how they contributed to these events. Compared to other depressed patients, trained patients showed lower depression scores.
Stress Inoculation Training : 27 Stress Inoculation Training Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations. “Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard for everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don’t need a perfect score to get a good grade.”
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy : 28 Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeating thinking with efforts to modify behavior. Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).
Group Therapy : 29 Group Therapy Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people and a 90-minute session which can help more people and cost less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems. © Mary Kate Denny/ PhotoEdit, Inc.
Family Therapy : 30 Family Therapy Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.